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The Cossacks: A Tale of 1852
The Cossacks: A Tale of 1852

Chapter XXVII

Cover illustration for The Cossacks: A Tale of 1852
Context Illustration Reading 1/15 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
It was August.
For days the sky had been cloudless, the sun scorched unbearably and from early morning the warm wind raised a whirl of hot sand from the sand-drifts and from the road, and bore it in the air through the reeds, the trees, and the village.
The grass and the leaves on the trees were covered with dust, the roads and dried-up salt marshes were baked so hard that they rang when trodden on.
The water had long since subsided in the Térek and rapidly vanished and dried up in the ditches.
The slimy banks of the pond near the village were trodden bare by the cattle and all day long you could hear the splashing of water and the shouting of girls and boys bathing.
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AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The Cossacks: A Tale of 1852

Chapter XXVII

Reading 1/15 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
It was August.
Line 2
For days the sky had been cloudless, the sun scorched unbearably and from early morning the warm wind raised a whirl of hot sand from the sand-drifts and from the road, and bore it in the air through the reeds, the trees, and the village.
Line 3
The grass and the leaves on the trees were covered with dust, the roads and dried-up salt marshes were baked so hard that they rang when trodden on.
Line 4
The water had long since subsided in the Térek and rapidly vanished and dried up in the ditches.
Line 5
The slimy banks of the pond near the village were trodden bare by the cattle and all day long you could hear the splashing of water and the shouting of girls and boys bathing.

Learner Dictionary

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, audio, and collocations from this reading.

Been auxiliary verb US /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading “For days the sky had been cloudless, the sun scorched unbearably and from early morning the warm wind raised a whirl of hot sand from the sand-drifts and from the road, and bore it in the air through the reeds, the trees, and the village.”

Could modal verb US /kʊd/

the past of “can”; used for possibility or polite requests

From this reading “The slimy banks of the pond near the village were trodden bare by the cattle and all day long you could hear the splashing of water and the shouting of girls and boys bathing.”

Hear noun US /hear/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “The slimy banks of the pond near the village were trodden bare by the cattle and all day long you could hear the splashing of water and the shouting of girls and boys bathing.”

Long noun US /long/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “The water had long since subsided in the Térek and rapidly vanished and dried up in the ditches.”

Morning noun US /morning/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “For days the sky had been cloudless, the sun scorched unbearably and from early morning the warm wind raised a whirl of hot sand from the sand-drifts and from the road, and bore it in the air through the reeds, the trees, and the village.”

Scorched adjective US /skɔːrtʃt/

Burned by flames or heat; blackened by intense magical or physical fire.

From this reading “For days the sky had been cloudless, the sun scorched unbearably and from early morning the warm wind raised a whirl of hot sand from the sand-drifts and from the road, and bore it in the air through the reeds, the trees, and the village.”

Since preposition US /sɪns/

from a time in the past until now

From this reading “The water had long since subsided in the Térek and rapidly vanished and dried up in the ditches.”

Through noun US /ˈthrough/

a story-specific word describing an important person, object, action, or idea in this passage

From this reading “For days the sky had been cloudless, the sun scorched unbearably and from early morning the warm wind raised a whirl of hot sand from the sand-drifts and from the road, and bore it in the air through the reeds, the trees, and the village.”

Wind noun US /wind/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “For days the sky had been cloudless, the sun scorched unbearably and from early morning the warm wind raised a whirl of hot sand from the sand-drifts and from the road, and bore it in the air through the reeds, the trees, and the village.”

All words in this reading · 80

Every word is available to listen to. Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading For days the sky had been cloudless, the sun scorched unbearably and from early morning the warm wind raised a whirl of hot sand from the sand-drifts and from the road, and bore it in the air through the reeds, the trees, and the village.

air

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading For days the sky had been cloudless, the sun scorched unbearably and from early morning the warm wind raised a whirl of hot sand from the sand-drifts and from the road, and bore it in the air through the reeds, the trees, and the village.

all

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The slimy banks of the pond near the village were trodden bare by the cattle and all day long you could hear the splashing of water and the shouting of girls and boys bathing.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading For days the sky had been cloudless, the sun scorched unbearably and from early morning the warm wind raised a whirl of hot sand from the sand-drifts and from the road, and bore it in the air through the reeds, the trees, and the village.

August

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading It was August.

baked

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The grass and the leaves on the trees were covered with dust, the roads and dried-up salt marshes were baked so hard that they rang when trodden on.

banks

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The slimy banks of the pond near the village were trodden bare by the cattle and all day long you could hear the splashing of water and the shouting of girls and boys bathing.

bare

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The slimy banks of the pond near the village were trodden bare by the cattle and all day long you could hear the splashing of water and the shouting of girls and boys bathing.

bathing

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The slimy banks of the pond near the village were trodden bare by the cattle and all day long you could hear the splashing of water and the shouting of girls and boys bathing.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading For days the sky had been cloudless, the sun scorched unbearably and from early morning the warm wind raised a whirl of hot sand from the sand-drifts and from the road, and bore it in the air through the reeds, the trees, and the village.

bore

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading For days the sky had been cloudless, the sun scorched unbearably and from early morning the warm wind raised a whirl of hot sand from the sand-drifts and from the road, and bore it in the air through the reeds, the trees, and the village.

boys

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The slimy banks of the pond near the village were trodden bare by the cattle and all day long you could hear the splashing of water and the shouting of girls and boys bathing.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading The slimy banks of the pond near the village were trodden bare by the cattle and all day long you could hear the splashing of water and the shouting of girls and boys bathing.

cattle

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The slimy banks of the pond near the village were trodden bare by the cattle and all day long you could hear the splashing of water and the shouting of girls and boys bathing.

cloudless

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading For days the sky had been cloudless, the sun scorched unbearably and from early morning the warm wind raised a whirl of hot sand from the sand-drifts and from the road, and bore it in the air through the reeds, the trees, and the village.

couldmodal verbUS /kʊd/

the past of “can”; used for possibility or polite requests

From this reading The slimy banks of the pond near the village were trodden bare by the cattle and all day long you could hear the splashing of water and the shouting of girls and boys bathing.

covered

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The grass and the leaves on the trees were covered with dust, the roads and dried-up salt marshes were baked so hard that they rang when trodden on.

day

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The slimy banks of the pond near the village were trodden bare by the cattle and all day long you could hear the splashing of water and the shouting of girls and boys bathing.

days

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading For days the sky had been cloudless, the sun scorched unbearably and from early morning the warm wind raised a whirl of hot sand from the sand-drifts and from the road, and bore it in the air through the reeds, the trees, and the village.

ditches

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The water had long since subsided in the Térek and rapidly vanished and dried up in the ditches.

dried

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The water had long since subsided in the Térek and rapidly vanished and dried up in the ditches.

dried-up

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The grass and the leaves on the trees were covered with dust, the roads and dried-up salt marshes were baked so hard that they rang when trodden on.

dust

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The grass and the leaves on the trees were covered with dust, the roads and dried-up salt marshes were baked so hard that they rang when trodden on.

early

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading For days the sky had been cloudless, the sun scorched unbearably and from early morning the warm wind raised a whirl of hot sand from the sand-drifts and from the road, and bore it in the air through the reeds, the trees, and the village.

ForprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading For days the sky had been cloudless, the sun scorched unbearably and from early morning the warm wind raised a whirl of hot sand from the sand-drifts and from the road, and bore it in the air through the reeds, the trees, and the village.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading For days the sky had been cloudless, the sun scorched unbearably and from early morning the warm wind raised a whirl of hot sand from the sand-drifts and from the road, and bore it in the air through the reeds, the trees, and the village.

girls

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The slimy banks of the pond near the village were trodden bare by the cattle and all day long you could hear the splashing of water and the shouting of girls and boys bathing.

grass

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The grass and the leaves on the trees were covered with dust, the roads and dried-up salt marshes were baked so hard that they rang when trodden on.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading For days the sky had been cloudless, the sun scorched unbearably and from early morning the warm wind raised a whirl of hot sand from the sand-drifts and from the road, and bore it in the air through the reeds, the trees, and the village.

hard

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The grass and the leaves on the trees were covered with dust, the roads and dried-up salt marshes were baked so hard that they rang when trodden on.

hearnounUS /hear/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading The slimy banks of the pond near the village were trodden bare by the cattle and all day long you could hear the splashing of water and the shouting of girls and boys bathing.

hot

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading For days the sky had been cloudless, the sun scorched unbearably and from early morning the warm wind raised a whirl of hot sand from the sand-drifts and from the road, and bore it in the air through the reeds, the trees, and the village.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading For days the sky had been cloudless, the sun scorched unbearably and from early morning the warm wind raised a whirl of hot sand from the sand-drifts and from the road, and bore it in the air through the reeds, the trees, and the village.

ItpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading It was August.

leaves

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The grass and the leaves on the trees were covered with dust, the roads and dried-up salt marshes were baked so hard that they rang when trodden on.

longnounUS /long/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading The water had long since subsided in the Térek and rapidly vanished and dried up in the ditches.

marshes

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The grass and the leaves on the trees were covered with dust, the roads and dried-up salt marshes were baked so hard that they rang when trodden on.

morningnounUS /morning/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading For days the sky had been cloudless, the sun scorched unbearably and from early morning the warm wind raised a whirl of hot sand from the sand-drifts and from the road, and bore it in the air through the reeds, the trees, and the village.

near

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The slimy banks of the pond near the village were trodden bare by the cattle and all day long you could hear the splashing of water and the shouting of girls and boys bathing.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading For days the sky had been cloudless, the sun scorched unbearably and from early morning the warm wind raised a whirl of hot sand from the sand-drifts and from the road, and bore it in the air through the reeds, the trees, and the village.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading The grass and the leaves on the trees were covered with dust, the roads and dried-up salt marshes were baked so hard that they rang when trodden on.

pond

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The slimy banks of the pond near the village were trodden bare by the cattle and all day long you could hear the splashing of water and the shouting of girls and boys bathing.

raised

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading For days the sky had been cloudless, the sun scorched unbearably and from early morning the warm wind raised a whirl of hot sand from the sand-drifts and from the road, and bore it in the air through the reeds, the trees, and the village.

rang

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The grass and the leaves on the trees were covered with dust, the roads and dried-up salt marshes were baked so hard that they rang when trodden on.

rapidly

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The water had long since subsided in the Térek and rapidly vanished and dried up in the ditches.

reeds

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading For days the sky had been cloudless, the sun scorched unbearably and from early morning the warm wind raised a whirl of hot sand from the sand-drifts and from the road, and bore it in the air through the reeds, the trees, and the village.

road

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading For days the sky had been cloudless, the sun scorched unbearably and from early morning the warm wind raised a whirl of hot sand from the sand-drifts and from the road, and bore it in the air through the reeds, the trees, and the village.

roads

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The grass and the leaves on the trees were covered with dust, the roads and dried-up salt marshes were baked so hard that they rang when trodden on.

salt

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The grass and the leaves on the trees were covered with dust, the roads and dried-up salt marshes were baked so hard that they rang when trodden on.

sand

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading For days the sky had been cloudless, the sun scorched unbearably and from early morning the warm wind raised a whirl of hot sand from the sand-drifts and from the road, and bore it in the air through the reeds, the trees, and the village.

sand-drifts

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading For days the sky had been cloudless, the sun scorched unbearably and from early morning the warm wind raised a whirl of hot sand from the sand-drifts and from the road, and bore it in the air through the reeds, the trees, and the village.

scorchedadjectiveUS /skɔːrtʃt/

Burned by flames or heat; blackened by intense magical or physical fire.

From this reading For days the sky had been cloudless, the sun scorched unbearably and from early morning the warm wind raised a whirl of hot sand from the sand-drifts and from the road, and bore it in the air through the reeds, the trees, and the village.

shouting

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The slimy banks of the pond near the village were trodden bare by the cattle and all day long you could hear the splashing of water and the shouting of girls and boys bathing.

sinceprepositionUS /sɪns/

from a time in the past until now

From this reading The water had long since subsided in the Térek and rapidly vanished and dried up in the ditches.

sky

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading For days the sky had been cloudless, the sun scorched unbearably and from early morning the warm wind raised a whirl of hot sand from the sand-drifts and from the road, and bore it in the air through the reeds, the trees, and the village.

slimy

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The slimy banks of the pond near the village were trodden bare by the cattle and all day long you could hear the splashing of water and the shouting of girls and boys bathing.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading The grass and the leaves on the trees were covered with dust, the roads and dried-up salt marshes were baked so hard that they rang when trodden on.

splashing

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The slimy banks of the pond near the village were trodden bare by the cattle and all day long you could hear the splashing of water and the shouting of girls and boys bathing.

subsided

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The water had long since subsided in the Térek and rapidly vanished and dried up in the ditches.

sun

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading For days the sky had been cloudless, the sun scorched unbearably and from early morning the warm wind raised a whirl of hot sand from the sand-drifts and from the road, and bore it in the air through the reeds, the trees, and the village.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading The grass and the leaves on the trees were covered with dust, the roads and dried-up salt marshes were baked so hard that they rang when trodden on.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading For days the sky had been cloudless, the sun scorched unbearably and from early morning the warm wind raised a whirl of hot sand from the sand-drifts and from the road, and bore it in the air through the reeds, the trees, and the village.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading The grass and the leaves on the trees were covered with dust, the roads and dried-up salt marshes were baked so hard that they rang when trodden on.

throughnounUS /ˈthrough/

a story-specific word describing an important person, object, action, or idea in this passage

From this reading For days the sky had been cloudless, the sun scorched unbearably and from early morning the warm wind raised a whirl of hot sand from the sand-drifts and from the road, and bore it in the air through the reeds, the trees, and the village.

trees

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading For days the sky had been cloudless, the sun scorched unbearably and from early morning the warm wind raised a whirl of hot sand from the sand-drifts and from the road, and bore it in the air through the reeds, the trees, and the village.

trodden

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The grass and the leaves on the trees were covered with dust, the roads and dried-up salt marshes were baked so hard that they rang when trodden on.

Térek

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The water had long since subsided in the Térek and rapidly vanished and dried up in the ditches.

unbearably

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading For days the sky had been cloudless, the sun scorched unbearably and from early morning the warm wind raised a whirl of hot sand from the sand-drifts and from the road, and bore it in the air through the reeds, the trees, and the village.

up

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The water had long since subsided in the Térek and rapidly vanished and dried up in the ditches.

vanished

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The water had long since subsided in the Térek and rapidly vanished and dried up in the ditches.

village

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading For days the sky had been cloudless, the sun scorched unbearably and from early morning the warm wind raised a whirl of hot sand from the sand-drifts and from the road, and bore it in the air through the reeds, the trees, and the village.

warm

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading For days the sky had been cloudless, the sun scorched unbearably and from early morning the warm wind raised a whirl of hot sand from the sand-drifts and from the road, and bore it in the air through the reeds, the trees, and the village.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading It was August.

water

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The water had long since subsided in the Térek and rapidly vanished and dried up in the ditches.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading The grass and the leaves on the trees were covered with dust, the roads and dried-up salt marshes were baked so hard that they rang when trodden on.

whenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading The grass and the leaves on the trees were covered with dust, the roads and dried-up salt marshes were baked so hard that they rang when trodden on.

whirl

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading For days the sky had been cloudless, the sun scorched unbearably and from early morning the warm wind raised a whirl of hot sand from the sand-drifts and from the road, and bore it in the air through the reeds, the trees, and the village.

windnounUS /wind/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading For days the sky had been cloudless, the sun scorched unbearably and from early morning the warm wind raised a whirl of hot sand from the sand-drifts and from the road, and bore it in the air through the reeds, the trees, and the village.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading The grass and the leaves on the trees were covered with dust, the roads and dried-up salt marshes were baked so hard that they rang when trodden on.

youpronounUS /juː/

the person or people being spoken to

From this reading The slimy banks of the pond near the village were trodden bare by the cattle and all day long you could hear the splashing of water and the shouting of girls and boys bathing.