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The Covered Wagon
The Covered Wagon

Chapter XXXI · Chapter 31

Chapter 31 of The Covered Wagon is here in full — 94 sentences across 19 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for The Covered Wagon
Context Illustration Reading 1/18 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
GEE--WHOA--HAW!
Midsummer in the desert.
The road now, but for the shifting of the sands, would have been marked by the bodies of dead cattle, in death scarcely more bone and parchment than for days they had been while alive.
The horned toad, the cactus, the rattlesnake long since had replaced the prairie dogs of the grassy floor of the eastern Plains.
A scourge of great black crickets appeared, crackling loathsomely under the wheels.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The Covered Wagon

Chapter XXXI · Chapter 31

Chapter 31 of The Covered Wagon is here in full — 94 sentences across 19 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/18 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
GEE--WHOA--HAW!
Line 2
Midsummer in the desert.
/ˈmɪdˈsʌmər ɪn ðə ˈdezərt/
Line 3
The road now, but for the shifting of the sands, would have been marked by the bodies of dead cattle, in death scarcely more bone and parchment than for days they had been while alive.
/ðə roʊd naʊ bʌt fɔːr ðə ˈʃɪftɪŋ ʌv ðə sændz wʊd hæv bɪn mɑːrkt baɪ ðə ˈbɑːdiz ʌv ded ˈkætəl ɪn deθ ˈskersli mɔːr boʊn ənd ˈpɑːrtʃ.mənt ðæn fɔːr deɪz ðeɪ hæd bɪn waɪl əˈlaɪv/
Line 4
The horned toad, the cactus, the rattlesnake long since had replaced the prairie dogs of the grassy floor of the eastern Plains.
/ðə hɔːrnd toʊd ðə ˈkæktəs ðə ˈrætəlsneɪk lɔːŋ sɪns hæd ˌriːˈpleɪst ðə ˈpreri dɑːɡz ʌv ðə ˈɡræsi flɔːr ʌv ðə ˈiːstərn pleɪnz/
Line 5
A scourge of great black crickets appeared, crackling loathsomely under the wheels.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

cactus noun US /ˈkæktəs/

any succulent plant of the family Cactaceae native chiefly to arid regions of the New World and usually having spines

From this reading “The horned toad, the cactus, the rattlesnake long since had replaced the prairie dogs of the grassy floor of the eastern Plains.”

crackling noun US /ˈkræklɪŋ/

the residue that remains after animal fat has been rendered

From this reading “A scourge of great black crickets appeared, crackling loathsomely under the wheels.”

crickets noun US /ˈkrɪkəts/

plural of “cricket” — leaping insect; male makes chirping noises by rubbing the forewings together

From this reading “A scourge of great black crickets appeared, crackling loathsomely under the wheels.”

gee noun US /dʒiː/

a unit of force equal to the force exerted by gravity; used to indicate the force to which a body is subjected when it is accelerated

From this reading “GEE--WHOA--HAW!”

haw noun US /hɔː/

a spring-flowering shrub or small tree of the genus Crataegus

From this reading “GEE--WHOA--HAW!”

horned adjective US /hɔːrnd/

having a horn or horns or hornlike parts or horns of a particular kind

From this reading “The horned toad, the cactus, the rattlesnake long since had replaced the prairie dogs of the grassy floor of the eastern Plains.”

Midsummer noun US /ˈmɪdˈsʌmər/

June 21, when the sun is at its northernmost point

From this reading “Midsummer in the desert.”

rattlesnake noun US /ˈrætəlsneɪk/

pit viper with horny segments at the end of the tail that rattle when shaken

From this reading “The horned toad, the cactus, the rattlesnake long since had replaced the prairie dogs of the grassy floor of the eastern Plains.”

All words in this reading · 57

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

AdeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading A scourge of great black crickets appeared, crackling loathsomely under the wheels.

aliveadjectiveUS /əˈlaɪv/

possessing life

From this reading The road now, but for the shifting of the sands, would have been marked by the bodies of dead cattle, in death scarcely more bone and parchment than for days they had been while alive.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading The road now, but for the shifting of the sands, would have been marked by the bodies of dead cattle, in death scarcely more bone and parchment than for days they had been while alive.

appearedverbUS /əˈpɪrd/

past form of “appear” — give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect

From this reading A scourge of great black crickets appeared, crackling loathsomely under the wheels.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading The road now, but for the shifting of the sands, would have been marked by the bodies of dead cattle, in death scarcely more bone and parchment than for days they had been while alive.

blackadjectiveUS /blæk/

being of the achromatic color of maximum darkness; having little or no hue owing to absorption of almost all incident light

From this reading A scourge of great black crickets appeared, crackling loathsomely under the wheels.

bodiesnounUS /ˈbɑːdiz/

plural of “body” — the entire physical structure of an organism (an animal, plant, or human being)

From this reading The road now, but for the shifting of the sands, would have been marked by the bodies of dead cattle, in death scarcely more bone and parchment than for days they had been while alive.

bonenounUS /boʊn/

rigid connective tissue that makes up the skeleton of vertebrates

From this reading The road now, but for the shifting of the sands, would have been marked by the bodies of dead cattle, in death scarcely more bone and parchment than for days they had been while alive.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading The road now, but for the shifting of the sands, would have been marked by the bodies of dead cattle, in death scarcely more bone and parchment than for days they had been while alive.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading The road now, but for the shifting of the sands, would have been marked by the bodies of dead cattle, in death scarcely more bone and parchment than for days they had been while alive.

cactusnounUS /ˈkæktəs/

any succulent plant of the family Cactaceae native chiefly to arid regions of the New World and usually having spines

From this reading The horned toad, the cactus, the rattlesnake long since had replaced the prairie dogs of the grassy floor of the eastern Plains.

cattlenounUS /ˈkætəl/

domesticated bovine animals as a group regardless of sex or age

From this reading The road now, but for the shifting of the sands, would have been marked by the bodies of dead cattle, in death scarcely more bone and parchment than for days they had been while alive.

cracklingnounUS /ˈkræklɪŋ/

the residue that remains after animal fat has been rendered

From this reading A scourge of great black crickets appeared, crackling loathsomely under the wheels.

cricketsnounUS /ˈkrɪkəts/

plural of “cricket” — leaping insect; male makes chirping noises by rubbing the forewings together

From this reading A scourge of great black crickets appeared, crackling loathsomely under the wheels.

daysnounUS /deɪz/

the time during which someone's life continues

From this reading The road now, but for the shifting of the sands, would have been marked by the bodies of dead cattle, in death scarcely more bone and parchment than for days they had been while alive.

deadadjectiveUS /ded/

no longer having or seeming to have or expecting to have life

From this reading The road now, but for the shifting of the sands, would have been marked by the bodies of dead cattle, in death scarcely more bone and parchment than for days they had been while alive.

deathnounUS /deθ/

the event of dying or departure from life

From this reading The road now, but for the shifting of the sands, would have been marked by the bodies of dead cattle, in death scarcely more bone and parchment than for days they had been while alive.

desertverbUS /ˈdezərt/

leave someone who needs or counts on you; leave in the lurch

From this reading Midsummer in the desert.

dogsnounUS /dɑːɡz/

plural of “dog” — a member of the genus Canis (probably descended from the common wolf) that has been domesticated by man since prehistoric times; occurs in many breeds

From this reading The horned toad, the cactus, the rattlesnake long since had replaced the prairie dogs of the grassy floor of the eastern Plains.

easternadjectiveUS /ˈiːstərn/

lying toward or situated in the east

From this reading The horned toad, the cactus, the rattlesnake long since had replaced the prairie dogs of the grassy floor of the eastern Plains.

floornounUS /flɔːr/

the inside lower horizontal surface (as of a room, hallway, tent, or other structure)

From this reading The horned toad, the cactus, the rattlesnake long since had replaced the prairie dogs of the grassy floor of the eastern Plains.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading The road now, but for the shifting of the sands, would have been marked by the bodies of dead cattle, in death scarcely more bone and parchment than for days they had been while alive.

GEEnounUS /dʒiː/

a unit of force equal to the force exerted by gravity; used to indicate the force to which a body is subjected when it is accelerated

From this reading GEE--WHOA--HAW!

grassyadjectiveUS /ˈɡræsi/

abounding in grass

From this reading The horned toad, the cactus, the rattlesnake long since had replaced the prairie dogs of the grassy floor of the eastern Plains.

greatadjectiveUS /ɡreɪt/

relatively large in size or number or extent; larger than others of its kind

From this reading A scourge of great black crickets appeared, crackling loathsomely under the wheels.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading The road now, but for the shifting of the sands, would have been marked by the bodies of dead cattle, in death scarcely more bone and parchment than for days they had been while alive.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading The road now, but for the shifting of the sands, would have been marked by the bodies of dead cattle, in death scarcely more bone and parchment than for days they had been while alive.

HAWnounUS /hɔː/

a spring-flowering shrub or small tree of the genus Crataegus

From this reading GEE--WHOA--HAW!

hornedadjectiveUS /hɔːrnd/

having a horn or horns or hornlike parts or horns of a particular kind

From this reading The horned toad, the cactus, the rattlesnake long since had replaced the prairie dogs of the grassy floor of the eastern Plains.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Midsummer in the desert.

loathsomely

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading A scourge of great black crickets appeared, crackling loathsomely under the wheels.

longadjectiveUS /lɔːŋ/

primarily temporal sense; being or indicating a relatively great or greater than average duration or passage of time or a duration as specified

From this reading The horned toad, the cactus, the rattlesnake long since had replaced the prairie dogs of the grassy floor of the eastern Plains.

markedadjectiveUS /mɑːrkt/

strongly marked; easily noticeable

From this reading The road now, but for the shifting of the sands, would have been marked by the bodies of dead cattle, in death scarcely more bone and parchment than for days they had been while alive.

MidsummernounUS /ˈmɪdˈsʌmər/

June 21, when the sun is at its northernmost point

From this reading Midsummer in the desert.

moreadjectiveUS /mɔːr/

(comparative of “much” used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree

From this reading The road now, but for the shifting of the sands, would have been marked by the bodies of dead cattle, in death scarcely more bone and parchment than for days they had been while alive.

nowadverbUS /naʊ/

in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events

From this reading The road now, but for the shifting of the sands, would have been marked by the bodies of dead cattle, in death scarcely more bone and parchment than for days they had been while alive.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading The road now, but for the shifting of the sands, would have been marked by the bodies of dead cattle, in death scarcely more bone and parchment than for days they had been while alive.

parchmentnounUS /ˈpɑːrtʃ.mənt/

A stiff, flat, thin material made from the prepared skin of an animal, used for writing.

From this reading The road now, but for the shifting of the sands, would have been marked by the bodies of dead cattle, in death scarcely more bone and parchment than for days they had been while alive.

PlainsnounUS /pleɪnz/

plural of “plain” — extensive tract of level open land

From this reading The horned toad, the cactus, the rattlesnake long since had replaced the prairie dogs of the grassy floor of the eastern Plains.

prairienounUS /ˈpreri/

a treeless grassy plain

From this reading The horned toad, the cactus, the rattlesnake long since had replaced the prairie dogs of the grassy floor of the eastern Plains.

rattlesnakenounUS /ˈrætəlsneɪk/

pit viper with horny segments at the end of the tail that rattle when shaken

From this reading The horned toad, the cactus, the rattlesnake long since had replaced the prairie dogs of the grassy floor of the eastern Plains.

replacedverbUS /ˌriːˈpleɪst/

past form of “replace” — substitute a person or thing for (another that is broken or inefficient or lost or no longer working or yielding what is expected)

From this reading The horned toad, the cactus, the rattlesnake long since had replaced the prairie dogs of the grassy floor of the eastern Plains.

roadnounUS /roʊd/

an open way (generally public) for travel or transportation

From this reading The road now, but for the shifting of the sands, would have been marked by the bodies of dead cattle, in death scarcely more bone and parchment than for days they had been while alive.

sandsnounUS /sændz/

the region of the shore of a lake or sea or ocean

From this reading The road now, but for the shifting of the sands, would have been marked by the bodies of dead cattle, in death scarcely more bone and parchment than for days they had been while alive.

scarcelyadverbUS /ˈskersli/

only a very short time before

From this reading The road now, but for the shifting of the sands, would have been marked by the bodies of dead cattle, in death scarcely more bone and parchment than for days they had been while alive.

scourgenounUS /skɜːrdʒ/

a whip used to inflict punishment (often used for pedantic humor)

From this reading A scourge of great black crickets appeared, crackling loathsomely under the wheels.

shiftingadjectiveUS /ˈʃɪftɪŋ/

continuously varying

From this reading The road now, but for the shifting of the sands, would have been marked by the bodies of dead cattle, in death scarcely more bone and parchment than for days they had been while alive.

sinceprepositionUS /sɪns/

from a time in the past until now

From this reading The horned toad, the cactus, the rattlesnake long since had replaced the prairie dogs of the grassy floor of the eastern Plains.

thanconjunctionUS /ðæn/

used to introduce the second part of a comparison

From this reading The road now, but for the shifting of the sands, would have been marked by the bodies of dead cattle, in death scarcely more bone and parchment than for days they had been while alive.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading Midsummer in the desert.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading The road now, but for the shifting of the sands, would have been marked by the bodies of dead cattle, in death scarcely more bone and parchment than for days they had been while alive.

toadnounUS /toʊd/

any of various tailless stout-bodied amphibians with long hind limbs for leaping; semiaquatic and terrestrial species

From this reading The horned toad, the cactus, the rattlesnake long since had replaced the prairie dogs of the grassy floor of the eastern Plains.

underprepositionUS /ˈʌndər/

below or beneath something; less than

From this reading A scourge of great black crickets appeared, crackling loathsomely under the wheels.

wheelsnounUS /wiːlz/

plural of “wheel” — a simple machine consisting of a circular frame with spokes (or a solid disc) that can rotate on a shaft or axle (as in vehicles or other machines)

From this reading A scourge of great black crickets appeared, crackling loathsomely under the wheels.

whileconjunctionUS /waɪl/

during the time that

From this reading The road now, but for the shifting of the sands, would have been marked by the bodies of dead cattle, in death scarcely more bone and parchment than for days they had been while alive.

WHOA

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading GEE--WHOA--HAW!

wouldmodal verbUS /wʊd/

used for something imagined, polite, or habitual in the past

From this reading The road now, but for the shifting of the sands, would have been marked by the bodies of dead cattle, in death scarcely more bone and parchment than for days they had been while alive.

Chapter 31 of The Covered Wagon by Emerson Hough holds 94 sentences, grouped into 19 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 31 of The Covered Wagon contain?

Chapter 31 holds 94 sentences of The Covered Wagon, unabridged, divided into 19 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 31 of The Covered Wagon by Emerson Hough exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 94 sentences, grouped into 19 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 31 of The Covered Wagon?

Work through the 19 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 19 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 31 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 31 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading The Covered Wagon

Common questions about reading The Covered Wagon by Emerson Hough on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of The Covered Wagon?

Yes. All 6631 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #13384 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of The Covered Wagon is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #13384, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does The Covered Wagon take to read?

About 552 minutes of reading across 1327 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read The Covered Wagon section by section

How to work through The Covered Wagon section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

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  2. Read one section

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  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in The Covered Wagon

Words and structures a reader meets early in The Covered Wagon, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Jesse
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Covered Wagon; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Forty
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Covered Wagon; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Fifty
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Covered Wagon; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Families
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Covered Wagon; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.