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The Cross and the Shamrock
The Cross and the Shamrock

Chapter IV · Chapter 4

Chapter 4 of The Cross and the Shamrock is here in full — 54 sentences across 11 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/10 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
THE O'CLERYS.
The O'Clery family was an ancient and honored one in Ireland.
Princes, chieftains, and warriors of the name were renowned before Charlemagne or Alfred ascended the throne, or before any of the petty princes of the heptarchy ruled over the barbarous Saxons.
Like all the royal and noble houses of Europe, the O'Clerys, after ages of glory and prosperity, had their hour of decline and decay also.
But it was a question whether the virtues of this renowned house were more brilliant or conspicuous in the zenith of its glory, or in its fallen or humbled state.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The Cross and the Shamrock

Chapter IV · Chapter 4

Chapter 4 of The Cross and the Shamrock is here in full — 54 sentences across 11 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/10 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
THE O'CLERYS.
Line 2
The O'Clery family was an ancient and honored one in Ireland.
Line 3
Princes, chieftains, and warriors of the name were renowned before Charlemagne or Alfred ascended the throne, or before any of the petty princes of the heptarchy ruled over the barbarous Saxons.
Line 4
Like all the royal and noble houses of Europe, the O'Clerys, after ages of glory and prosperity, had their hour of decline and decay also.
Line 5
But it was a question whether the virtues of this renowned house were more brilliant or conspicuous in the zenith of its glory, or in its fallen or humbled state.
/bʌt ɪt wɑːz ə ˈkwestʃən ˈweðər ðə ˈvɜːrtʃuːz ʌv ðɪs rɪˈnaʊnd haʊs wɜːr mɔːr ˈbrɪljənt ɔːr kənˈspɪkjuːəs ɪn ðə ˈziːnəθ ʌv ɪts ˈɡlɔːri ɔːr ɪn ɪts ˈfɑːlən ɔːr ˈhʌmbəld steɪt/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

barbarous adjective US /ˈbɑːrbərəs/

(of persons or their actions) able or disposed to inflict pain or suffering

From this reading “Princes, chieftains, and warriors of the name were renowned before Charlemagne or Alfred ascended the throne, or before any of the petty princes of the heptarchy ruled over the barbarous Saxons.”

Charlemagne noun US /ˈʃɑːrləmeɪn/

king of the Franks and Holy Roman Emperor; conqueror of the Lombards and Saxons (742-814)

From this reading “Princes, chieftains, and warriors of the name were renowned before Charlemagne or Alfred ascended the throne, or before any of the petty princes of the heptarchy ruled over the barbarous Saxons.”

chieftains noun US /ˈtʃiːftənz/

plural of “chieftain” — the leader of a group of people

From this reading “Princes, chieftains, and warriors of the name were renowned before Charlemagne or Alfred ascended the throne, or before any of the petty princes of the heptarchy ruled over the barbarous Saxons.”

decay noun US /dɪˈkeɪ/

the process of gradually becoming inferior

From this reading “Like all the royal and noble houses of Europe, the O'Clerys, after ages of glory and prosperity, had their hour of decline and decay also.”

humbled adjective US /ˈhʌmbəld/

subdued or brought low in condition or status

From this reading “But it was a question whether the virtues of this renowned house were more brilliant or conspicuous in the zenith of its glory, or in its fallen or humbled state.”

renowned adjective US /rɪˈnaʊnd/

widely known and esteemed

From this reading “Princes, chieftains, and warriors of the name were renowned before Charlemagne or Alfred ascended the throne, or before any of the petty princes of the heptarchy ruled over the barbarous Saxons.”

Saxons noun US /ˈsæksənz/

plural of “saxon” — a member of a Germanic people who conquered England and merged with the Angles and Jutes to become Anglo-Saxons; dominant in England until the Norman Conquest

From this reading “Princes, chieftains, and warriors of the name were renowned before Charlemagne or Alfred ascended the throne, or before any of the petty princes of the heptarchy ruled over the barbarous Saxons.”

zenith noun US /ˈziːnəθ/

the point above the observer that is directly opposite the nadir on the imaginary sphere against which celestial bodies appear to be projected

From this reading “But it was a question whether the virtues of this renowned house were more brilliant or conspicuous in the zenith of its glory, or in its fallen or humbled state.”

All words in this reading · 64

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading But it was a question whether the virtues of this renowned house were more brilliant or conspicuous in the zenith of its glory, or in its fallen or humbled state.

afterprepositionUS /ˈæftər/

later than; following

From this reading Like all the royal and noble houses of Europe, the O'Clerys, after ages of glory and prosperity, had their hour of decline and decay also.

agesnounUS /ˈeɪdʒəz/

plural of “age” — how long something has existed

From this reading Like all the royal and noble houses of Europe, the O'Clerys, after ages of glory and prosperity, had their hour of decline and decay also.

AlfrednounUS /ˈælfrəd/

king of Wessex; defeated the Vikings and encouraged writing in English (849-899)

From this reading Princes, chieftains, and warriors of the name were renowned before Charlemagne or Alfred ascended the throne, or before any of the petty princes of the heptarchy ruled over the barbarous Saxons.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading Like all the royal and noble houses of Europe, the O'Clerys, after ages of glory and prosperity, had their hour of decline and decay also.

alsoadverbUS /ˈɔːlsoʊ/

in addition

From this reading Like all the royal and noble houses of Europe, the O'Clerys, after ages of glory and prosperity, had their hour of decline and decay also.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading The O'Clery family was an ancient and honored one in Ireland.

ancientadjectiveUS /ˈeɪn.ʃənt/

Belonging to the very distant past and no longer in existence or deeply revered.

From this reading The O'Clery family was an ancient and honored one in Ireland.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading The O'Clery family was an ancient and honored one in Ireland.

anyadjectiveUS /ˈeni/

one or some or every or all without specification

From this reading Princes, chieftains, and warriors of the name were renowned before Charlemagne or Alfred ascended the throne, or before any of the petty princes of the heptarchy ruled over the barbarous Saxons.

ascendedverbUS /əˈsendɪd/

past form of “ascend” — travel up

From this reading Princes, chieftains, and warriors of the name were renowned before Charlemagne or Alfred ascended the throne, or before any of the petty princes of the heptarchy ruled over the barbarous Saxons.

barbarousadjectiveUS /ˈbɑːrbərəs/

(of persons or their actions) able or disposed to inflict pain or suffering

From this reading Princes, chieftains, and warriors of the name were renowned before Charlemagne or Alfred ascended the throne, or before any of the petty princes of the heptarchy ruled over the barbarous Saxons.

beforeprepositionUS /bɪˈfɔːr/

earlier than; in front of

From this reading Princes, chieftains, and warriors of the name were renowned before Charlemagne or Alfred ascended the throne, or before any of the petty princes of the heptarchy ruled over the barbarous Saxons.

brilliantadjectiveUS /ˈbrɪljənt/

of surpassing excellence

From this reading But it was a question whether the virtues of this renowned house were more brilliant or conspicuous in the zenith of its glory, or in its fallen or humbled state.

ButconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading But it was a question whether the virtues of this renowned house were more brilliant or conspicuous in the zenith of its glory, or in its fallen or humbled state.

CharlemagnenounUS /ˈʃɑːrləmeɪn/

king of the Franks and Holy Roman Emperor; conqueror of the Lombards and Saxons (742-814)

From this reading Princes, chieftains, and warriors of the name were renowned before Charlemagne or Alfred ascended the throne, or before any of the petty princes of the heptarchy ruled over the barbarous Saxons.

chieftainsnounUS /ˈtʃiːftənz/

plural of “chieftain” — the leader of a group of people

From this reading Princes, chieftains, and warriors of the name were renowned before Charlemagne or Alfred ascended the throne, or before any of the petty princes of the heptarchy ruled over the barbarous Saxons.

conspicuousadjectiveUS /kənˈspɪkjuːəs/

obvious to the eye or mind

From this reading But it was a question whether the virtues of this renowned house were more brilliant or conspicuous in the zenith of its glory, or in its fallen or humbled state.

decaynounUS /dɪˈkeɪ/

the process of gradually becoming inferior

From this reading Like all the royal and noble houses of Europe, the O'Clerys, after ages of glory and prosperity, had their hour of decline and decay also.

declineverbUS /dɪˈklaɪn/

grow worse

From this reading Like all the royal and noble houses of Europe, the O'Clerys, after ages of glory and prosperity, had their hour of decline and decay also.

EuropenounUS /ˈjʊrəp/

the 2nd smallest continent (actually a vast peninsula of Eurasia); the British use “Europe” to refer to all of the continent except the British Isles

From this reading Like all the royal and noble houses of Europe, the O'Clerys, after ages of glory and prosperity, had their hour of decline and decay also.

fallenadjectiveUS /ˈfɑːlən/

having dropped by the force of gravity

From this reading But it was a question whether the virtues of this renowned house were more brilliant or conspicuous in the zenith of its glory, or in its fallen or humbled state.

familynounUS /ˈfæməli/

a social unit living together

From this reading The O'Clery family was an ancient and honored one in Ireland.

glorynounUS /ˈɡlɔːri/

a state of high honor

From this reading Like all the royal and noble houses of Europe, the O'Clerys, after ages of glory and prosperity, had their hour of decline and decay also.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading Like all the royal and noble houses of Europe, the O'Clerys, after ages of glory and prosperity, had their hour of decline and decay also.

heptarchy

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Princes, chieftains, and warriors of the name were renowned before Charlemagne or Alfred ascended the throne, or before any of the petty princes of the heptarchy ruled over the barbarous Saxons.

honoredadjectiveUS /ˈɑːnərd/

having an illustrious reputation; respected

From this reading The O'Clery family was an ancient and honored one in Ireland.

hournounUS /ˈaʊər/

a period of time equal to 1/24th of a day

From this reading Like all the royal and noble houses of Europe, the O'Clerys, after ages of glory and prosperity, had their hour of decline and decay also.

housenounUS /haʊs/

a dwelling that serves as living quarters for one or more families

From this reading But it was a question whether the virtues of this renowned house were more brilliant or conspicuous in the zenith of its glory, or in its fallen or humbled state.

housesnounUS /ˈhaʊsəz/

plural of “house” — a dwelling that serves as living quarters for one or more families

From this reading Like all the royal and noble houses of Europe, the O'Clerys, after ages of glory and prosperity, had their hour of decline and decay also.

humbledadjectiveUS /ˈhʌmbəld/

subdued or brought low in condition or status

From this reading But it was a question whether the virtues of this renowned house were more brilliant or conspicuous in the zenith of its glory, or in its fallen or humbled state.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading The O'Clery family was an ancient and honored one in Ireland.

IrelandnounUS /ˈaɪərlənd/

a republic consisting of 26 of 32 counties comprising the island of Ireland; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1921

From this reading The O'Clery family was an ancient and honored one in Ireland.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading But it was a question whether the virtues of this renowned house were more brilliant or conspicuous in the zenith of its glory, or in its fallen or humbled state.

itsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading But it was a question whether the virtues of this renowned house were more brilliant or conspicuous in the zenith of its glory, or in its fallen or humbled state.

LikeverbUS /laɪk/

prefer or wish to do something

From this reading Like all the royal and noble houses of Europe, the O'Clerys, after ages of glory and prosperity, had their hour of decline and decay also.

moreadjectiveUS /mɔːr/

(comparative of “much” used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree

From this reading But it was a question whether the virtues of this renowned house were more brilliant or conspicuous in the zenith of its glory, or in its fallen or humbled state.

nameverbUS /neɪm/

assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to

From this reading Princes, chieftains, and warriors of the name were renowned before Charlemagne or Alfred ascended the throne, or before any of the petty princes of the heptarchy ruled over the barbarous Saxons.

nobleadjectiveUS /ˈnoʊbəl/

impressive in appearance

From this reading Like all the royal and noble houses of Europe, the O'Clerys, after ages of glory and prosperity, had their hour of decline and decay also.

O'Clery

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The O'Clery family was an ancient and honored one in Ireland.

O'CLERYS

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading THE O'CLERYS.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading Princes, chieftains, and warriors of the name were renowned before Charlemagne or Alfred ascended the throne, or before any of the petty princes of the heptarchy ruled over the barbarous Saxons.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading The O'Clery family was an ancient and honored one in Ireland.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading Princes, chieftains, and warriors of the name were renowned before Charlemagne or Alfred ascended the throne, or before any of the petty princes of the heptarchy ruled over the barbarous Saxons.

overprepositionUS /ˈoʊvər/

above and across; more than

From this reading Princes, chieftains, and warriors of the name were renowned before Charlemagne or Alfred ascended the throne, or before any of the petty princes of the heptarchy ruled over the barbarous Saxons.

pettyadjectiveUS /ˈpetiː/

inferior in rank or status

From this reading Princes, chieftains, and warriors of the name were renowned before Charlemagne or Alfred ascended the throne, or before any of the petty princes of the heptarchy ruled over the barbarous Saxons.

PrincesnounUS /ˈprɪnsəz/

plural of “prince” — a male member of a royal family other than the sovereign (especially the son of a sovereign)

From this reading Princes, chieftains, and warriors of the name were renowned before Charlemagne or Alfred ascended the throne, or before any of the petty princes of the heptarchy ruled over the barbarous Saxons.

prosperitynounUS /prɑːˈsperəti/

an economic state of growth with rising profits and full employment

From this reading Like all the royal and noble houses of Europe, the O'Clerys, after ages of glory and prosperity, had their hour of decline and decay also.

questionverbUS /ˈkwestʃən/

challenge the accuracy, probity, or propriety of

From this reading But it was a question whether the virtues of this renowned house were more brilliant or conspicuous in the zenith of its glory, or in its fallen or humbled state.

renownedadjectiveUS /rɪˈnaʊnd/

widely known and esteemed

From this reading Princes, chieftains, and warriors of the name were renowned before Charlemagne or Alfred ascended the throne, or before any of the petty princes of the heptarchy ruled over the barbarous Saxons.

royaladjectiveUS /ˈrɔɪəl/

of or relating to or indicative of or issued or performed by a king or queen or other monarch

From this reading Like all the royal and noble houses of Europe, the O'Clerys, after ages of glory and prosperity, had their hour of decline and decay also.

ruledadjectiveUS /ruːld/

subject to a ruling authority

From this reading Princes, chieftains, and warriors of the name were renowned before Charlemagne or Alfred ascended the throne, or before any of the petty princes of the heptarchy ruled over the barbarous Saxons.

SaxonsnounUS /ˈsæksənz/

plural of “saxon” — a member of a Germanic people who conquered England and merged with the Angles and Jutes to become Anglo-Saxons; dominant in England until the Norman Conquest

From this reading Princes, chieftains, and warriors of the name were renowned before Charlemagne or Alfred ascended the throne, or before any of the petty princes of the heptarchy ruled over the barbarous Saxons.

statenounUS /steɪt/

the territory occupied by one of the constituent administrative districts of a nation

From this reading But it was a question whether the virtues of this renowned house were more brilliant or conspicuous in the zenith of its glory, or in its fallen or humbled state.

THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading THE O'CLERYS.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading Like all the royal and noble houses of Europe, the O'Clerys, after ages of glory and prosperity, had their hour of decline and decay also.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading But it was a question whether the virtues of this renowned house were more brilliant or conspicuous in the zenith of its glory, or in its fallen or humbled state.

thronenounUS /θroʊn/

the chair of state for a monarch, bishop, etc.

From this reading Princes, chieftains, and warriors of the name were renowned before Charlemagne or Alfred ascended the throne, or before any of the petty princes of the heptarchy ruled over the barbarous Saxons.

virtuesnounUS /ˈvɜːrtʃuːz/

plural of “virtue” — the quality of doing what is right and avoiding what is wrong

From this reading But it was a question whether the virtues of this renowned house were more brilliant or conspicuous in the zenith of its glory, or in its fallen or humbled state.

warriorsnounUS /ˈwɔːriərz/

plural of “warrior” — someone engaged in or experienced in warfare

From this reading Princes, chieftains, and warriors of the name were renowned before Charlemagne or Alfred ascended the throne, or before any of the petty princes of the heptarchy ruled over the barbarous Saxons.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The O'Clery family was an ancient and honored one in Ireland.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading Princes, chieftains, and warriors of the name were renowned before Charlemagne or Alfred ascended the throne, or before any of the petty princes of the heptarchy ruled over the barbarous Saxons.

whetherconjunctionUS /ˈweðər/

used to introduce two or more possibilities

From this reading But it was a question whether the virtues of this renowned house were more brilliant or conspicuous in the zenith of its glory, or in its fallen or humbled state.

zenithnounUS /ˈziːnəθ/

the point above the observer that is directly opposite the nadir on the imaginary sphere against which celestial bodies appear to be projected

From this reading But it was a question whether the virtues of this renowned house were more brilliant or conspicuous in the zenith of its glory, or in its fallen or humbled state.

Chapter 4 of The Cross and the Shamrock by Hugh Quigley holds 54 sentences, grouped into 11 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 4 of The Cross and the Shamrock contain?

Chapter 4 holds 54 sentences of The Cross and the Shamrock, unabridged, divided into 11 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 4 of The Cross and the Shamrock by Hugh Quigley exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 54 sentences, grouped into 11 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 4 of The Cross and the Shamrock?

Work through the 11 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 11 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 4 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 4 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading The Cross and the Shamrock

Common questions about reading The Cross and the Shamrock by Hugh Quigley on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of The Cross and the Shamrock?

Yes. All 2405 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #16958 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of The Cross and the Shamrock is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #16958, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does The Cross and the Shamrock take to read?

About 200 minutes of reading across 481 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

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Vocabulary met early in The Cross and the Shamrock

Words and structures a reader meets early in The Cross and the Shamrock, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Death-bed
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Cross and the Shamrock; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Scene
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Cross and the Shamrock; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Evening
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Cross and the Shamrock; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Month
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Cross and the Shamrock; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.