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The defender
The defender

Chapter XVII

Chapter 17 of The defender is here in full — 45 sentences across 9 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for The defender
Context Illustration Reading 1/9 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
Man is a changeable creature--despairing one moment, filled with joy and confidence the next.
“The sun shines differently every day,” was the way Turgen’s father had put it, and he found wisdom in the words.
How different yesterday was from today, he thought upon wakening, and all because of two dark eyes full of anxiety which greeted him across the room.
Turgen rose, went to the lamb and stroked its head, under the soft brown-gray curls were hard knob-like growths which would one day become horns.
Although the lamb shrank from his touch and tried to hide by closing its eyes, it did not struggle as before.
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AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The defender

Chapter XVII

Chapter 17 of The defender is here in full — 45 sentences across 9 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/9 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
Man is a changeable creature--despairing one moment, filled with joy and confidence the next.
Line 2
“The sun shines differently every day,” was the way Turgen’s father had put it, and he found wisdom in the words.
Line 3
How different yesterday was from today, he thought upon wakening, and all because of two dark eyes full of anxiety which greeted him across the room.
Line 4
Turgen rose, went to the lamb and stroked its head, under the soft brown-gray curls were hard knob-like growths which would one day become horns.
Line 5
Although the lamb shrank from his touch and tried to hide by closing its eyes, it did not struggle as before.
/ˌɔːlˈðoʊ ðə læm ʃræŋk frʌm hɪz tʌtʃ ənd traɪd tuː haɪd baɪ ˈkloʊzɪŋ ɪts aɪz ɪt dɪd nɑːt ˈstrʌɡəl æz bɪˈfɔːr/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

changeable adjective US /ˈtʃeɪndʒəbəl/

capable of or tending to change in form or quality or nature

From this reading “Man is a changeable creature--despairing one moment, filled with joy and confidence the next.”

curls noun US /kɜːrlz/

plural of “curl” — a round shape formed by a series of concentric circles (as formed by leaves or flower petals)

From this reading “Turgen rose, went to the lamb and stroked its head, under the soft brown-gray curls were hard knob-like growths which would one day become horns.”

despairing adjective US /dɪˈsperɪŋ/

arising from or marked by despair or loss of hope

From this reading “Man is a changeable creature--despairing one moment, filled with joy and confidence the next.”

differently adverb US /ˈdɪfrəntli/

in another and different manner

From this reading ““The sun shines differently every day,” was the way Turgen’s father had put it, and he found wisdom in the words.”

growths noun US /ɡroʊθs/

plural of “growth” — (biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level

From this reading “Turgen rose, went to the lamb and stroked its head, under the soft brown-gray curls were hard knob-like growths which would one day become horns.”

shines noun US /ʃaɪnz/

plural of “shine” — the quality of being bright and sending out rays of light

From this reading ““The sun shines differently every day,” was the way Turgen’s father had put it, and he found wisdom in the words.”

shrank verb US /ʃræŋk/

inflected form of “shrink” — wither, as with a loss of moisture

From this reading “Although the lamb shrank from his touch and tried to hide by closing its eyes, it did not struggle as before.”

stroked verb US /stroʊkt/

past form of “stroke” — touch lightly and repeatedly, as with brushing motions

From this reading “Turgen rose, went to the lamb and stroked its head, under the soft brown-gray curls were hard knob-like growths which would one day become horns.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

shrank from verb + particle counted as “shrink from”

avoid (one's assigned duties)

In this reading “Although the lamb shrank from his touch and tried to hide by closing its eyes, it did not struggle as before.”

across the room preposition + article + noun counted as “across … room”

In this reading “How different yesterday was from today, he thought upon wakening, and all because of two dark eyes full of anxiety which greeted him across the room.”

dark eyes noun + noun

In this reading “How different yesterday was from today, he thought upon wakening, and all because of two dark eyes full of anxiety which greeted him across the room.”

with joy preposition + noun

In this reading “Man is a changeable creature--despairing one moment, filled with joy and confidence the next.”

All words in this reading · 85

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Man is a changeable creature--despairing one moment, filled with joy and confidence the next.

acrossprepositionUS /əˈkrɔːs/

from one side of something to the other

From this reading How different yesterday was from today, he thought upon wakening, and all because of two dark eyes full of anxiety which greeted him across the room.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading How different yesterday was from today, he thought upon wakening, and all because of two dark eyes full of anxiety which greeted him across the room.

AlthoughconjunctionUS /ˌɔːlˈðoʊ/

in spite of the fact that

From this reading Although the lamb shrank from his touch and tried to hide by closing its eyes, it did not struggle as before.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Man is a changeable creature--despairing one moment, filled with joy and confidence the next.

anxietynounUS /æŋˈzaɪəti/

(psychiatry) a relatively permanent state of worry and nervousness occurring in a variety of mental disorders, usually accompanied by compulsive behavior or attacks of panic

From this reading How different yesterday was from today, he thought upon wakening, and all because of two dark eyes full of anxiety which greeted him across the room.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading Although the lamb shrank from his touch and tried to hide by closing its eyes, it did not struggle as before.

becauseconjunctionUS /bɪˈkɔːz/

for the reason that

From this reading How different yesterday was from today, he thought upon wakening, and all because of two dark eyes full of anxiety which greeted him across the room.

becomeverbUS /bɪˈkʌm/

enter or assume a certain state or condition

From this reading Turgen rose, went to the lamb and stroked its head, under the soft brown-gray curls were hard knob-like growths which would one day become horns.

beforeprepositionUS /bɪˈfɔːr/

earlier than; in front of

From this reading Although the lamb shrank from his touch and tried to hide by closing its eyes, it did not struggle as before.

brown-grayadjective

of grey tinged with brown

From this reading Turgen rose, went to the lamb and stroked its head, under the soft brown-gray curls were hard knob-like growths which would one day become horns.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading Although the lamb shrank from his touch and tried to hide by closing its eyes, it did not struggle as before.

changeableadjectiveUS /ˈtʃeɪndʒəbəl/

capable of or tending to change in form or quality or nature

From this reading Man is a changeable creature--despairing one moment, filled with joy and confidence the next.

closingnounUS /ˈkloʊzɪŋ/

the act of closing something

From this reading Although the lamb shrank from his touch and tried to hide by closing its eyes, it did not struggle as before.

confidencenounUS /ˈkɑːnfədəns/

freedom from doubt; belief in yourself and your abilities

From this reading Man is a changeable creature--despairing one moment, filled with joy and confidence the next.

creaturenounUS /ˈkriːtʃər/

a living organism characterized by voluntary movement

From this reading Man is a changeable creature--despairing one moment, filled with joy and confidence the next.

curlsnounUS /kɜːrlz/

plural of “curl” — a round shape formed by a series of concentric circles (as formed by leaves or flower petals)

From this reading Turgen rose, went to the lamb and stroked its head, under the soft brown-gray curls were hard knob-like growths which would one day become horns.

darknounUS /dɑːrk/

absence of light or illumination

From this reading How different yesterday was from today, he thought upon wakening, and all because of two dark eyes full of anxiety which greeted him across the room.

daynounUS /deɪ/

time for Earth to make a complete rotation on its axis

From this reading “The sun shines differently every day,” was the way Turgen’s father had put it, and he found wisdom in the words.

despairingadjectiveUS /dɪˈsperɪŋ/

arising from or marked by despair or loss of hope

From this reading Man is a changeable creature--despairing one moment, filled with joy and confidence the next.

didauxiliary verbUS /dɪd/

the past form of “do”, used in questions and negatives

From this reading Although the lamb shrank from his touch and tried to hide by closing its eyes, it did not struggle as before.

differentadjectiveUS /ˈdɪfərənt/

unlike in nature or quality or form or degree

From this reading How different yesterday was from today, he thought upon wakening, and all because of two dark eyes full of anxiety which greeted him across the room.

differentlyadverbUS /ˈdɪfrəntli/

in another and different manner

From this reading “The sun shines differently every day,” was the way Turgen’s father had put it, and he found wisdom in the words.

everydeterminerUS /ˈevəri/

all the members of a group, with none left out

From this reading “The sun shines differently every day,” was the way Turgen’s father had put it, and he found wisdom in the words.

eyesnounUS /aɪz/

opinion or judgment

From this reading How different yesterday was from today, he thought upon wakening, and all because of two dark eyes full of anxiety which greeted him across the room.

fathernounUS /ˈfɑːðər/

a male parent (also used as a term of address to your father)

From this reading “The sun shines differently every day,” was the way Turgen’s father had put it, and he found wisdom in the words.

filledadjectiveUS /fɪld/

(usually followed by “with” or used as a combining form) generously supplied with

From this reading Man is a changeable creature--despairing one moment, filled with joy and confidence the next.

foundverbUS /faʊnd/

set up or found

From this reading “The sun shines differently every day,” was the way Turgen’s father had put it, and he found wisdom in the words.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading How different yesterday was from today, he thought upon wakening, and all because of two dark eyes full of anxiety which greeted him across the room.

fulladjectiveUS /fʊl/

containing as much or as many as is possible or normal

From this reading How different yesterday was from today, he thought upon wakening, and all because of two dark eyes full of anxiety which greeted him across the room.

greetedverbUS /ˈɡriːtəd/

past form of “greet” — express greetings upon meeting someone

From this reading How different yesterday was from today, he thought upon wakening, and all because of two dark eyes full of anxiety which greeted him across the room.

growthsnounUS /ɡroʊθs/

plural of “growth” — (biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level

From this reading Turgen rose, went to the lamb and stroked its head, under the soft brown-gray curls were hard knob-like growths which would one day become horns.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading “The sun shines differently every day,” was the way Turgen’s father had put it, and he found wisdom in the words.

hardadjectiveUS /hɑːrd/

not easy; requiring great physical or mental effort to accomplish or comprehend or endure

From this reading Turgen rose, went to the lamb and stroked its head, under the soft brown-gray curls were hard knob-like growths which would one day become horns.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading “The sun shines differently every day,” was the way Turgen’s father had put it, and he found wisdom in the words.

headnounUS /hed/

the upper part of the human body or the front part of the body in animals; contains the face and brains

From this reading Turgen rose, went to the lamb and stroked its head, under the soft brown-gray curls were hard knob-like growths which would one day become horns.

hideverbUS /haɪd/

prevent from being seen or discovered

From this reading Although the lamb shrank from his touch and tried to hide by closing its eyes, it did not struggle as before.

himpronounUS /hɪm/

the male already mentioned, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading How different yesterday was from today, he thought upon wakening, and all because of two dark eyes full of anxiety which greeted him across the room.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading Although the lamb shrank from his touch and tried to hide by closing its eyes, it did not struggle as before.

hornsnounUS /hɔːrnz/

plural of “horn” — a noisemaker (as at parties or games) that makes a loud noise when you blow through it

From this reading Turgen rose, went to the lamb and stroked its head, under the soft brown-gray curls were hard knob-like growths which would one day become horns.

How

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading How different yesterday was from today, he thought upon wakening, and all because of two dark eyes full of anxiety which greeted him across the room.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading “The sun shines differently every day,” was the way Turgen’s father had put it, and he found wisdom in the words.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Man is a changeable creature--despairing one moment, filled with joy and confidence the next.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading “The sun shines differently every day,” was the way Turgen’s father had put it, and he found wisdom in the words.

itsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading Turgen rose, went to the lamb and stroked its head, under the soft brown-gray curls were hard knob-like growths which would one day become horns.

joynounUS /dʒɔɪ/

the emotion of great happiness

From this reading Man is a changeable creature--despairing one moment, filled with joy and confidence the next.

knob-like

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Turgen rose, went to the lamb and stroked its head, under the soft brown-gray curls were hard knob-like growths which would one day become horns.

lambnounUS /læm/

young sheep

From this reading Turgen rose, went to the lamb and stroked its head, under the soft brown-gray curls were hard knob-like growths which would one day become horns.

MannounUS /mæn/

an adult person who is male (as opposed to a woman)

From this reading Man is a changeable creature--despairing one moment, filled with joy and confidence the next.

momentnounUS /ˈmoʊmənt/

a particular point in time

From this reading Man is a changeable creature--despairing one moment, filled with joy and confidence the next.

nextadjectiveUS /nekst/

immediately following in time or order

From this reading Man is a changeable creature--despairing one moment, filled with joy and confidence the next.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading Although the lamb shrank from his touch and tried to hide by closing its eyes, it did not struggle as before.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading How different yesterday was from today, he thought upon wakening, and all because of two dark eyes full of anxiety which greeted him across the room.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading Man is a changeable creature--despairing one moment, filled with joy and confidence the next.

putverbUS /pʊt/

put into a certain place or abstract location

From this reading “The sun shines differently every day,” was the way Turgen’s father had put it, and he found wisdom in the words.

roomnounUS /ruːm/

an area within a building enclosed by walls and floor and ceiling

From this reading How different yesterday was from today, he thought upon wakening, and all because of two dark eyes full of anxiety which greeted him across the room.

rosenounUS /roʊz/

any of many shrubs of the genus Rosa that bear roses

From this reading Turgen rose, went to the lamb and stroked its head, under the soft brown-gray curls were hard knob-like growths which would one day become horns.

shinesnounUS /ʃaɪnz/

plural of “shine” — the quality of being bright and sending out rays of light

From this reading “The sun shines differently every day,” was the way Turgen’s father had put it, and he found wisdom in the words.

shrankverbUS /ʃræŋk/

inflected form of “shrink” — wither, as with a loss of moisture

From this reading Although the lamb shrank from his touch and tried to hide by closing its eyes, it did not struggle as before.

softadjectiveUS /sɑːft/

yielding readily to pressure or weight

From this reading Turgen rose, went to the lamb and stroked its head, under the soft brown-gray curls were hard knob-like growths which would one day become horns.

strokedverbUS /stroʊkt/

past form of “stroke” — touch lightly and repeatedly, as with brushing motions

From this reading Turgen rose, went to the lamb and stroked its head, under the soft brown-gray curls were hard knob-like growths which would one day become horns.

struggleverbUS /ˈstrʌɡəl/

make a strenuous or labored effort

From this reading Although the lamb shrank from his touch and tried to hide by closing its eyes, it did not struggle as before.

sunnounUS /sʌn/

the star that is the source of light and heat for the planets in the solar system

From this reading “The sun shines differently every day,” was the way Turgen’s father had put it, and he found wisdom in the words.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading Man is a changeable creature--despairing one moment, filled with joy and confidence the next.

thoughtnounUS /θɔːt/

the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about

From this reading How different yesterday was from today, he thought upon wakening, and all because of two dark eyes full of anxiety which greeted him across the room.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Turgen rose, went to the lamb and stroked its head, under the soft brown-gray curls were hard knob-like growths which would one day become horns.

todaynounUS /təˈdeɪ/

the present time or age

From this reading How different yesterday was from today, he thought upon wakening, and all because of two dark eyes full of anxiety which greeted him across the room.

touchverbUS /tʌtʃ/

make physical contact with, come in contact with

From this reading Although the lamb shrank from his touch and tried to hide by closing its eyes, it did not struggle as before.

triedadjectiveUS /traɪd/

tested and proved useful or correct

From this reading Although the lamb shrank from his touch and tried to hide by closing its eyes, it did not struggle as before.

Turgen

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Turgen rose, went to the lamb and stroked its head, under the soft brown-gray curls were hard knob-like growths which would one day become horns.

Turgen's

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading “The sun shines differently every day,” was the way Turgen’s father had put it, and he found wisdom in the words.

twonounUS /tuː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one or a numeral representing this number

From this reading How different yesterday was from today, he thought upon wakening, and all because of two dark eyes full of anxiety which greeted him across the room.

underprepositionUS /ˈʌndər/

below or beneath something; less than

From this reading Turgen rose, went to the lamb and stroked its head, under the soft brown-gray curls were hard knob-like growths which would one day become horns.

uponprepositionUS /əˈpɑːn/

a formal word for “on”

From this reading How different yesterday was from today, he thought upon wakening, and all because of two dark eyes full of anxiety which greeted him across the room.

wakeningnoun

the act of waking

From this reading How different yesterday was from today, he thought upon wakening, and all because of two dark eyes full of anxiety which greeted him across the room.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading “The sun shines differently every day,” was the way Turgen’s father had put it, and he found wisdom in the words.

waynounUS /weɪ/

how something is done or how it happens

From this reading “The sun shines differently every day,” was the way Turgen’s father had put it, and he found wisdom in the words.

wentverbUS /went/

inflected form of “go” — change location; move, travel, or proceed, also metaphorically

From this reading Turgen rose, went to the lamb and stroked its head, under the soft brown-gray curls were hard knob-like growths which would one day become horns.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading Turgen rose, went to the lamb and stroked its head, under the soft brown-gray curls were hard knob-like growths which would one day become horns.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading How different yesterday was from today, he thought upon wakening, and all because of two dark eyes full of anxiety which greeted him across the room.

wisdomnounUS /ˈwɪzdəm/

accumulated knowledge or erudition or enlightenment

From this reading “The sun shines differently every day,” was the way Turgen’s father had put it, and he found wisdom in the words.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading Man is a changeable creature--despairing one moment, filled with joy and confidence the next.

wordsnounUS /wɜːrdz/

the words that are spoken

From this reading “The sun shines differently every day,” was the way Turgen’s father had put it, and he found wisdom in the words.

wouldmodal verbUS /wʊd/

used for something imagined, polite, or habitual in the past

From this reading Turgen rose, went to the lamb and stroked its head, under the soft brown-gray curls were hard knob-like growths which would one day become horns.

yesterdaynounUS /ˈjestərdeɪ/

the day immediately before today

From this reading How different yesterday was from today, he thought upon wakening, and all because of two dark eyes full of anxiety which greeted him across the room.

Chapter 17 of The defender by Nicholas Kalashnikoff holds 45 sentences, grouped into 9 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 17 of The defender contain?

Chapter 17 holds 45 sentences of The defender, unabridged, divided into 9 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 17 of The defender by Nicholas Kalashnikoff exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 45 sentences, grouped into 9 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 17 of The defender?

Work through the 9 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 9 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 17 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 17 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading The defender

Common questions about reading The defender by Nicholas Kalashnikoff on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of The defender?

Yes. All 0 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #? are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of The defender is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #?, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does The defender take to read?

About 5 minutes of reading across 0 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read The defender section by section

How to work through The defender section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 0 chapters of The defender to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in The defender

Words and structures a reader meets early in The defender, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Chapter 1
One of the 0 chapters of The defender, divided into 5-sentence reading sections.
Chapter 2
One of the 0 chapters of The defender, divided into 5-sentence reading sections.
Chapter 3
One of the 0 chapters of The defender, divided into 5-sentence reading sections.