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The Descent of Man and Other Stories
The Descent of Man and Other Stories

Chapter VIII · Chapter 8

Chapter 8 of The Descent of Man and Other Stories is here in full — 410 sentences across 82 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/82 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
I had measured the exact force of the blow I was going to deal.
The triumph of the liberals in Modena had revived public interest in the unsuccessful struggle of their predecessors, the men who, sixteen years earlier, had paid for the same attempt with their lives.
The victors of 'forty-eight wished to honor the vanquished of 'thirty-two.
All the families exiled by the ducal government were hastening back to recover possession of their confiscated property and of the graves of their dead.
Already it had been decided to raise a monument to Menotti and his companions.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The Descent of Man and Other Stories

Chapter VIII · Chapter 8

Chapter 8 of The Descent of Man and Other Stories is here in full — 410 sentences across 82 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/82 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
I had measured the exact force of the blow I was going to deal.
/aɪ hæd ˈmeʒərd ðə ɪɡˈzækt fɔːrs ʌv ðə bloʊ aɪ wɑːz ˈɡoʊɪŋ tuː diːl/
Line 2
The triumph of the liberals in Modena had revived public interest in the unsuccessful struggle of their predecessors, the men who, sixteen years earlier, had paid for the same attempt with their lives.
Line 3
The victors of 'forty-eight wished to honor the vanquished of 'thirty-two.
Line 4
All the families exiled by the ducal government were hastening back to recover possession of their confiscated property and of the graves of their dead.
/ɔːl ðə ˈfæməliz ˈeɡzaɪld baɪ ðə ˈduːkəl ˈɡʌvərmənt wɜːr ˈheɪsənɪŋ bæk tuː rɪˈkʌvər pəˈzeʃən ʌv ðer ˈkɑːnfəskeɪtəd ˈprɑːpərti ənd ʌv ðə ɡreɪvz ʌv ðer ded/
Line 5
Already it had been decided to raise a monument to Menotti and his companions.
/ɔːlˈredi ɪt hæd bɪn ˌdɪˈsaɪdɪd tuː reɪz ə ˈmɑːnjuːmənt tuː meˈnɔːtiː ənd hɪz kəmˈpænjənz/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

confiscated verb US /ˈkɑːnfəskeɪtəd/

past form of “confiscate” — take temporary possession of as a security, by legal authority

From this reading “All the families exiled by the ducal government were hastening back to recover possession of their confiscated property and of the graves of their dead.”

ducal adjective US /ˈduːkəl/

of or belonging to or suitable for a duke

From this reading “All the families exiled by the ducal government were hastening back to recover possession of their confiscated property and of the graves of their dead.”

exiled verb US /ˈeɡzaɪld/

past form of “exile” — expel from a country

From this reading “All the families exiled by the ducal government were hastening back to recover possession of their confiscated property and of the graves of their dead.”

liberals noun US /ˈlɪbɜːrəlz/

plural of “liberal” — a person who favors a political philosophy of progress and reform and the protection of civil liberties

From this reading “The triumph of the liberals in Modena had revived public interest in the unsuccessful struggle of their predecessors, the men who, sixteen years earlier, had paid for the same attempt with their lives.”

Menotti noun US /meˈnɔːtiː/

United States composer (born in Italy) of operas (born in 1911)

From this reading “Already it had been decided to raise a monument to Menotti and his companions.”

predecessors noun US /ˈpredəsesərz/

plural of “predecessor” — one who precedes you in time (as in holding a position or office)

From this reading “The triumph of the liberals in Modena had revived public interest in the unsuccessful struggle of their predecessors, the men who, sixteen years earlier, had paid for the same attempt with their lives.”

unsuccessful adjective US /ˌʌnsəkˈsesfəl/

not successful; having failed or having an unfavorable outcome

From this reading “The triumph of the liberals in Modena had revived public interest in the unsuccessful struggle of their predecessors, the men who, sixteen years earlier, had paid for the same attempt with their lives.”

victors noun US /ˈvɪktərz/

plural of “victor” — a combatant who is able to defeat rivals

From this reading “The victors of 'forty-eight wished to honor the vanquished of 'thirty-two.”

All words in this reading · 66

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Already it had been decided to raise a monument to Menotti and his companions.

AlladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading All the families exiled by the ducal government were hastening back to recover possession of their confiscated property and of the graves of their dead.

AlreadyadverbUS /ɔːlˈredi/

prior to a specified or implied time

From this reading Already it had been decided to raise a monument to Menotti and his companions.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading All the families exiled by the ducal government were hastening back to recover possession of their confiscated property and of the graves of their dead.

attemptnounUS /əˈtempt/

earnest and conscientious activity intended to do or accomplish something

From this reading The triumph of the liberals in Modena had revived public interest in the unsuccessful struggle of their predecessors, the men who, sixteen years earlier, had paid for the same attempt with their lives.

backadverbUS /bæk/

in or to or toward a former location

From this reading All the families exiled by the ducal government were hastening back to recover possession of their confiscated property and of the graves of their dead.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading Already it had been decided to raise a monument to Menotti and his companions.

blowverbUS /bloʊ/

exhale hard

From this reading I had measured the exact force of the blow I was going to deal.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading All the families exiled by the ducal government were hastening back to recover possession of their confiscated property and of the graves of their dead.

companionsnounUS /kəmˈpænjənz/

plural of “companion” — a friend who is frequently in the company of another

From this reading Already it had been decided to raise a monument to Menotti and his companions.

confiscatedverbUS /ˈkɑːnfəskeɪtəd/

past form of “confiscate” — take temporary possession of as a security, by legal authority

From this reading All the families exiled by the ducal government were hastening back to recover possession of their confiscated property and of the graves of their dead.

deadadjectiveUS /ded/

no longer having or seeming to have or expecting to have life

From this reading All the families exiled by the ducal government were hastening back to recover possession of their confiscated property and of the graves of their dead.

dealverbUS /diːl/

act on verbally or in some form of artistic expression

From this reading I had measured the exact force of the blow I was going to deal.

decidedadjectiveUS /ˌdɪˈsaɪdɪd/

recognizable; marked

From this reading Already it had been decided to raise a monument to Menotti and his companions.

ducaladjectiveUS /ˈduːkəl/

of or belonging to or suitable for a duke

From this reading All the families exiled by the ducal government were hastening back to recover possession of their confiscated property and of the graves of their dead.

earlieradverbUS /ˈɜːrliər/

earlier in time; previously

From this reading The triumph of the liberals in Modena had revived public interest in the unsuccessful struggle of their predecessors, the men who, sixteen years earlier, had paid for the same attempt with their lives.

exactadjectiveUS /ɪɡˈzækt/

Strictly particular and correct.

From this reading I had measured the exact force of the blow I was going to deal.

exiledverbUS /ˈeɡzaɪld/

past form of “exile” — expel from a country

From this reading All the families exiled by the ducal government were hastening back to recover possession of their confiscated property and of the graves of their dead.

familiesnounUS /ˈfæməliz/

plural of “family” — a social unit living together

From this reading All the families exiled by the ducal government were hastening back to recover possession of their confiscated property and of the graves of their dead.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading The triumph of the liberals in Modena had revived public interest in the unsuccessful struggle of their predecessors, the men who, sixteen years earlier, had paid for the same attempt with their lives.

forcenounUS /fɔːrs/

a powerful effect or influence

From this reading I had measured the exact force of the blow I was going to deal.

forty-eightadjective

being eight more than forty

From this reading The victors of 'forty-eight wished to honor the vanquished of 'thirty-two.

goingnounUS /ˈɡoʊɪŋ/

the act of departing

From this reading I had measured the exact force of the blow I was going to deal.

governmentnounUS /ˈɡʌvərmənt/

the organization that is the governing authority of a political unit

From this reading All the families exiled by the ducal government were hastening back to recover possession of their confiscated property and of the graves of their dead.

gravesnounUS /ɡreɪvz/

English writer known for his interest in mythology and in the classics (1895-1985)

From this reading All the families exiled by the ducal government were hastening back to recover possession of their confiscated property and of the graves of their dead.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading I had measured the exact force of the blow I was going to deal.

hasteningverbUS /ˈheɪsənɪŋ/

-ing form of “hasten” — act or move at high speed

From this reading All the families exiled by the ducal government were hastening back to recover possession of their confiscated property and of the graves of their dead.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading Already it had been decided to raise a monument to Menotti and his companions.

honornounUS /ˈɑːnər/

a tangible symbol signifying approval or distinction

From this reading The victors of 'forty-eight wished to honor the vanquished of 'thirty-two.

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading I had measured the exact force of the blow I was going to deal.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading The triumph of the liberals in Modena had revived public interest in the unsuccessful struggle of their predecessors, the men who, sixteen years earlier, had paid for the same attempt with their lives.

interestnounUS /ˈɪntrəst/

a sense of concern with and curiosity about someone or something

From this reading The triumph of the liberals in Modena had revived public interest in the unsuccessful struggle of their predecessors, the men who, sixteen years earlier, had paid for the same attempt with their lives.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading Already it had been decided to raise a monument to Menotti and his companions.

liberalsnounUS /ˈlɪbɜːrəlz/

plural of “liberal” — a person who favors a political philosophy of progress and reform and the protection of civil liberties

From this reading The triumph of the liberals in Modena had revived public interest in the unsuccessful struggle of their predecessors, the men who, sixteen years earlier, had paid for the same attempt with their lives.

livesnounUS /lɪvz/

plural of “life” — a characteristic state or mode of living

From this reading The triumph of the liberals in Modena had revived public interest in the unsuccessful struggle of their predecessors, the men who, sixteen years earlier, had paid for the same attempt with their lives.

measuredadjectiveUS /ˈmeʒərd/

having notes of fixed rhythmic value

From this reading I had measured the exact force of the blow I was going to deal.

mennounUS /men/

the force of workers available

From this reading The triumph of the liberals in Modena had revived public interest in the unsuccessful struggle of their predecessors, the men who, sixteen years earlier, had paid for the same attempt with their lives.

MenottinounUS /meˈnɔːtiː/

United States composer (born in Italy) of operas (born in 1911)

From this reading Already it had been decided to raise a monument to Menotti and his companions.

Modena

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The triumph of the liberals in Modena had revived public interest in the unsuccessful struggle of their predecessors, the men who, sixteen years earlier, had paid for the same attempt with their lives.

monumentnounUS /ˈmɑːnjuːmənt/

a structure erected to commemorate persons or events

From this reading Already it had been decided to raise a monument to Menotti and his companions.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading I had measured the exact force of the blow I was going to deal.

paidadjectiveUS /peɪd/

marked by the reception of pay

From this reading The triumph of the liberals in Modena had revived public interest in the unsuccessful struggle of their predecessors, the men who, sixteen years earlier, had paid for the same attempt with their lives.

possessionnounUS /pəˈzeʃən/

the act of having and controlling property

From this reading All the families exiled by the ducal government were hastening back to recover possession of their confiscated property and of the graves of their dead.

predecessorsnounUS /ˈpredəsesərz/

plural of “predecessor” — one who precedes you in time (as in holding a position or office)

From this reading The triumph of the liberals in Modena had revived public interest in the unsuccessful struggle of their predecessors, the men who, sixteen years earlier, had paid for the same attempt with their lives.

propertynounUS /ˈprɑːpərti/

something owned; any tangible or intangible possession that is owned by someone

From this reading All the families exiled by the ducal government were hastening back to recover possession of their confiscated property and of the graves of their dead.

publicnounUS /ˈpʌblɪk/

people in general considered as a whole

From this reading The triumph of the liberals in Modena had revived public interest in the unsuccessful struggle of their predecessors, the men who, sixteen years earlier, had paid for the same attempt with their lives.

raiseverbUS /reɪz/

raise the level or amount of something

From this reading Already it had been decided to raise a monument to Menotti and his companions.

recoververbUS /rɪˈkʌvər/

get or find back; recover the use of

From this reading All the families exiled by the ducal government were hastening back to recover possession of their confiscated property and of the graves of their dead.

revivedadjectiveUS /rɪˈvaɪvd/

restored to consciousness or life or vigor

From this reading The triumph of the liberals in Modena had revived public interest in the unsuccessful struggle of their predecessors, the men who, sixteen years earlier, had paid for the same attempt with their lives.

sameadjectiveUS /seɪm/

Identical; not different.

From this reading The triumph of the liberals in Modena had revived public interest in the unsuccessful struggle of their predecessors, the men who, sixteen years earlier, had paid for the same attempt with their lives.

sixteenadjectiveUS /sɪkˈstiːn/

being one more than fifteen

From this reading The triumph of the liberals in Modena had revived public interest in the unsuccessful struggle of their predecessors, the men who, sixteen years earlier, had paid for the same attempt with their lives.

struggleverbUS /ˈstrʌɡəl/

make a strenuous or labored effort

From this reading The triumph of the liberals in Modena had revived public interest in the unsuccessful struggle of their predecessors, the men who, sixteen years earlier, had paid for the same attempt with their lives.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading I had measured the exact force of the blow I was going to deal.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading The triumph of the liberals in Modena had revived public interest in the unsuccessful struggle of their predecessors, the men who, sixteen years earlier, had paid for the same attempt with their lives.

thirty-twoadjective

being two more than thirty

From this reading The victors of 'forty-eight wished to honor the vanquished of 'thirty-two.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading I had measured the exact force of the blow I was going to deal.

triumphnounUS /ˈtraɪəmf/

a successful ending of a struggle or contest

From this reading The triumph of the liberals in Modena had revived public interest in the unsuccessful struggle of their predecessors, the men who, sixteen years earlier, had paid for the same attempt with their lives.

unsuccessfuladjectiveUS /ˌʌnsəkˈsesfəl/

not successful; having failed or having an unfavorable outcome

From this reading The triumph of the liberals in Modena had revived public interest in the unsuccessful struggle of their predecessors, the men who, sixteen years earlier, had paid for the same attempt with their lives.

vanquishedverbUS /ˈvæŋkwɪʃt/

past form of “vanquish” — come out better in a competition, race, or conflict

From this reading The victors of 'forty-eight wished to honor the vanquished of 'thirty-two.

victorsnounUS /ˈvɪktərz/

plural of “victor” — a combatant who is able to defeat rivals

From this reading The victors of 'forty-eight wished to honor the vanquished of 'thirty-two.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading I had measured the exact force of the blow I was going to deal.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading All the families exiled by the ducal government were hastening back to recover possession of their confiscated property and of the graves of their dead.

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading The triumph of the liberals in Modena had revived public interest in the unsuccessful struggle of their predecessors, the men who, sixteen years earlier, had paid for the same attempt with their lives.

wishedverbUS /wɪʃt/

past form of “wish” — hope for; have a wish

From this reading The victors of 'forty-eight wished to honor the vanquished of 'thirty-two.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading The triumph of the liberals in Modena had revived public interest in the unsuccessful struggle of their predecessors, the men who, sixteen years earlier, had paid for the same attempt with their lives.

yearsnounUS /jɪrz/

a late time of life

From this reading The triumph of the liberals in Modena had revived public interest in the unsuccessful struggle of their predecessors, the men who, sixteen years earlier, had paid for the same attempt with their lives.

Chapter 8 of The Descent of Man and Other Stories by Edith Wharton holds 410 sentences, grouped into 82 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 8 of The Descent of Man and Other Stories contain?

Chapter 8 holds 410 sentences of The Descent of Man and Other Stories, unabridged, divided into 82 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 8 of The Descent of Man and Other Stories by Edith Wharton exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 410 sentences, grouped into 82 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 8 of The Descent of Man and Other Stories?

Work through the 82 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 82 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 8 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 8 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading The Descent of Man and Other Stories

Common questions about reading The Descent of Man and Other Stories by Edith Wharton on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of The Descent of Man and Other Stories?

Yes. All 4069 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #4519 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of The Descent of Man and Other Stories is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #4519, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does The Descent of Man and Other Stories take to read?

About 339 minutes of reading across 814 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read The Descent of Man and Other Stories section by section

How to work through The Descent of Man and Other Stories section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

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  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in The Descent of Man and Other Stories

Words and structures a reader meets early in The Descent of Man and Other Stories, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Professor
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Descent of Man and Other Stories; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Linyard
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Descent of Man and Other Stories; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Holiday
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Descent of Man and Other Stories; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Maine
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Descent of Man and Other Stories; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.