Learn English through classic literature • Five-line readings • Clear US narration
VELMORA ACADEMY
Academy of Archival Languages & Memory Studies
Menu Close
The Disguising at Hertford
The Disguising at Hertford

Chapter I · Chapter 1

Chapter 1 of The Disguising at Hertford is here in full — 107 sentences across 22 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for The Disguising at Hertford
Context Illustration Reading 1/21 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
A verse play written circa 1427.
This version is made available with the permission of the Master and Fellows of Trinity College, Cambridge, England, the owners of the unique original manuscript.
For the purposes of this multi-platform electronic text, the medieval 'thorn' (a character representing 'th') has been changed to 'th'.
It was impracticable to reproduce the original punctuation, which mainly consisted of the virgule or slash.
Modern commas and full stops have been sparingly imposed.
0:00 / 0:00
Speed 0.75x
AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The Disguising at Hertford

Chapter I · Chapter 1

Chapter 1 of The Disguising at Hertford is here in full — 107 sentences across 22 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/21 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
A verse play written circa 1427.
Line 2
This version is made available with the permission of the Master and Fellows of Trinity College, Cambridge, England, the owners of the unique original manuscript.
/ðɪs ˈvɜːrʒən ɪz meɪd əˈveɪləbəl wɪð ðə pərˈmɪʃən ʌv ðə ˈmæstər ənd ˈfeloʊz ʌv ˈtrɪnəti ˈkɑːlɪdʒ ˈkeɪmbrɪdʒ ˈɪŋɡlənd ðə ˈoʊnərz ʌv ðə juːˈniːk ərˈɪdʒənəl ˈmæn.jə.skrɪpt/
Line 3
For the purposes of this multi-platform electronic text, the medieval 'thorn' (a character representing 'th') has been changed to 'th'.
Line 4
It was impracticable to reproduce the original punctuation, which mainly consisted of the virgule or slash.
/ɪt wɑːz ˌɪmˈpræktɪkəbəl tuː ˌriːprəˈduːs ðə ərˈɪdʒənəl ˌpʌŋktʃuːˈeɪʃən wɪtʃ ˈmeɪnli kənˈsɪstəd ʌv ðə ˈvɪrɡjuːl ɔːr slæʃ/
Line 5
Modern commas and full stops have been sparingly imposed.
/ˈmɑːdərn ˈkɑːməz ənd fʊl stɑːps hæv bɪn ˈsperɪŋli ˌɪmˈpoʊzd/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

commas noun US /ˈkɑːməz/

plural of “comma” — a punctuation mark (,) used to indicate the separation of elements within the grammatical structure of a sentence

From this reading “Modern commas and full stops have been sparingly imposed.”

electronic adjective US /ˌɪlekˈtrɑːnɪk/

of or relating to electronics; concerned with or using devices that operate on principles governing the behavior of electrons

From this reading “For the purposes of this multi-platform electronic text, the medieval 'thorn' (a character representing 'th') has been changed to 'th'.”

medieval adjective US /mɪˈdiːvəl/

relating to or belonging to the Middle Ages

From this reading “For the purposes of this multi-platform electronic text, the medieval 'thorn' (a character representing 'th') has been changed to 'th'.”

punctuation noun US /ˌpʌŋktʃuːˈeɪʃən/

something that makes repeated and regular interruptions or divisions

From this reading “It was impracticable to reproduce the original punctuation, which mainly consisted of the virgule or slash.”

reproduce verb US /ˌriːprəˈduːs/

make a copy or equivalent of

From this reading “It was impracticable to reproduce the original punctuation, which mainly consisted of the virgule or slash.”

slash verb US /slæʃ/

cut with sweeping strokes; as with an ax or machete

From this reading “It was impracticable to reproduce the original punctuation, which mainly consisted of the virgule or slash.”

sparingly adverb US /ˈsperɪŋli/

to a meager degree or in a meager manner

From this reading “Modern commas and full stops have been sparingly imposed.”

virgule noun US /ˈvɪrɡjuːl/

a punctuation mark (/) used to separate related items of information

From this reading “It was impracticable to reproduce the original punctuation, which mainly consisted of the virgule or slash.”

All words in this reading · 58

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

1427

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading A verse play written circa 1427.

AdeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading A verse play written circa 1427.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading This version is made available with the permission of the Master and Fellows of Trinity College, Cambridge, England, the owners of the unique original manuscript.

availableadjectiveUS /əˈveɪləbəl/

obtainable or accessible and ready for use or service

From this reading This version is made available with the permission of the Master and Fellows of Trinity College, Cambridge, England, the owners of the unique original manuscript.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading For the purposes of this multi-platform electronic text, the medieval 'thorn' (a character representing 'th') has been changed to 'th'.

CambridgenounUS /ˈkeɪmbrɪdʒ/

a university in England

From this reading This version is made available with the permission of the Master and Fellows of Trinity College, Cambridge, England, the owners of the unique original manuscript.

changedadjectiveUS /tʃeɪndʒd/

made or become different in nature or form

From this reading For the purposes of this multi-platform electronic text, the medieval 'thorn' (a character representing 'th') has been changed to 'th'.

characternounUS /ˈkerɪktər/

an imaginary person represented in a work of fiction (play or film or story)

From this reading For the purposes of this multi-platform electronic text, the medieval 'thorn' (a character representing 'th') has been changed to 'th'.

circa

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading A verse play written circa 1427.

CollegenounUS /ˈkɑːlɪdʒ/

the body of faculty and students of a college

From this reading This version is made available with the permission of the Master and Fellows of Trinity College, Cambridge, England, the owners of the unique original manuscript.

commasnounUS /ˈkɑːməz/

plural of “comma” — a punctuation mark (,) used to indicate the separation of elements within the grammatical structure of a sentence

From this reading Modern commas and full stops have been sparingly imposed.

consistedverbUS /kənˈsɪstəd/

past form of “consist” — originate

From this reading It was impracticable to reproduce the original punctuation, which mainly consisted of the virgule or slash.

electronicadjectiveUS /ˌɪlekˈtrɑːnɪk/

of or relating to electronics; concerned with or using devices that operate on principles governing the behavior of electrons

From this reading For the purposes of this multi-platform electronic text, the medieval 'thorn' (a character representing 'th') has been changed to 'th'.

EnglandnounUS /ˈɪŋɡlənd/

a division of the United Kingdom

From this reading This version is made available with the permission of the Master and Fellows of Trinity College, Cambridge, England, the owners of the unique original manuscript.

FellowsnounUS /ˈfeloʊz/

plural of “fellow” — a boy or man

From this reading This version is made available with the permission of the Master and Fellows of Trinity College, Cambridge, England, the owners of the unique original manuscript.

ForprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading For the purposes of this multi-platform electronic text, the medieval 'thorn' (a character representing 'th') has been changed to 'th'.

fulladjectiveUS /fʊl/

containing as much or as many as is possible or normal

From this reading Modern commas and full stops have been sparingly imposed.

hasauxiliary verbUS /hæz/

the form of “have” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading For the purposes of this multi-platform electronic text, the medieval 'thorn' (a character representing 'th') has been changed to 'th'.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading Modern commas and full stops have been sparingly imposed.

imposedadjectiveUS /ˌɪmˈpoʊzd/

set forth authoritatively as obligatory

From this reading Modern commas and full stops have been sparingly imposed.

impracticableadjectiveUS /ˌɪmˈpræktɪkəbəl/

not capable of being carried out or put into practice

From this reading It was impracticable to reproduce the original punctuation, which mainly consisted of the virgule or slash.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading This version is made available with the permission of the Master and Fellows of Trinity College, Cambridge, England, the owners of the unique original manuscript.

ItpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading It was impracticable to reproduce the original punctuation, which mainly consisted of the virgule or slash.

madeadjectiveUS /meɪd/

produced by a manufacturing process

From this reading This version is made available with the permission of the Master and Fellows of Trinity College, Cambridge, England, the owners of the unique original manuscript.

mainlyadverbUS /ˈmeɪnli/

for the most part

From this reading It was impracticable to reproduce the original punctuation, which mainly consisted of the virgule or slash.

manuscriptnounUS /ˈmæn.jə.skrɪpt/

A book, document, or piece of music written by hand rather than typed or printed.

From this reading This version is made available with the permission of the Master and Fellows of Trinity College, Cambridge, England, the owners of the unique original manuscript.

MasternounUS /ˈmæstər/

an artist of consummate skill

From this reading This version is made available with the permission of the Master and Fellows of Trinity College, Cambridge, England, the owners of the unique original manuscript.

medievaladjectiveUS /mɪˈdiːvəl/

relating to or belonging to the Middle Ages

From this reading For the purposes of this multi-platform electronic text, the medieval 'thorn' (a character representing 'th') has been changed to 'th'.

ModernadjectiveUS /ˈmɑːdərn/

belonging to the modern era; since the Middle Ages

From this reading Modern commas and full stops have been sparingly imposed.

multi-platform

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading For the purposes of this multi-platform electronic text, the medieval 'thorn' (a character representing 'th') has been changed to 'th'.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading This version is made available with the permission of the Master and Fellows of Trinity College, Cambridge, England, the owners of the unique original manuscript.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading It was impracticable to reproduce the original punctuation, which mainly consisted of the virgule or slash.

originaladjectiveUS /ərˈɪdʒənəl/

preceding all others in time or being as first made or performed

From this reading This version is made available with the permission of the Master and Fellows of Trinity College, Cambridge, England, the owners of the unique original manuscript.

ownersnounUS /ˈoʊnərz/

plural of “owner” — (law) someone who owns (is legal possessor of) a business

From this reading This version is made available with the permission of the Master and Fellows of Trinity College, Cambridge, England, the owners of the unique original manuscript.

permissionnounUS /pərˈmɪʃən/

approval to do something

From this reading This version is made available with the permission of the Master and Fellows of Trinity College, Cambridge, England, the owners of the unique original manuscript.

playverbUS /pleɪ/

participate in games or sport

From this reading A verse play written circa 1427.

punctuationnounUS /ˌpʌŋktʃuːˈeɪʃən/

something that makes repeated and regular interruptions or divisions

From this reading It was impracticable to reproduce the original punctuation, which mainly consisted of the virgule or slash.

purposesnounUS /ˈpɜːrpəsəz/

plural of “purpose” — an anticipated outcome that is intended or that guides your planned actions

From this reading For the purposes of this multi-platform electronic text, the medieval 'thorn' (a character representing 'th') has been changed to 'th'.

representingverbUS /ˌreprɪˈzentɪŋ/

-ing form of “represent” — take the place of or be parallel or equivalent to

From this reading For the purposes of this multi-platform electronic text, the medieval 'thorn' (a character representing 'th') has been changed to 'th'.

reproduceverbUS /ˌriːprəˈduːs/

make a copy or equivalent of

From this reading It was impracticable to reproduce the original punctuation, which mainly consisted of the virgule or slash.

slashverbUS /slæʃ/

cut with sweeping strokes; as with an ax or machete

From this reading It was impracticable to reproduce the original punctuation, which mainly consisted of the virgule or slash.

sparinglyadverbUS /ˈsperɪŋli/

to a meager degree or in a meager manner

From this reading Modern commas and full stops have been sparingly imposed.

stopsnounUS /stɑːps/

a gambling card game in which chips are placed on the ace and king and queen and jack of separate suits (taken from a separate deck)

From this reading Modern commas and full stops have been sparingly imposed.

textnounUS /tekst/

the words of something written

From this reading For the purposes of this multi-platform electronic text, the medieval 'thorn' (a character representing 'th') has been changed to 'th'.

thnounUS /ˈtiːˈeɪtʃ/

the fifth day of the week; the fourth working day

From this reading For the purposes of this multi-platform electronic text, the medieval 'thorn' (a character representing 'th') has been changed to 'th'.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading This version is made available with the permission of the Master and Fellows of Trinity College, Cambridge, England, the owners of the unique original manuscript.

ThisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading This version is made available with the permission of the Master and Fellows of Trinity College, Cambridge, England, the owners of the unique original manuscript.

thornnounUS /θɔːrn/

something that causes irritation and annoyance

From this reading For the purposes of this multi-platform electronic text, the medieval 'thorn' (a character representing 'th') has been changed to 'th'.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading For the purposes of this multi-platform electronic text, the medieval 'thorn' (a character representing 'th') has been changed to 'th'.

TrinitynounUS /ˈtrɪnəti/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one and one

From this reading This version is made available with the permission of the Master and Fellows of Trinity College, Cambridge, England, the owners of the unique original manuscript.

uniqueadjectiveUS /juːˈniːk/

radically distinctive and without equal

From this reading This version is made available with the permission of the Master and Fellows of Trinity College, Cambridge, England, the owners of the unique original manuscript.

versenounUS /vɜːrs/

literature in metrical form

From this reading A verse play written circa 1427.

versionnounUS /ˈvɜːrʒən/

an interpretation of a matter from a particular viewpoint

From this reading This version is made available with the permission of the Master and Fellows of Trinity College, Cambridge, England, the owners of the unique original manuscript.

virgulenounUS /ˈvɪrɡjuːl/

a punctuation mark (/) used to separate related items of information

From this reading It was impracticable to reproduce the original punctuation, which mainly consisted of the virgule or slash.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading It was impracticable to reproduce the original punctuation, which mainly consisted of the virgule or slash.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading It was impracticable to reproduce the original punctuation, which mainly consisted of the virgule or slash.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading This version is made available with the permission of the Master and Fellows of Trinity College, Cambridge, England, the owners of the unique original manuscript.

writtenadjectiveUS /ˈrɪtən/

set down in writing in any of various ways

From this reading A verse play written circa 1427.

Chapter 1 of The Disguising at Hertford by John Lydgate holds 107 sentences, grouped into 22 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the public-domain source, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 1 of The Disguising at Hertford contain?

Chapter 1 holds 107 sentences of The Disguising at Hertford, unabridged, divided into 22 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 1 of The Disguising at Hertford by John Lydgate exactly as it stands in the public-domain source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 107 sentences, grouped into 22 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 1 of The Disguising at Hertford?

Work through the 22 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 22 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 1 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 1 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading The Disguising at Hertford

Common questions about reading The Disguising at Hertford by John Lydgate on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of The Disguising at Hertford?

Yes. All 107 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #2878 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of The Disguising at Hertford is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #2878, a public-domain edition. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does The Disguising at Hertford take to read?

About 8 minutes of reading across 22 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read The Disguising at Hertford section by section

How to work through The Disguising at Hertford section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 1 chapters of The Disguising at Hertford to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in The Disguising at Hertford

Words and structures a reader meets early in The Disguising at Hertford, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Verse
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Disguising at Hertford; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Written
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Disguising at Hertford; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Circa
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Disguising at Hertford; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Version
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Disguising at Hertford; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.