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The Dynasts
The Dynasts

Chapter I · Chapter 1

Chapter 1 of The Dynasts is here in full — 387 sentences across 78 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for The Dynasts
Context Illustration Reading 1/77 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
The Time covered by the Action being about ten Years And I heard sounds of insult, shame, and wrong, And trumpets blown for wars.”
The Spectacle here presented in the likeness of a Drama is concerned with the Great Historical Calamity, or Clash of Peoples, artificially brought about some hundred years ago.
The choice of such a subject was mainly due to three accidents of locality.
It chanced that the writer was familiar with a part of England that lay within hail of the watering-place in which King George the Third had his favourite summer residence during the war with the first Napoleon, and where he was visited by ministers and others who bore the weight of English affairs on their more or less competent shoulders at that stressful time.
Secondly, this district, being also near the coast which had echoed with rumours of invasion in their intensest form while the descent threatened, was formerly animated by memories and traditions of the desperate military preparations for that contingency.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The Dynasts

Chapter I · Chapter 1

Chapter 1 of The Dynasts is here in full — 387 sentences across 78 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/77 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
The Time covered by the Action being about ten YearsAnd I heard sounds of insult, shame, and wrong, And trumpets blown for wars.”
/ðə taɪm ˈkʌvərd baɪ ðə ˈækʃən ˈbiːɪŋ əˈbaʊt ten jɪrz ənd aɪ hɜːrd saʊndz ʌv ˌɪnˈsʌlt ʃeɪm ənd rɔːŋ ənd ˈtrʌmpəts bloʊn fɔːr wɔːrz/
Line 2
The Spectacle here presented in the likeness of a Drama is concerned with the Great Historical Calamity, or Clash of Peoples, artificially brought about some hundred years ago.
/ðə ˈspektəkəl hiːr priˈzentɪd ɪn ðə ˈlaɪknəs ʌv ə ˈdrɑːmə ɪz kənˈsɜːrnd wɪð ðə ɡreɪt hɪˈstɔːrɪkəl kəˈlæməti ɔːr klæʃ ʌv ˈpiːpəlz ˌɑːrtəˈfɪʃəli brɔːt əˈbaʊt sʌm ˈhʌndrəd jɪrz əˈɡoʊ/
Line 3
The choice of such a subject was mainly due to three accidents of locality.
/ðə tʃɔɪs ʌv sʌtʃ ə səbˈdʒekt wɑːz ˈmeɪnli duː tuː θriː ˈæksədənts ʌv loʊˈkæləti/
Line 4
It chanced that the writer was familiar with a part of England that lay within hail of the watering-place in which King George the Third had his favourite summer residence during the war with the first Napoleon, and where he was visited by ministers and others who bore the weight of English affairs on their more or less competent shoulders at that stressful time.
Line 5
Secondly, this district, being also near the coast which had echoed with rumours of invasion in their intensest form while the descent threatened, was formerly animated by memories and traditions of the desperate military preparations for that contingency.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

artificially adverb US /ˌɑːrtəˈfɪʃəli/

not according to nature; not by natural means

From this reading “The Spectacle here presented in the likeness of a Drama is concerned with the Great Historical Calamity, or Clash of Peoples, artificially brought about some hundred years ago.”

Clash noun US /klæʃ/

A violent confrontation or disagreement between opposing forces or factions.

From this reading “The Spectacle here presented in the likeness of a Drama is concerned with the Great Historical Calamity, or Clash of Peoples, artificially brought about some hundred years ago.”

contingency noun US /kənˈtɪndʒənsi/

a possible event or occurrence or result

From this reading “Secondly, this district, being also near the coast which had echoed with rumours of invasion in their intensest form while the descent threatened, was formerly animated by memories and traditions of the desperate military preparations for that contingency.”

invasion noun US /ˌɪnˈveɪʒən/

the act of invading; the act of an army that invades for conquest or plunder

From this reading “Secondly, this district, being also near the coast which had echoed with rumours of invasion in their intensest form while the descent threatened, was formerly animated by memories and traditions of the desperate military preparations for that contingency.”

locality noun US /loʊˈkæləti/

a surrounding or nearby region

From this reading “The choice of such a subject was mainly due to three accidents of locality.”

Peoples noun US /ˈpiːpəlz/

the human beings of a particular nation or community or ethnic group

From this reading “The Spectacle here presented in the likeness of a Drama is concerned with the Great Historical Calamity, or Clash of Peoples, artificially brought about some hundred years ago.”

rumours noun US /ˈruːmərz/

plural of “rumour” — gossip (usually a mixture of truth and untruth) passed around by word of mouth

From this reading “Secondly, this district, being also near the coast which had echoed with rumours of invasion in their intensest form while the descent threatened, was formerly animated by memories and traditions of the desperate military preparations for that contingency.”

stressful adjective US /ˈstresfəl/

extremely irritating to the nerves

From this reading “It chanced that the writer was familiar with a part of England that lay within hail of the watering-place in which King George the Third had his favourite summer residence during the war with the first Napoleon, and where he was visited by ministers and others who bore the weight of English affairs on their more or less competent shoulders at that stressful time.”

All words in this reading · 116

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading The Spectacle here presented in the likeness of a Drama is concerned with the Great Historical Calamity, or Clash of Peoples, artificially brought about some hundred years ago.

aboutprepositionUS /əˈbaʊt/

on the subject of; concerning

From this reading The Time covered by the Action being about ten Years “And I heard sounds of insult, shame, and wrong, And trumpets blown for wars.”

accidentsnounUS /ˈæksədənts/

plural of “accident” — an unfortunate mishap; especially one causing damage or injury

From this reading The choice of such a subject was mainly due to three accidents of locality.

ActionnounUS /ˈækʃən/

something done (usually as opposed to something said)

From this reading The Time covered by the Action being about ten Years “And I heard sounds of insult, shame, and wrong, And trumpets blown for wars.”

affairsnounUS /əˈferz/

matters of personal concern

From this reading It chanced that the writer was familiar with a part of England that lay within hail of the watering-place in which King George the Third had his favourite summer residence during the war with the first Napoleon, and where he was visited by ministers and others who bore the weight of English affairs on their more or less competent shoulders at that stressful time.

agoadverbUS /əˈɡoʊ/

in the past

From this reading The Spectacle here presented in the likeness of a Drama is concerned with the Great Historical Calamity, or Clash of Peoples, artificially brought about some hundred years ago.

alsoadverbUS /ˈɔːlsoʊ/

in addition

From this reading Secondly, this district, being also near the coast which had echoed with rumours of invasion in their intensest form while the descent threatened, was formerly animated by memories and traditions of the desperate military preparations for that contingency.

AndconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading The Time covered by the Action being about ten Years “And I heard sounds of insult, shame, and wrong, And trumpets blown for wars.”

animatedadjectiveUS /ˈænəmeɪtɪd/

having life or vigor or spirit

From this reading Secondly, this district, being also near the coast which had echoed with rumours of invasion in their intensest form while the descent threatened, was formerly animated by memories and traditions of the desperate military preparations for that contingency.

artificiallyadverbUS /ˌɑːrtəˈfɪʃəli/

not according to nature; not by natural means

From this reading The Spectacle here presented in the likeness of a Drama is concerned with the Great Historical Calamity, or Clash of Peoples, artificially brought about some hundred years ago.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading It chanced that the writer was familiar with a part of England that lay within hail of the watering-place in which King George the Third had his favourite summer residence during the war with the first Napoleon, and where he was visited by ministers and others who bore the weight of English affairs on their more or less competent shoulders at that stressful time.

beingauxiliary verbUS /ˈbiːɪŋ/

the -ing form of “be”

From this reading The Time covered by the Action being about ten Years “And I heard sounds of insult, shame, and wrong, And trumpets blown for wars.”

blownadjectiveUS /bloʊn/

being moved or acted upon by moving air or vapor

From this reading The Time covered by the Action being about ten Years “And I heard sounds of insult, shame, and wrong, And trumpets blown for wars.”

boreverbUS /bɔːr/

cause to be bored

From this reading It chanced that the writer was familiar with a part of England that lay within hail of the watering-place in which King George the Third had his favourite summer residence during the war with the first Napoleon, and where he was visited by ministers and others who bore the weight of English affairs on their more or less competent shoulders at that stressful time.

broughtverbUS /brɔːt/

inflected form of “bring” — take something or somebody with oneself somewhere

From this reading The Spectacle here presented in the likeness of a Drama is concerned with the Great Historical Calamity, or Clash of Peoples, artificially brought about some hundred years ago.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading The Time covered by the Action being about ten Years “And I heard sounds of insult, shame, and wrong, And trumpets blown for wars.”

CalamitynounUS /kəˈlæməti/

an event resulting in great loss and misfortune

From this reading The Spectacle here presented in the likeness of a Drama is concerned with the Great Historical Calamity, or Clash of Peoples, artificially brought about some hundred years ago.

chancedverbUS /tʃænst/

past form of “chance” — be the case by chance

From this reading It chanced that the writer was familiar with a part of England that lay within hail of the watering-place in which King George the Third had his favourite summer residence during the war with the first Napoleon, and where he was visited by ministers and others who bore the weight of English affairs on their more or less competent shoulders at that stressful time.

choicenounUS /tʃɔɪs/

the person or thing chosen or selected

From this reading The choice of such a subject was mainly due to three accidents of locality.

ClashnounUS /klæʃ/

A violent confrontation or disagreement between opposing forces or factions.

From this reading The Spectacle here presented in the likeness of a Drama is concerned with the Great Historical Calamity, or Clash of Peoples, artificially brought about some hundred years ago.

coastnounUS /koʊst/

the shore of a sea or ocean

From this reading Secondly, this district, being also near the coast which had echoed with rumours of invasion in their intensest form while the descent threatened, was formerly animated by memories and traditions of the desperate military preparations for that contingency.

competentadjectiveUS /ˈkɑːmpətɪnt/

properly or sufficiently qualified or capable or efficient

From this reading It chanced that the writer was familiar with a part of England that lay within hail of the watering-place in which King George the Third had his favourite summer residence during the war with the first Napoleon, and where he was visited by ministers and others who bore the weight of English affairs on their more or less competent shoulders at that stressful time.

concernedadjectiveUS /kənˈsɜːrnd/

feeling or showing worry or solicitude

From this reading The Spectacle here presented in the likeness of a Drama is concerned with the Great Historical Calamity, or Clash of Peoples, artificially brought about some hundred years ago.

contingencynounUS /kənˈtɪndʒənsi/

a possible event or occurrence or result

From this reading Secondly, this district, being also near the coast which had echoed with rumours of invasion in their intensest form while the descent threatened, was formerly animated by memories and traditions of the desperate military preparations for that contingency.

coveredadjectiveUS /ˈkʌvərd/

overlaid or spread or topped with or enclosed within something; sometimes used as a combining form

From this reading The Time covered by the Action being about ten Years “And I heard sounds of insult, shame, and wrong, And trumpets blown for wars.”

descentnounUS /dɪˈsent/

An action of moving downward, dropping, or falling into a deeper place.

From this reading Secondly, this district, being also near the coast which had echoed with rumours of invasion in their intensest form while the descent threatened, was formerly animated by memories and traditions of the desperate military preparations for that contingency.

desperateadjectiveUS /ˈdesprɪt/

arising from or marked by despair or loss of hope

From this reading Secondly, this district, being also near the coast which had echoed with rumours of invasion in their intensest form while the descent threatened, was formerly animated by memories and traditions of the desperate military preparations for that contingency.

districtnounUS /ˈdɪstrɪkt/

a region marked off for administrative or other purposes

From this reading Secondly, this district, being also near the coast which had echoed with rumours of invasion in their intensest form while the descent threatened, was formerly animated by memories and traditions of the desperate military preparations for that contingency.

DramanounUS /ˈdrɑːmə/

a dramatic work intended for performance by actors on a stage

From this reading The Spectacle here presented in the likeness of a Drama is concerned with the Great Historical Calamity, or Clash of Peoples, artificially brought about some hundred years ago.

dueadjectiveUS /duː/

owed and payable immediately or on demand

From this reading The choice of such a subject was mainly due to three accidents of locality.

duringprepositionUS /ˈdʊrɪŋ/

all through a period, or at some point within it

From this reading It chanced that the writer was familiar with a part of England that lay within hail of the watering-place in which King George the Third had his favourite summer residence during the war with the first Napoleon, and where he was visited by ministers and others who bore the weight of English affairs on their more or less competent shoulders at that stressful time.

echoedverbUS /ˈekoʊd/

past form of “echo” — to say again or imitate

From this reading Secondly, this district, being also near the coast which had echoed with rumours of invasion in their intensest form while the descent threatened, was formerly animated by memories and traditions of the desperate military preparations for that contingency.

EnglandnounUS /ˈɪŋɡlənd/

a division of the United Kingdom

From this reading It chanced that the writer was familiar with a part of England that lay within hail of the watering-place in which King George the Third had his favourite summer residence during the war with the first Napoleon, and where he was visited by ministers and others who bore the weight of English affairs on their more or less competent shoulders at that stressful time.

EnglishnounUS /ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ/

an Indo-European language belonging to the West Germanic branch; the official language of Britain and the United States and most of the commonwealth countries

From this reading It chanced that the writer was familiar with a part of England that lay within hail of the watering-place in which King George the Third had his favourite summer residence during the war with the first Napoleon, and where he was visited by ministers and others who bore the weight of English affairs on their more or less competent shoulders at that stressful time.

familiaradjectiveUS /fəˈmɪljər/

well known or easily recognized

From this reading It chanced that the writer was familiar with a part of England that lay within hail of the watering-place in which King George the Third had his favourite summer residence during the war with the first Napoleon, and where he was visited by ministers and others who bore the weight of English affairs on their more or less competent shoulders at that stressful time.

favouritenounUS /ˈfeɪvərɪt/

a competitor thought likely to win

From this reading It chanced that the writer was familiar with a part of England that lay within hail of the watering-place in which King George the Third had his favourite summer residence during the war with the first Napoleon, and where he was visited by ministers and others who bore the weight of English affairs on their more or less competent shoulders at that stressful time.

firstadjectiveUS /fɜːrst/

preceding all others in time or space or degree

From this reading It chanced that the writer was familiar with a part of England that lay within hail of the watering-place in which King George the Third had his favourite summer residence during the war with the first Napoleon, and where he was visited by ministers and others who bore the weight of English affairs on their more or less competent shoulders at that stressful time.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading The Time covered by the Action being about ten Years “And I heard sounds of insult, shame, and wrong, And trumpets blown for wars.”

formnounUS /fɔːrm/

the phonological or orthographic sound or appearance of a word that can be used to describe or identify something

From this reading Secondly, this district, being also near the coast which had echoed with rumours of invasion in their intensest form while the descent threatened, was formerly animated by memories and traditions of the desperate military preparations for that contingency.

formerlyadverbUS /ˈfɔːrmərli/

at a previous time

From this reading Secondly, this district, being also near the coast which had echoed with rumours of invasion in their intensest form while the descent threatened, was formerly animated by memories and traditions of the desperate military preparations for that contingency.

GeorgenounUS /dʒɔːrdʒ/

Christian martyr; patron saint of England; hero of the legend of Saint George and the Dragon in which he slew a dragon and saved a princess (?-303)

From this reading It chanced that the writer was familiar with a part of England that lay within hail of the watering-place in which King George the Third had his favourite summer residence during the war with the first Napoleon, and where he was visited by ministers and others who bore the weight of English affairs on their more or less competent shoulders at that stressful time.

GreatadjectiveUS /ɡreɪt/

relatively large in size or number or extent; larger than others of its kind

From this reading The Spectacle here presented in the likeness of a Drama is concerned with the Great Historical Calamity, or Clash of Peoples, artificially brought about some hundred years ago.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading It chanced that the writer was familiar with a part of England that lay within hail of the watering-place in which King George the Third had his favourite summer residence during the war with the first Napoleon, and where he was visited by ministers and others who bore the weight of English affairs on their more or less competent shoulders at that stressful time.

hailverbUS /heɪl/

praise vociferously

From this reading It chanced that the writer was familiar with a part of England that lay within hail of the watering-place in which King George the Third had his favourite summer residence during the war with the first Napoleon, and where he was visited by ministers and others who bore the weight of English affairs on their more or less competent shoulders at that stressful time.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading It chanced that the writer was familiar with a part of England that lay within hail of the watering-place in which King George the Third had his favourite summer residence during the war with the first Napoleon, and where he was visited by ministers and others who bore the weight of English affairs on their more or less competent shoulders at that stressful time.

heardadjectiveUS /hɜːrd/

detected or perceived by the sense of hearing

From this reading The Time covered by the Action being about ten Years “And I heard sounds of insult, shame, and wrong, And trumpets blown for wars.”

hereadverbUS /hiːr/

in or at this place; where the speaker or writer is

From this reading The Spectacle here presented in the likeness of a Drama is concerned with the Great Historical Calamity, or Clash of Peoples, artificially brought about some hundred years ago.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading It chanced that the writer was familiar with a part of England that lay within hail of the watering-place in which King George the Third had his favourite summer residence during the war with the first Napoleon, and where he was visited by ministers and others who bore the weight of English affairs on their more or less competent shoulders at that stressful time.

HistoricaladjectiveUS /hɪˈstɔːrɪkəl/

of or relating to the study of history

From this reading The Spectacle here presented in the likeness of a Drama is concerned with the Great Historical Calamity, or Clash of Peoples, artificially brought about some hundred years ago.

hundrednounUS /ˈhʌndrəd/

ten 10s

From this reading The Spectacle here presented in the likeness of a Drama is concerned with the Great Historical Calamity, or Clash of Peoples, artificially brought about some hundred years ago.

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading The Time covered by the Action being about ten Years “And I heard sounds of insult, shame, and wrong, And trumpets blown for wars.”

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading The Spectacle here presented in the likeness of a Drama is concerned with the Great Historical Calamity, or Clash of Peoples, artificially brought about some hundred years ago.

insultnounUS /ˌɪnˈsʌlt/

a rude expression intended to offend or hurt

From this reading The Time covered by the Action being about ten Years “And I heard sounds of insult, shame, and wrong, And trumpets blown for wars.”

intensest

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Secondly, this district, being also near the coast which had echoed with rumours of invasion in their intensest form while the descent threatened, was formerly animated by memories and traditions of the desperate military preparations for that contingency.

invasionnounUS /ˌɪnˈveɪʒən/

the act of invading; the act of an army that invades for conquest or plunder

From this reading Secondly, this district, being also near the coast which had echoed with rumours of invasion in their intensest form while the descent threatened, was formerly animated by memories and traditions of the desperate military preparations for that contingency.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The Spectacle here presented in the likeness of a Drama is concerned with the Great Historical Calamity, or Clash of Peoples, artificially brought about some hundred years ago.

ItpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading It chanced that the writer was familiar with a part of England that lay within hail of the watering-place in which King George the Third had his favourite summer residence during the war with the first Napoleon, and where he was visited by ministers and others who bore the weight of English affairs on their more or less competent shoulders at that stressful time.

KingnounUS /kɪŋ/

a male sovereign; ruler of a kingdom

From this reading It chanced that the writer was familiar with a part of England that lay within hail of the watering-place in which King George the Third had his favourite summer residence during the war with the first Napoleon, and where he was visited by ministers and others who bore the weight of English affairs on their more or less competent shoulders at that stressful time.

layverbUS /leɪ/

put into a certain place or abstract location

From this reading It chanced that the writer was familiar with a part of England that lay within hail of the watering-place in which King George the Third had his favourite summer residence during the war with the first Napoleon, and where he was visited by ministers and others who bore the weight of English affairs on their more or less competent shoulders at that stressful time.

lessadverbUS /les/

used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs

From this reading It chanced that the writer was familiar with a part of England that lay within hail of the watering-place in which King George the Third had his favourite summer residence during the war with the first Napoleon, and where he was visited by ministers and others who bore the weight of English affairs on their more or less competent shoulders at that stressful time.

likenessnounUS /ˈlaɪknəs/

similarity in appearance or character or nature between persons or things

From this reading The Spectacle here presented in the likeness of a Drama is concerned with the Great Historical Calamity, or Clash of Peoples, artificially brought about some hundred years ago.

localitynounUS /loʊˈkæləti/

a surrounding or nearby region

From this reading The choice of such a subject was mainly due to three accidents of locality.

mainlyadverbUS /ˈmeɪnli/

for the most part

From this reading The choice of such a subject was mainly due to three accidents of locality.

memoriesnounUS /ˈmɛm.ə.riz/

Recollections of past events.

From this reading Secondly, this district, being also near the coast which had echoed with rumours of invasion in their intensest form while the descent threatened, was formerly animated by memories and traditions of the desperate military preparations for that contingency.

militaryadjectiveUS /ˈmɪləteri/

of or relating to the study of the principles of warfare

From this reading Secondly, this district, being also near the coast which had echoed with rumours of invasion in their intensest form while the descent threatened, was formerly animated by memories and traditions of the desperate military preparations for that contingency.

ministersnounUS /ˈmɪnəstərz/

plural of “minister” — a person authorized to conduct religious worship

From this reading It chanced that the writer was familiar with a part of England that lay within hail of the watering-place in which King George the Third had his favourite summer residence during the war with the first Napoleon, and where he was visited by ministers and others who bore the weight of English affairs on their more or less competent shoulders at that stressful time.

moreadjectiveUS /mɔːr/

(comparative of “much” used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree

From this reading It chanced that the writer was familiar with a part of England that lay within hail of the watering-place in which King George the Third had his favourite summer residence during the war with the first Napoleon, and where he was visited by ministers and others who bore the weight of English affairs on their more or less competent shoulders at that stressful time.

NapoleonnounUS /nəˈpoʊliən/

French general who became emperor of the French (1769-1821)

From this reading It chanced that the writer was familiar with a part of England that lay within hail of the watering-place in which King George the Third had his favourite summer residence during the war with the first Napoleon, and where he was visited by ministers and others who bore the weight of English affairs on their more or less competent shoulders at that stressful time.

nearadverbUS /nɪr/

near in time or place or relationship

From this reading Secondly, this district, being also near the coast which had echoed with rumours of invasion in their intensest form while the descent threatened, was formerly animated by memories and traditions of the desperate military preparations for that contingency.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading The Time covered by the Action being about ten Years “And I heard sounds of insult, shame, and wrong, And trumpets blown for wars.”

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading It chanced that the writer was familiar with a part of England that lay within hail of the watering-place in which King George the Third had his favourite summer residence during the war with the first Napoleon, and where he was visited by ministers and others who bore the weight of English affairs on their more or less competent shoulders at that stressful time.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading The Spectacle here presented in the likeness of a Drama is concerned with the Great Historical Calamity, or Clash of Peoples, artificially brought about some hundred years ago.

others

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading It chanced that the writer was familiar with a part of England that lay within hail of the watering-place in which King George the Third had his favourite summer residence during the war with the first Napoleon, and where he was visited by ministers and others who bore the weight of English affairs on their more or less competent shoulders at that stressful time.

partnounUS /pɑːrt/

something determined in relation to something that includes it

From this reading It chanced that the writer was familiar with a part of England that lay within hail of the watering-place in which King George the Third had his favourite summer residence during the war with the first Napoleon, and where he was visited by ministers and others who bore the weight of English affairs on their more or less competent shoulders at that stressful time.

PeoplesnounUS /ˈpiːpəlz/

the human beings of a particular nation or community or ethnic group

From this reading The Spectacle here presented in the likeness of a Drama is concerned with the Great Historical Calamity, or Clash of Peoples, artificially brought about some hundred years ago.

preparationsnounUS /ˌprepərˈeɪʃənz/

plural of “preparation” — the activity of putting or setting in order in advance of some act or purpose

From this reading Secondly, this district, being also near the coast which had echoed with rumours of invasion in their intensest form while the descent threatened, was formerly animated by memories and traditions of the desperate military preparations for that contingency.

presentedverbUS /priˈzentɪd/

past form of “present” — give an exhibition of to an interested audience

From this reading The Spectacle here presented in the likeness of a Drama is concerned with the Great Historical Calamity, or Clash of Peoples, artificially brought about some hundred years ago.

residencenounUS /ˈrezɪdəns/

any address at which you dwell more than temporarily

From this reading It chanced that the writer was familiar with a part of England that lay within hail of the watering-place in which King George the Third had his favourite summer residence during the war with the first Napoleon, and where he was visited by ministers and others who bore the weight of English affairs on their more or less competent shoulders at that stressful time.

rumoursnounUS /ˈruːmərz/

plural of “rumour” — gossip (usually a mixture of truth and untruth) passed around by word of mouth

From this reading Secondly, this district, being also near the coast which had echoed with rumours of invasion in their intensest form while the descent threatened, was formerly animated by memories and traditions of the desperate military preparations for that contingency.

SecondlyadverbUS /ˈsekəndli/

in the second place

From this reading Secondly, this district, being also near the coast which had echoed with rumours of invasion in their intensest form while the descent threatened, was formerly animated by memories and traditions of the desperate military preparations for that contingency.

shamenounUS /ʃeɪm/

a painful emotion resulting from an awareness of inadequacy or guilt

From this reading The Time covered by the Action being about ten Years “And I heard sounds of insult, shame, and wrong, And trumpets blown for wars.”

shouldersnounUS /ˈʃoʊldərz/

plural of “shoulder” — the part of the body between the neck and the upper arm

From this reading It chanced that the writer was familiar with a part of England that lay within hail of the watering-place in which King George the Third had his favourite summer residence during the war with the first Napoleon, and where he was visited by ministers and others who bore the weight of English affairs on their more or less competent shoulders at that stressful time.

someadjectiveUS /sʌm/

(quantifier) used with either mass nouns or plural count nouns to indicate an unspecified number or quantity

From this reading The Spectacle here presented in the likeness of a Drama is concerned with the Great Historical Calamity, or Clash of Peoples, artificially brought about some hundred years ago.

soundsnounUS /saʊndz/

plural of “sound” — the particular auditory effect produced by a given cause

From this reading The Time covered by the Action being about ten Years “And I heard sounds of insult, shame, and wrong, And trumpets blown for wars.”

SpectaclenounUS /ˈspektəkəl/

something or someone seen (especially a notable or unusual sight)

From this reading The Spectacle here presented in the likeness of a Drama is concerned with the Great Historical Calamity, or Clash of Peoples, artificially brought about some hundred years ago.

stressfuladjectiveUS /ˈstresfəl/

extremely irritating to the nerves

From this reading It chanced that the writer was familiar with a part of England that lay within hail of the watering-place in which King George the Third had his favourite summer residence during the war with the first Napoleon, and where he was visited by ministers and others who bore the weight of English affairs on their more or less competent shoulders at that stressful time.

subjectnounUS /səbˈdʒekt/

the subject matter of a conversation or discussion

From this reading The choice of such a subject was mainly due to three accidents of locality.

suchdeterminerUS /sʌtʃ/

of the kind already mentioned

From this reading The choice of such a subject was mainly due to three accidents of locality.

summernounUS /ˈsʌmər/

the warmest season of the year; in the northern hemisphere it extends from the summer solstice to the autumnal equinox

From this reading It chanced that the writer was familiar with a part of England that lay within hail of the watering-place in which King George the Third had his favourite summer residence during the war with the first Napoleon, and where he was visited by ministers and others who bore the weight of English affairs on their more or less competent shoulders at that stressful time.

tennounUS /ten/

the cardinal number that is the sum of nine and one; the base of the decimal system

From this reading The Time covered by the Action being about ten Years “And I heard sounds of insult, shame, and wrong, And trumpets blown for wars.”

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading It chanced that the writer was familiar with a part of England that lay within hail of the watering-place in which King George the Third had his favourite summer residence during the war with the first Napoleon, and where he was visited by ministers and others who bore the weight of English affairs on their more or less competent shoulders at that stressful time.

ThedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading The Time covered by the Action being about ten Years “And I heard sounds of insult, shame, and wrong, And trumpets blown for wars.”

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading It chanced that the writer was familiar with a part of England that lay within hail of the watering-place in which King George the Third had his favourite summer residence during the war with the first Napoleon, and where he was visited by ministers and others who bore the weight of English affairs on their more or less competent shoulders at that stressful time.

ThirdnounUS /θɜːrd/

one of three equal parts of a divisible whole

From this reading It chanced that the writer was familiar with a part of England that lay within hail of the watering-place in which King George the Third had his favourite summer residence during the war with the first Napoleon, and where he was visited by ministers and others who bore the weight of English affairs on their more or less competent shoulders at that stressful time.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading Secondly, this district, being also near the coast which had echoed with rumours of invasion in their intensest form while the descent threatened, was formerly animated by memories and traditions of the desperate military preparations for that contingency.

threatenedadjectiveUS /ˈθretənd/

(of flora or fauna) likely in the near future to become endangered

From this reading Secondly, this district, being also near the coast which had echoed with rumours of invasion in their intensest form while the descent threatened, was formerly animated by memories and traditions of the desperate military preparations for that contingency.

threenounUS /θriː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one and one

From this reading The choice of such a subject was mainly due to three accidents of locality.

TimenounUS /taɪm/

an instance or single occasion for some event

From this reading The Time covered by the Action being about ten Years “And I heard sounds of insult, shame, and wrong, And trumpets blown for wars.”

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading The choice of such a subject was mainly due to three accidents of locality.

traditionsnounUS /trəˈdɪʃənz/

plural of “tradition” — an inherited pattern of thought or action

From this reading Secondly, this district, being also near the coast which had echoed with rumours of invasion in their intensest form while the descent threatened, was formerly animated by memories and traditions of the desperate military preparations for that contingency.

trumpetsnounUS /ˈtrʌmpəts/

pitcher plant of southeastern United States having erect yellow trumpet-shaped pitchers with wide mouths and erect lids

From this reading The Time covered by the Action being about ten Years “And I heard sounds of insult, shame, and wrong, And trumpets blown for wars.”

visitedverbUS /ˈvɪzɪtɪd/

past form of “visit” — go to see a place, as for entertainment

From this reading It chanced that the writer was familiar with a part of England that lay within hail of the watering-place in which King George the Third had his favourite summer residence during the war with the first Napoleon, and where he was visited by ministers and others who bore the weight of English affairs on their more or less competent shoulders at that stressful time.

warnounUS /wɔːr/

the waging of armed conflict against an enemy

From this reading It chanced that the writer was familiar with a part of England that lay within hail of the watering-place in which King George the Third had his favourite summer residence during the war with the first Napoleon, and where he was visited by ministers and others who bore the weight of English affairs on their more or less competent shoulders at that stressful time.

warsnounUS /wɔːrz/

plural of “war” — the waging of armed conflict against an enemy

From this reading The Time covered by the Action being about ten Years “And I heard sounds of insult, shame, and wrong, And trumpets blown for wars.”

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The choice of such a subject was mainly due to three accidents of locality.

watering-place

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading It chanced that the writer was familiar with a part of England that lay within hail of the watering-place in which King George the Third had his favourite summer residence during the war with the first Napoleon, and where he was visited by ministers and others who bore the weight of English affairs on their more or less competent shoulders at that stressful time.

weightnounUS /weɪt/

the vertical force exerted by a mass as a result of gravity

From this reading It chanced that the writer was familiar with a part of England that lay within hail of the watering-place in which King George the Third had his favourite summer residence during the war with the first Napoleon, and where he was visited by ministers and others who bore the weight of English affairs on their more or less competent shoulders at that stressful time.

whereconjunctionUS /wer/

in or at the place that

From this reading It chanced that the writer was familiar with a part of England that lay within hail of the watering-place in which King George the Third had his favourite summer residence during the war with the first Napoleon, and where he was visited by ministers and others who bore the weight of English affairs on their more or less competent shoulders at that stressful time.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading It chanced that the writer was familiar with a part of England that lay within hail of the watering-place in which King George the Third had his favourite summer residence during the war with the first Napoleon, and where he was visited by ministers and others who bore the weight of English affairs on their more or less competent shoulders at that stressful time.

whileconjunctionUS /waɪl/

during the time that

From this reading Secondly, this district, being also near the coast which had echoed with rumours of invasion in their intensest form while the descent threatened, was formerly animated by memories and traditions of the desperate military preparations for that contingency.

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading It chanced that the writer was familiar with a part of England that lay within hail of the watering-place in which King George the Third had his favourite summer residence during the war with the first Napoleon, and where he was visited by ministers and others who bore the weight of English affairs on their more or less competent shoulders at that stressful time.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading The Spectacle here presented in the likeness of a Drama is concerned with the Great Historical Calamity, or Clash of Peoples, artificially brought about some hundred years ago.

withinprepositionUS /wɪˈðɪn/

inside; before a period of time has passed

From this reading It chanced that the writer was familiar with a part of England that lay within hail of the watering-place in which King George the Third had his favourite summer residence during the war with the first Napoleon, and where he was visited by ministers and others who bore the weight of English affairs on their more or less competent shoulders at that stressful time.

writernounUS /ˈraɪtər/

writes (books or stories or articles or the like) professionally (for pay)

From this reading It chanced that the writer was familiar with a part of England that lay within hail of the watering-place in which King George the Third had his favourite summer residence during the war with the first Napoleon, and where he was visited by ministers and others who bore the weight of English affairs on their more or less competent shoulders at that stressful time.

wrongadjectiveUS /rɔːŋ/

not correct; not in conformity with fact or truth

From this reading The Time covered by the Action being about ten Years “And I heard sounds of insult, shame, and wrong, And trumpets blown for wars.”

YearsnounUS /jɪrz/

a late time of life

From this reading The Time covered by the Action being about ten Years “And I heard sounds of insult, shame, and wrong, And trumpets blown for wars.”

Chapter 1 of The Dynasts by Thomas Hardy holds 387 sentences, grouped into 78 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the public-domain source, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 1 of The Dynasts contain?

Chapter 1 holds 387 sentences of The Dynasts, unabridged, divided into 78 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 1 of The Dynasts by Thomas Hardy exactly as it stands in the public-domain source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 387 sentences, grouped into 78 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 1 of The Dynasts?

Work through the 78 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 78 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 1 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 1 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading The Dynasts

Common questions about reading The Dynasts by Thomas Hardy on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of The Dynasts?

Yes. All 9483 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #4043 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of The Dynasts is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #4043, a public-domain edition. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does The Dynasts take to read?

About 600 minutes of reading across 1897 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read The Dynasts section by section

How to work through The Dynasts section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 25 chapters of The Dynasts to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in The Dynasts

Words and structures a reader meets early in The Dynasts, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Covered
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Dynasts; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Action
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Dynasts; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Being
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Dynasts; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Years
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Dynasts; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.