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The Earth Trembled
The Earth Trembled

Chapter I

Cover illustration for The Earth Trembled
Context Illustration Reading 1/16 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
As the exaggerated reports of a magnificent Confederate victory at Bull Run continued to pour in, Major Burgoyne shared for a time in the general elation, believing that independence, recognition abroad, and peace had been virtually secured.
All the rant about Northern cowardice appeared to be confirmed, and he eagerly waited for the announcement that Washington had been captured by Johnston's victorious army.
Instead, came the dismal tidings from his only sister that her husband, Captain Hunter, had been killed in the battle over which he had been rejoicing.
Then for some mysterious reason the Southern army did not follow the Federals, who had left the field in such utter rout and panic.
It soon appeared that the contending forces were occupying much the same positions as before.
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AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The Earth Trembled

Chapter I

Reading 1/16 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
As the exaggerated reports of a magnificent Confederate victory at Bull Run continued to pour in, Major Burgoyne shared for a time in the general elation, believing that independence, recognition abroad, and peace had been virtually secured.
Line 2
All the rant about Northern cowardice appeared to be confirmed, and he eagerly waited for the announcement that Washington had been captured by Johnston's victorious army.
Line 3
Instead, came the dismal tidings from his only sister that her husband, Captain Hunter, had been killed in the battle over which he had been rejoicing.
Line 4
Then for some mysterious reason the Southern army did not follow the Federals, who had left the field in such utter rout and panic.
Line 5
It soon appeared that the contending forces were occupying much the same positions as before.

Learner Dictionary

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, audio, and collocations from this reading.

About preposition US /əˈbaʊt/

on the subject of; concerning

From this reading “All the rant about Northern cowardice appeared to be confirmed, and he eagerly waited for the announcement that Washington had been captured by Johnston's victorious army.”

Been auxiliary verb US /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading “As the exaggerated reports of a magnificent Confederate victory at Bull Run continued to pour in, Major Burgoyne shared for a time in the general elation, believing that independence, recognition abroad, and peace had been virtually secured.”

Before preposition US /bɪˈfɔːr/

earlier than; in front of

From this reading “It soon appeared that the contending forces were occupying much the same positions as before.”

Captain noun US /ˈcaptain/

a story-specific word describing an important person, object, action, or idea in this passage

From this reading “Instead, came the dismal tidings from his only sister that her husband, Captain Hunter, had been killed in the battle over which he had been rejoicing.”

Continued noun US /ˈcontinued/

a story-specific word describing an important person, object, action, or idea in this passage

From this reading “As the exaggerated reports of a magnificent Confederate victory at Bull Run continued to pour in, Major Burgoyne shared for a time in the general elation, believing that independence, recognition abroad, and peace had been virtually secured.”

Left noun US /left/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “Then for some mysterious reason the Southern army did not follow the Federals, who had left the field in such utter rout and panic.”

Mysterious adjective US /mɪˈstɪriəs/

difficult to explain or understand

From this reading “Then for some mysterious reason the Southern army did not follow the Federals, who had left the field in such utter rout and panic.”

Over preposition US /ˈoʊvər/

above and across; more than

From this reading “Instead, came the dismal tidings from his only sister that her husband, Captain Hunter, had been killed in the battle over which he had been rejoicing.”

Same noun US /same/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “It soon appeared that the contending forces were occupying much the same positions as before.”

Soon noun US /soon/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “It soon appeared that the contending forces were occupying much the same positions as before.”

Time noun US /time/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “As the exaggerated reports of a magnificent Confederate victory at Bull Run continued to pour in, Major Burgoyne shared for a time in the general elation, believing that independence, recognition abroad, and peace had been virtually secured.”

All words in this reading · 95

Every word is available to listen to. Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading As the exaggerated reports of a magnificent Confederate victory at Bull Run continued to pour in, Major Burgoyne shared for a time in the general elation, believing that independence, recognition abroad, and peace had been virtually secured.

aboutprepositionUS /əˈbaʊt/

on the subject of; concerning

From this reading All the rant about Northern cowardice appeared to be confirmed, and he eagerly waited for the announcement that Washington had been captured by Johnston's victorious army.

abroad

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading As the exaggerated reports of a magnificent Confederate victory at Bull Run continued to pour in, Major Burgoyne shared for a time in the general elation, believing that independence, recognition abroad, and peace had been virtually secured.

All

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading All the rant about Northern cowardice appeared to be confirmed, and he eagerly waited for the announcement that Washington had been captured by Johnston's victorious army.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading As the exaggerated reports of a magnificent Confederate victory at Bull Run continued to pour in, Major Burgoyne shared for a time in the general elation, believing that independence, recognition abroad, and peace had been virtually secured.

announcement

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading All the rant about Northern cowardice appeared to be confirmed, and he eagerly waited for the announcement that Washington had been captured by Johnston's victorious army.

appeared

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading All the rant about Northern cowardice appeared to be confirmed, and he eagerly waited for the announcement that Washington had been captured by Johnston's victorious army.

army

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading All the rant about Northern cowardice appeared to be confirmed, and he eagerly waited for the announcement that Washington had been captured by Johnston's victorious army.

AsconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading As the exaggerated reports of a magnificent Confederate victory at Bull Run continued to pour in, Major Burgoyne shared for a time in the general elation, believing that independence, recognition abroad, and peace had been virtually secured.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading As the exaggerated reports of a magnificent Confederate victory at Bull Run continued to pour in, Major Burgoyne shared for a time in the general elation, believing that independence, recognition abroad, and peace had been virtually secured.

battle

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Instead, came the dismal tidings from his only sister that her husband, Captain Hunter, had been killed in the battle over which he had been rejoicing.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading All the rant about Northern cowardice appeared to be confirmed, and he eagerly waited for the announcement that Washington had been captured by Johnston's victorious army.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading As the exaggerated reports of a magnificent Confederate victory at Bull Run continued to pour in, Major Burgoyne shared for a time in the general elation, believing that independence, recognition abroad, and peace had been virtually secured.

beforeprepositionUS /bɪˈfɔːr/

earlier than; in front of

From this reading It soon appeared that the contending forces were occupying much the same positions as before.

believing

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading As the exaggerated reports of a magnificent Confederate victory at Bull Run continued to pour in, Major Burgoyne shared for a time in the general elation, believing that independence, recognition abroad, and peace had been virtually secured.

Bull

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading As the exaggerated reports of a magnificent Confederate victory at Bull Run continued to pour in, Major Burgoyne shared for a time in the general elation, believing that independence, recognition abroad, and peace had been virtually secured.

Burgoyne

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading As the exaggerated reports of a magnificent Confederate victory at Bull Run continued to pour in, Major Burgoyne shared for a time in the general elation, believing that independence, recognition abroad, and peace had been virtually secured.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading All the rant about Northern cowardice appeared to be confirmed, and he eagerly waited for the announcement that Washington had been captured by Johnston's victorious army.

came

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Instead, came the dismal tidings from his only sister that her husband, Captain Hunter, had been killed in the battle over which he had been rejoicing.

CaptainnounUS /ˈcaptain/

a story-specific word describing an important person, object, action, or idea in this passage

From this reading Instead, came the dismal tidings from his only sister that her husband, Captain Hunter, had been killed in the battle over which he had been rejoicing.

captured

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading All the rant about Northern cowardice appeared to be confirmed, and he eagerly waited for the announcement that Washington had been captured by Johnston's victorious army.

Confederate

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading As the exaggerated reports of a magnificent Confederate victory at Bull Run continued to pour in, Major Burgoyne shared for a time in the general elation, believing that independence, recognition abroad, and peace had been virtually secured.

confirmed

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading All the rant about Northern cowardice appeared to be confirmed, and he eagerly waited for the announcement that Washington had been captured by Johnston's victorious army.

contending

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading It soon appeared that the contending forces were occupying much the same positions as before.

continuednounUS /ˈcontinued/

a story-specific word describing an important person, object, action, or idea in this passage

From this reading As the exaggerated reports of a magnificent Confederate victory at Bull Run continued to pour in, Major Burgoyne shared for a time in the general elation, believing that independence, recognition abroad, and peace had been virtually secured.

cowardice

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading All the rant about Northern cowardice appeared to be confirmed, and he eagerly waited for the announcement that Washington had been captured by Johnston's victorious army.

didauxiliary verbUS /dɪd/

the past form of “do”, used in questions and negatives

From this reading Then for some mysterious reason the Southern army did not follow the Federals, who had left the field in such utter rout and panic.

dismal

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Instead, came the dismal tidings from his only sister that her husband, Captain Hunter, had been killed in the battle over which he had been rejoicing.

eagerly

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading All the rant about Northern cowardice appeared to be confirmed, and he eagerly waited for the announcement that Washington had been captured by Johnston's victorious army.

elation

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading As the exaggerated reports of a magnificent Confederate victory at Bull Run continued to pour in, Major Burgoyne shared for a time in the general elation, believing that independence, recognition abroad, and peace had been virtually secured.

exaggerated

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading As the exaggerated reports of a magnificent Confederate victory at Bull Run continued to pour in, Major Burgoyne shared for a time in the general elation, believing that independence, recognition abroad, and peace had been virtually secured.

Federals

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Then for some mysterious reason the Southern army did not follow the Federals, who had left the field in such utter rout and panic.

field

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Then for some mysterious reason the Southern army did not follow the Federals, who had left the field in such utter rout and panic.

follow

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Then for some mysterious reason the Southern army did not follow the Federals, who had left the field in such utter rout and panic.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading As the exaggerated reports of a magnificent Confederate victory at Bull Run continued to pour in, Major Burgoyne shared for a time in the general elation, believing that independence, recognition abroad, and peace had been virtually secured.

forces

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading It soon appeared that the contending forces were occupying much the same positions as before.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading Instead, came the dismal tidings from his only sister that her husband, Captain Hunter, had been killed in the battle over which he had been rejoicing.

general

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading As the exaggerated reports of a magnificent Confederate victory at Bull Run continued to pour in, Major Burgoyne shared for a time in the general elation, believing that independence, recognition abroad, and peace had been virtually secured.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading As the exaggerated reports of a magnificent Confederate victory at Bull Run continued to pour in, Major Burgoyne shared for a time in the general elation, believing that independence, recognition abroad, and peace had been virtually secured.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading All the rant about Northern cowardice appeared to be confirmed, and he eagerly waited for the announcement that Washington had been captured by Johnston's victorious army.

herdeterminerUS /hɜːr/

belonging to a woman, girl, or female animal already mentioned

From this reading Instead, came the dismal tidings from his only sister that her husband, Captain Hunter, had been killed in the battle over which he had been rejoicing.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading Instead, came the dismal tidings from his only sister that her husband, Captain Hunter, had been killed in the battle over which he had been rejoicing.

Hunter

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Instead, came the dismal tidings from his only sister that her husband, Captain Hunter, had been killed in the battle over which he had been rejoicing.

husband

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Instead, came the dismal tidings from his only sister that her husband, Captain Hunter, had been killed in the battle over which he had been rejoicing.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading As the exaggerated reports of a magnificent Confederate victory at Bull Run continued to pour in, Major Burgoyne shared for a time in the general elation, believing that independence, recognition abroad, and peace had been virtually secured.

independence

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading As the exaggerated reports of a magnificent Confederate victory at Bull Run continued to pour in, Major Burgoyne shared for a time in the general elation, believing that independence, recognition abroad, and peace had been virtually secured.

Instead

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Instead, came the dismal tidings from his only sister that her husband, Captain Hunter, had been killed in the battle over which he had been rejoicing.

ItpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading It soon appeared that the contending forces were occupying much the same positions as before.

Johnston's

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading All the rant about Northern cowardice appeared to be confirmed, and he eagerly waited for the announcement that Washington had been captured by Johnston's victorious army.

killed

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Instead, came the dismal tidings from his only sister that her husband, Captain Hunter, had been killed in the battle over which he had been rejoicing.

leftnounUS /left/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading Then for some mysterious reason the Southern army did not follow the Federals, who had left the field in such utter rout and panic.

magnificent

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading As the exaggerated reports of a magnificent Confederate victory at Bull Run continued to pour in, Major Burgoyne shared for a time in the general elation, believing that independence, recognition abroad, and peace had been virtually secured.

Major

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading As the exaggerated reports of a magnificent Confederate victory at Bull Run continued to pour in, Major Burgoyne shared for a time in the general elation, believing that independence, recognition abroad, and peace had been virtually secured.

much

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading It soon appeared that the contending forces were occupying much the same positions as before.

mysteriousadjectiveUS /mɪˈstɪriəs/

difficult to explain or understand

From this reading Then for some mysterious reason the Southern army did not follow the Federals, who had left the field in such utter rout and panic.

Northern

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading All the rant about Northern cowardice appeared to be confirmed, and he eagerly waited for the announcement that Washington had been captured by Johnston's victorious army.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading Then for some mysterious reason the Southern army did not follow the Federals, who had left the field in such utter rout and panic.

occupying

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading It soon appeared that the contending forces were occupying much the same positions as before.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading As the exaggerated reports of a magnificent Confederate victory at Bull Run continued to pour in, Major Burgoyne shared for a time in the general elation, believing that independence, recognition abroad, and peace had been virtually secured.

only

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Instead, came the dismal tidings from his only sister that her husband, Captain Hunter, had been killed in the battle over which he had been rejoicing.

overprepositionUS /ˈoʊvər/

above and across; more than

From this reading Instead, came the dismal tidings from his only sister that her husband, Captain Hunter, had been killed in the battle over which he had been rejoicing.

panic

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Then for some mysterious reason the Southern army did not follow the Federals, who had left the field in such utter rout and panic.

peace

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading As the exaggerated reports of a magnificent Confederate victory at Bull Run continued to pour in, Major Burgoyne shared for a time in the general elation, believing that independence, recognition abroad, and peace had been virtually secured.

positions

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading It soon appeared that the contending forces were occupying much the same positions as before.

pour

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading As the exaggerated reports of a magnificent Confederate victory at Bull Run continued to pour in, Major Burgoyne shared for a time in the general elation, believing that independence, recognition abroad, and peace had been virtually secured.

rant

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading All the rant about Northern cowardice appeared to be confirmed, and he eagerly waited for the announcement that Washington had been captured by Johnston's victorious army.

reason

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Then for some mysterious reason the Southern army did not follow the Federals, who had left the field in such utter rout and panic.

recognition

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading As the exaggerated reports of a magnificent Confederate victory at Bull Run continued to pour in, Major Burgoyne shared for a time in the general elation, believing that independence, recognition abroad, and peace had been virtually secured.

rejoicing

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Instead, came the dismal tidings from his only sister that her husband, Captain Hunter, had been killed in the battle over which he had been rejoicing.

reports

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading As the exaggerated reports of a magnificent Confederate victory at Bull Run continued to pour in, Major Burgoyne shared for a time in the general elation, believing that independence, recognition abroad, and peace had been virtually secured.

rout

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Then for some mysterious reason the Southern army did not follow the Federals, who had left the field in such utter rout and panic.

Run

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading As the exaggerated reports of a magnificent Confederate victory at Bull Run continued to pour in, Major Burgoyne shared for a time in the general elation, believing that independence, recognition abroad, and peace had been virtually secured.

samenounUS /same/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading It soon appeared that the contending forces were occupying much the same positions as before.

secured

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading As the exaggerated reports of a magnificent Confederate victory at Bull Run continued to pour in, Major Burgoyne shared for a time in the general elation, believing that independence, recognition abroad, and peace had been virtually secured.

shared

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading As the exaggerated reports of a magnificent Confederate victory at Bull Run continued to pour in, Major Burgoyne shared for a time in the general elation, believing that independence, recognition abroad, and peace had been virtually secured.

sister

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Instead, came the dismal tidings from his only sister that her husband, Captain Hunter, had been killed in the battle over which he had been rejoicing.

some

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Then for some mysterious reason the Southern army did not follow the Federals, who had left the field in such utter rout and panic.

soon

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading It soon appeared that the contending forces were occupying much the same positions as before.

Southern

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Then for some mysterious reason the Southern army did not follow the Federals, who had left the field in such utter rout and panic.

suchdeterminerUS /sʌtʃ/

of the kind already mentioned

From this reading Then for some mysterious reason the Southern army did not follow the Federals, who had left the field in such utter rout and panic.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading As the exaggerated reports of a magnificent Confederate victory at Bull Run continued to pour in, Major Burgoyne shared for a time in the general elation, believing that independence, recognition abroad, and peace had been virtually secured.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading As the exaggerated reports of a magnificent Confederate victory at Bull Run continued to pour in, Major Burgoyne shared for a time in the general elation, believing that independence, recognition abroad, and peace had been virtually secured.

Then

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Then for some mysterious reason the Southern army did not follow the Federals, who had left the field in such utter rout and panic.

tidings

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Instead, came the dismal tidings from his only sister that her husband, Captain Hunter, had been killed in the battle over which he had been rejoicing.

timenounUS /time/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading As the exaggerated reports of a magnificent Confederate victory at Bull Run continued to pour in, Major Burgoyne shared for a time in the general elation, believing that independence, recognition abroad, and peace had been virtually secured.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading As the exaggerated reports of a magnificent Confederate victory at Bull Run continued to pour in, Major Burgoyne shared for a time in the general elation, believing that independence, recognition abroad, and peace had been virtually secured.

utter

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Then for some mysterious reason the Southern army did not follow the Federals, who had left the field in such utter rout and panic.

victorious

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading All the rant about Northern cowardice appeared to be confirmed, and he eagerly waited for the announcement that Washington had been captured by Johnston's victorious army.

victory

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading As the exaggerated reports of a magnificent Confederate victory at Bull Run continued to pour in, Major Burgoyne shared for a time in the general elation, believing that independence, recognition abroad, and peace had been virtually secured.

virtually

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading As the exaggerated reports of a magnificent Confederate victory at Bull Run continued to pour in, Major Burgoyne shared for a time in the general elation, believing that independence, recognition abroad, and peace had been virtually secured.

waited

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading All the rant about Northern cowardice appeared to be confirmed, and he eagerly waited for the announcement that Washington had been captured by Johnston's victorious army.

Washington

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading All the rant about Northern cowardice appeared to be confirmed, and he eagerly waited for the announcement that Washington had been captured by Johnston's victorious army.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading It soon appeared that the contending forces were occupying much the same positions as before.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading Instead, came the dismal tidings from his only sister that her husband, Captain Hunter, had been killed in the battle over which he had been rejoicing.

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading Then for some mysterious reason the Southern army did not follow the Federals, who had left the field in such utter rout and panic.