used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one
From this reading THE MAN OF BUSINESS The English, all the world has heard, are a nation of shopkeepers.
filled with fear or apprehension
From this reading In the beginning, one is afraid, their notion of shopkeeping ran neither to fair trade nor honest dealing; but gradually there was built up a system of commercial equity, the main principle of which was the protection of one shopkeeper against another and the security of shopkeepers generally.
touching and pressing; in opposition to
From this reading In the beginning, one is afraid, their notion of shopkeeping ran neither to fair trade nor honest dealing; but gradually there was built up a system of commercial equity, the main principle of which was the protection of one shopkeeper against another and the security of shopkeepers generally.
(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class
From this reading THE MAN OF BUSINESS The English, all the world has heard, are a nation of shopkeepers.
used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together
From this reading They are understood to keep shop and to glory in it.
one more of the same kind, or a different one
From this reading In the beginning, one is afraid, their notion of shopkeeping ran neither to fair trade nor honest dealing; but gradually there was built up a system of commercial equity, the main principle of which was the protection of one shopkeeper against another and the security of shopkeepers generally.
areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/
the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun
From this reading THE MAN OF BUSINESS The English, all the world has heard, are a nation of shopkeepers.
inflected form of “arise” — come into existence; take on form or shape
From this reading In course of time the English man of business arose.
inflected form of “become” — enter or assume a certain state or condition
From this reading They have kept shop, with the other nations for customers, ever since international shopkeeping became a possibility.
the event consisting of the start of something
From this reading In the beginning, one is afraid, their notion of shopkeeping ran neither to fair trade nor honest dealing; but gradually there was built up a system of commercial equity, the main principle of which was the protection of one shopkeeper against another and the security of shopkeepers generally.
(used of soaps or cleaning agents) having a substance (an abrasive or filler) added to increase effectiveness
From this reading In the beginning, one is afraid, their notion of shopkeeping ran neither to fair trade nor honest dealing; but gradually there was built up a system of commercial equity, the main principle of which was the protection of one shopkeeper against another and the security of shopkeepers generally.
a commercial or industrial enterprise and the people who constitute it
From this reading THE MAN OF BUSINESS The English, all the world has heard, are a nation of shopkeepers.
used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before
From this reading In the beginning, one is afraid, their notion of shopkeeping ran neither to fair trade nor honest dealing; but gradually there was built up a system of commercial equity, the main principle of which was the protection of one shopkeeper against another and the security of shopkeepers generally.
commercialadjectiveUS /kəˈmɜːrʃəl/
connected with or engaged in or sponsored by or used in commerce or commercial enterprises
From this reading In the beginning, one is afraid, their notion of shopkeeping ran neither to fair trade nor honest dealing; but gradually there was built up a system of commercial equity, the main principle of which was the protection of one shopkeeper against another and the security of shopkeepers generally.
education imparted in a series of lessons or meetings
From this reading In course of time the English man of business arose.
customersnounUS /ˈkʌstəmərz/
plural of “customer” — someone who pays for goods or services
From this reading They have kept shop, with the other nations for customers, ever since international shopkeeping became a possibility.
dealingnounUS /ˈdiːlɪŋ/
method or manner of conduct in relation to others
From this reading In the beginning, one is afraid, their notion of shopkeeping ran neither to fair trade nor honest dealing; but gradually there was built up a system of commercial equity, the main principle of which was the protection of one shopkeeper against another and the security of shopkeepers generally.
an Indo-European language belonging to the West Germanic branch; the official language of Britain and the United States and most of the commonwealth countries
From this reading THE MAN OF BUSINESS The English, all the world has heard, are a nation of shopkeepers.
equitynounUS /ˈekwəti/
the difference between the market value of a property and the claims held against it
From this reading In the beginning, one is afraid, their notion of shopkeeping ran neither to fair trade nor honest dealing; but gradually there was built up a system of commercial equity, the main principle of which was the protection of one shopkeeper against another and the security of shopkeepers generally.
at any time
From this reading They have kept shop, with the other nations for customers, ever since international shopkeeping became a possibility.
free from favoritism or self-interest or bias or deception; conforming with established standards or rules
From this reading In the beginning, one is afraid, their notion of shopkeeping ran neither to fair trade nor honest dealing; but gradually there was built up a system of commercial equity, the main principle of which was the protection of one shopkeeper against another and the security of shopkeepers generally.
intended to be given to, or used by, somebody
From this reading They have kept shop, with the other nations for customers, ever since international shopkeeping became a possibility.
usually; as a rule
From this reading In the beginning, one is afraid, their notion of shopkeeping ran neither to fair trade nor honest dealing; but gradually there was built up a system of commercial equity, the main principle of which was the protection of one shopkeeper against another and the security of shopkeepers generally.
a state of high honor
From this reading They are understood to keep shop and to glory in it.
in a gradual manner
From this reading In the beginning, one is afraid, their notion of shopkeeping ran neither to fair trade nor honest dealing; but gradually there was built up a system of commercial equity, the main principle of which was the protection of one shopkeeper against another and the security of shopkeepers generally.
hasauxiliary verbUS /hæz/
the form of “have” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun
From this reading THE MAN OF BUSINESS The English, all the world has heard, are a nation of shopkeepers.
haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/
used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses
From this reading They have kept shop, with the other nations for customers, ever since international shopkeeping became a possibility.
detected or perceived by the sense of hearing
From this reading THE MAN OF BUSINESS The English, all the world has heard, are a nation of shopkeepers.
not disposed to cheat or defraud; not deceptive or fraudulent
From this reading In the beginning, one is afraid, their notion of shopkeeping ran neither to fair trade nor honest dealing; but gradually there was built up a system of commercial equity, the main principle of which was the protection of one shopkeeper against another and the security of shopkeepers generally.
inside something, or within a place, period, or state
From this reading They are understood to keep shop and to glory in it.
internationaladjectiveUS /ˌɪntərˈnæʃənəl/
concerning or belonging to all or at least two or more nations
From this reading They have kept shop, with the other nations for customers, ever since international shopkeeping became a possibility.
the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun
From this reading In the beginning, one is afraid, their notion of shopkeeping ran neither to fair trade nor honest dealing; but gradually there was built up a system of commercial equity, the main principle of which was the protection of one shopkeeper against another and the security of shopkeepers generally.
a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned
From this reading They are understood to keep shop and to glory in it.
cause to continue in a certain state, position, or activity; e.g., “keep clean”
From this reading They are understood to keep shop and to glory in it.
(especially of promises or contracts) not violated or disregarded
From this reading They have kept shop, with the other nations for customers, ever since international shopkeeping became a possibility.
most important element
From this reading In the beginning, one is afraid, their notion of shopkeeping ran neither to fair trade nor honest dealing; but gradually there was built up a system of commercial equity, the main principle of which was the protection of one shopkeeper against another and the security of shopkeepers generally.
an adult person who is male (as opposed to a woman)
From this reading THE MAN OF BUSINESS The English, all the world has heard, are a nation of shopkeepers.
a politically organized body of people under a single government
From this reading THE MAN OF BUSINESS The English, all the world has heard, are a nation of shopkeepers.
nationsnounUS /ˈneɪʃənz/
plural of “nation” — a politically organized body of people under a single government
From this reading They have kept shop, with the other nations for customers, ever since international shopkeeping became a possibility.
not one and not the other of two
From this reading In the beginning, one is afraid, their notion of shopkeeping ran neither to fair trade nor honest dealing; but gradually there was built up a system of commercial equity, the main principle of which was the protection of one shopkeeper against another and the security of shopkeepers generally.
and not; used after a negative to add a second negative
From this reading In the beginning, one is afraid, their notion of shopkeeping ran neither to fair trade nor honest dealing; but gradually there was built up a system of commercial equity, the main principle of which was the protection of one shopkeeper against another and the security of shopkeepers generally.
a vague idea in which some confidence is placed
From this reading In the beginning, one is afraid, their notion of shopkeeping ran neither to fair trade nor honest dealing; but gradually there was built up a system of commercial equity, the main principle of which was the protection of one shopkeeper against another and the security of shopkeepers generally.
belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something
From this reading THE MAN OF BUSINESS The English, all the world has heard, are a nation of shopkeepers.
used to mean any person in general, including the speaker
From this reading In the beginning, one is afraid, their notion of shopkeeping ran neither to fair trade nor honest dealing; but gradually there was built up a system of commercial equity, the main principle of which was the protection of one shopkeeper against another and the security of shopkeepers generally.
not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied
From this reading They have kept shop, with the other nations for customers, ever since international shopkeeping became a possibility.
a future prospect or potential
From this reading They have kept shop, with the other nations for customers, ever since international shopkeeping became a possibility.
principlenounUS /ˈprɪnsəpəl/
a basic generalization that is accepted as true and that can be used as a basis for reasoning or conduct
From this reading In the beginning, one is afraid, their notion of shopkeeping ran neither to fair trade nor honest dealing; but gradually there was built up a system of commercial equity, the main principle of which was the protection of one shopkeeper against another and the security of shopkeepers generally.
the activity of protecting someone or something
From this reading In the beginning, one is afraid, their notion of shopkeeping ran neither to fair trade nor honest dealing; but gradually there was built up a system of commercial equity, the main principle of which was the protection of one shopkeeper against another and the security of shopkeepers generally.
inflected form of “run” — move fast by using one's feet, with one foot off the ground at any given time
From this reading In the beginning, one is afraid, their notion of shopkeeping ran neither to fair trade nor honest dealing; but gradually there was built up a system of commercial equity, the main principle of which was the protection of one shopkeeper against another and the security of shopkeepers generally.
securitynounUS /sɪˈkjʊrəti/
the state of being free from danger or injury
From this reading In the beginning, one is afraid, their notion of shopkeeping ran neither to fair trade nor honest dealing; but gradually there was built up a system of commercial equity, the main principle of which was the protection of one shopkeeper against another and the security of shopkeepers generally.
do one's shopping
From this reading They are understood to keep shop and to glory in it.
shopkeepernounUS /ˈʃɑːpkiːpər/
a merchant who owns or manages a shop
From this reading In the beginning, one is afraid, their notion of shopkeeping ran neither to fair trade nor honest dealing; but gradually there was built up a system of commercial equity, the main principle of which was the protection of one shopkeeper against another and the security of shopkeepers generally.
shopkeepersnounUS /ˈʃɑːpkiːpərz/
plural of “shopkeeper” — a merchant who owns or manages a shop
From this reading THE MAN OF BUSINESS The English, all the world has heard, are a nation of shopkeepers.
shopkeeping
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading They have kept shop, with the other nations for customers, ever since international shopkeeping became a possibility.
sinceprepositionUS /sɪns/
from a time in the past until now
From this reading They have kept shop, with the other nations for customers, ever since international shopkeeping became a possibility.
instrumentality that combines interrelated interacting artifacts designed to work as a coherent entity
From this reading In the beginning, one is afraid, their notion of shopkeeping ran neither to fair trade nor honest dealing; but gradually there was built up a system of commercial equity, the main principle of which was the protection of one shopkeeper against another and the security of shopkeepers generally.
used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind
From this reading THE MAN OF BUSINESS The English, all the world has heard, are a nation of shopkeepers.
belonging to the people or things already mentioned
From this reading In the beginning, one is afraid, their notion of shopkeeping ran neither to fair trade nor honest dealing; but gradually there was built up a system of commercial equity, the main principle of which was the protection of one shopkeeper against another and the security of shopkeepers generally.
in or at that place or location
From this reading In the beginning, one is afraid, their notion of shopkeeping ran neither to fair trade nor honest dealing; but gradually there was built up a system of commercial equity, the main principle of which was the protection of one shopkeeper against another and the security of shopkeepers generally.
the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject
From this reading They are understood to keep shop and to glory in it.
an instance or single occasion for some event
From this reading In course of time the English man of business arose.
used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive
From this reading They are understood to keep shop and to glory in it.
the commercial exchange (buying and selling on domestic or international markets) of goods and services
From this reading In the beginning, one is afraid, their notion of shopkeeping ran neither to fair trade nor honest dealing; but gradually there was built up a system of commercial equity, the main principle of which was the protection of one shopkeeper against another and the security of shopkeepers generally.
fully apprehended as to purport or meaning or explanation
From this reading They are understood to keep shop and to glory in it.
being or moving higher in position or greater in some value; being above a former position or level
From this reading In the beginning, one is afraid, their notion of shopkeeping ran neither to fair trade nor honest dealing; but gradually there was built up a system of commercial equity, the main principle of which was the protection of one shopkeeper against another and the security of shopkeepers generally.
wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/
the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun
From this reading In the beginning, one is afraid, their notion of shopkeeping ran neither to fair trade nor honest dealing; but gradually there was built up a system of commercial equity, the main principle of which was the protection of one shopkeeper against another and the security of shopkeepers generally.
used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned
From this reading In the beginning, one is afraid, their notion of shopkeeping ran neither to fair trade nor honest dealing; but gradually there was built up a system of commercial equity, the main principle of which was the protection of one shopkeeper against another and the security of shopkeepers generally.
in the company of; together with
From this reading They have kept shop, with the other nations for customers, ever since international shopkeeping became a possibility.
everything that exists anywhere
From this reading THE MAN OF BUSINESS The English, all the world has heard, are a nation of shopkeepers.
