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The Egregious English
The Egregious English

Chapter VIII

Chapter 8 of The Egregious English is here in full — 49 sentences across 10 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/9 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
THE NAVY Since Trafalgar, the English navy has been the apple of the Englishman's eye.
He holds that the English power is a sea-power; that these leviathans afloat, the King's ships, are his first line of defence; and that so long as he keeps the English navy up to the mark he can defy the world.
His method of keeping it up to the mark is most singular.
It consists of tinkering with old ships generation after generation, laying down new ones which seemingly never get finished, and of being chronically short of men.
The naval critics of England may be divided sharply into two camps.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The Egregious English

Chapter VIII

Chapter 8 of The Egregious English is here in full — 49 sentences across 10 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/9 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
THE NAVY Since Trafalgar, the English navy has been the apple of the Englishman's eye.
Line 2
He holds that the English power is a sea-power; that these leviathans afloat, the King's ships, are his first line of defence; and that so long as he keeps the English navy up to the mark he can defy the world.
Line 3
His method of keeping it up to the mark is most singular.
/hɪz ˈmeθəd ʌv ˈkiːpɪŋ ɪt ʌp tuː ðə mɑːrk ɪz moʊst ˈsɪŋɡjələr/
Line 4
It consists of tinkering with old ships generation after generation, laying down new ones which seemingly never get finished, and of being chronically short of men.
/ɪt kənˈsɪsts ʌv ˈtɪŋkərɪŋ wɪð oʊld ʃɪps ˌdʒenərˈeɪʃən ˈæftər ˌdʒenərˈeɪʃən ˈleɪɪŋ daʊn nuː wʌnz wɪtʃ ˈsiːmɪŋli ˈnevər ɡet ˈfɪnɪʃt ənd ʌv ˈbiːɪŋ ˈkrɑːnɪkəli ʃɔːrt ʌv men/
Line 5
The naval critics of England may be divided sharply into two camps.
/ðə ˈneɪvəl ˈkrɪtɪks ʌv ˈɪŋɡlənd meɪ biː dɪˈvaɪdɪd ˈʃɑːrpli ˈɪntuː tuː kæmps/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

afloat adjective US /əˈfloʊt/

aimlessly drifting

From this reading “He holds that the English power is a sea-power; that these leviathans afloat, the King's ships, are his first line of defence; and that so long as he keeps the English navy up to the mark he can defy the world.”

camps noun US /kæmps/

plural of “camp” — temporary living quarters specially built by the army for soldiers

From this reading “The naval critics of England may be divided sharply into two camps.”

chronically adverb US /ˈkrɑːnɪkəli/

in a habitual and longstanding manner

From this reading “It consists of tinkering with old ships generation after generation, laying down new ones which seemingly never get finished, and of being chronically short of men.”

consists verb US /kənˈsɪsts/

third-person singular of “consist” — originate

From this reading “It consists of tinkering with old ships generation after generation, laying down new ones which seemingly never get finished, and of being chronically short of men.”

critics noun US /ˈkrɪtɪks/

plural of “critic” — a person who is professionally engaged in the analysis and interpretation of works of art

From this reading “The naval critics of England may be divided sharply into two camps.”

defy verb US /dɪˈfaɪ/

resist or confront with resistance

From this reading “He holds that the English power is a sea-power; that these leviathans afloat, the King's ships, are his first line of defence; and that so long as he keeps the English navy up to the mark he can defy the world.”

tinkering verb US /ˈtɪŋkərɪŋ/

-ing form of “tinker” — do random, unplanned work or activities or spend time idly

From this reading “It consists of tinkering with old ships generation after generation, laying down new ones which seemingly never get finished, and of being chronically short of men.”

Trafalgar noun US /trəˈfælɡər/

a naval battle in 1805 off the southwest coast of Spain; the French and Spanish fleets were defeated by the English under Nelson (who was mortally wounded)

From this reading “THE NAVY Since Trafalgar, the English navy has been the apple of the Englishman's eye.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

most singular adverb + adjective

In this reading “His method of keeping it up to the mark is most singular.”

defy the world verb + article + noun counted as “defy … world”

In this reading “He holds that the English power is a sea-power; that these leviathans afloat, the King's ships, are his first line of defence; and that so long as he keeps the English navy up to the mark he can defy the world.”

consists of verb + particle counted as “consist of”

In this reading “It consists of tinkering with old ships generation after generation, laying down new ones which seemingly never get finished, and of being chronically short of men.”

first line adjective + noun

In this reading “He holds that the English power is a sea-power; that these leviathans afloat, the King's ships, are his first line of defence; and that so long as he keeps the English navy up to the mark he can defy the world.”

All words in this reading · 73

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading He holds that the English power is a sea-power; that these leviathans afloat, the King's ships, are his first line of defence; and that so long as he keeps the English navy up to the mark he can defy the world.

afloatadjectiveUS /əˈfloʊt/

aimlessly drifting

From this reading He holds that the English power is a sea-power; that these leviathans afloat, the King's ships, are his first line of defence; and that so long as he keeps the English navy up to the mark he can defy the world.

afterprepositionUS /ˈæftər/

later than; following

From this reading It consists of tinkering with old ships generation after generation, laying down new ones which seemingly never get finished, and of being chronically short of men.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading He holds that the English power is a sea-power; that these leviathans afloat, the King's ships, are his first line of defence; and that so long as he keeps the English navy up to the mark he can defy the world.

applenounUS /ˈæpəl/

fruit with red or yellow or green skin and sweet to tart crisp whitish flesh

From this reading THE NAVY Since Trafalgar, the English navy has been the apple of the Englishman's eye.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading He holds that the English power is a sea-power; that these leviathans afloat, the King's ships, are his first line of defence; and that so long as he keeps the English navy up to the mark he can defy the world.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading He holds that the English power is a sea-power; that these leviathans afloat, the King's ships, are his first line of defence; and that so long as he keeps the English navy up to the mark he can defy the world.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading The naval critics of England may be divided sharply into two camps.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading THE NAVY Since Trafalgar, the English navy has been the apple of the Englishman's eye.

beingauxiliary verbUS /ˈbiːɪŋ/

the -ing form of “be”

From this reading It consists of tinkering with old ships generation after generation, laying down new ones which seemingly never get finished, and of being chronically short of men.

campsnounUS /kæmps/

plural of “camp” — temporary living quarters specially built by the army for soldiers

From this reading The naval critics of England may be divided sharply into two camps.

canmodal verbUS /kæn/

to be able to, or to be allowed to

From this reading He holds that the English power is a sea-power; that these leviathans afloat, the King's ships, are his first line of defence; and that so long as he keeps the English navy up to the mark he can defy the world.

chronicallyadverbUS /ˈkrɑːnɪkəli/

in a habitual and longstanding manner

From this reading It consists of tinkering with old ships generation after generation, laying down new ones which seemingly never get finished, and of being chronically short of men.

consistsverbUS /kənˈsɪsts/

third-person singular of “consist” — originate

From this reading It consists of tinkering with old ships generation after generation, laying down new ones which seemingly never get finished, and of being chronically short of men.

criticsnounUS /ˈkrɪtɪks/

plural of “critic” — a person who is professionally engaged in the analysis and interpretation of works of art

From this reading The naval critics of England may be divided sharply into two camps.

defencenounUS /dɪˈfens/

(psychiatry) an unconscious process that tries to reduce the anxiety associated with instinctive desires

From this reading He holds that the English power is a sea-power; that these leviathans afloat, the King's ships, are his first line of defence; and that so long as he keeps the English navy up to the mark he can defy the world.

defyverbUS /dɪˈfaɪ/

resist or confront with resistance

From this reading He holds that the English power is a sea-power; that these leviathans afloat, the King's ships, are his first line of defence; and that so long as he keeps the English navy up to the mark he can defy the world.

dividedadjectiveUS /dɪˈvaɪdɪd/

separated into parts or pieces

From this reading The naval critics of England may be divided sharply into two camps.

downadjectiveUS /daʊn/

being or moving lower in position or less in some value

From this reading It consists of tinkering with old ships generation after generation, laying down new ones which seemingly never get finished, and of being chronically short of men.

EnglandnounUS /ˈɪŋɡlənd/

a division of the United Kingdom

From this reading The naval critics of England may be divided sharply into two camps.

EnglishnounUS /ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ/

an Indo-European language belonging to the West Germanic branch; the official language of Britain and the United States and most of the commonwealth countries

From this reading THE NAVY Since Trafalgar, the English navy has been the apple of the Englishman's eye.

Englishman's

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading THE NAVY Since Trafalgar, the English navy has been the apple of the Englishman's eye.

eyenounUS /aɪ/

the organ of sight

From this reading THE NAVY Since Trafalgar, the English navy has been the apple of the Englishman's eye.

finishedadjectiveUS /ˈfɪnɪʃt/

(of materials or goods) brought to the desired final state

From this reading It consists of tinkering with old ships generation after generation, laying down new ones which seemingly never get finished, and of being chronically short of men.

firstadjectiveUS /fɜːrst/

preceding all others in time or space or degree

From this reading He holds that the English power is a sea-power; that these leviathans afloat, the King's ships, are his first line of defence; and that so long as he keeps the English navy up to the mark he can defy the world.

generationnounUS /ˌdʒenərˈeɪʃən/

all the people living at the same time or of approximately the same age

From this reading It consists of tinkering with old ships generation after generation, laying down new ones which seemingly never get finished, and of being chronically short of men.

getverbUS /ɡet/

come into the possession of something concrete or abstract

From this reading It consists of tinkering with old ships generation after generation, laying down new ones which seemingly never get finished, and of being chronically short of men.

hasauxiliary verbUS /hæz/

the form of “have” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading THE NAVY Since Trafalgar, the English navy has been the apple of the Englishman's eye.

HepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading He holds that the English power is a sea-power; that these leviathans afloat, the King's ships, are his first line of defence; and that so long as he keeps the English navy up to the mark he can defy the world.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading He holds that the English power is a sea-power; that these leviathans afloat, the King's ships, are his first line of defence; and that so long as he keeps the English navy up to the mark he can defy the world.

holdsnounUS /hoʊldz/

plural of “hold” — the act of grasping

From this reading He holds that the English power is a sea-power; that these leviathans afloat, the King's ships, are his first line of defence; and that so long as he keeps the English navy up to the mark he can defy the world.

intoprepositionUS /ˈɪntuː/

moving to the inside of something

From this reading The naval critics of England may be divided sharply into two camps.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading He holds that the English power is a sea-power; that these leviathans afloat, the King's ships, are his first line of defence; and that so long as he keeps the English navy up to the mark he can defy the world.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading His method of keeping it up to the mark is most singular.

keepingnounUS /ˈkiːpɪŋ/

conformity or harmony

From this reading His method of keeping it up to the mark is most singular.

keepsnounUS /kiːps/

plural of “keep” — the financial means whereby one lives

From this reading He holds that the English power is a sea-power; that these leviathans afloat, the King's ships, are his first line of defence; and that so long as he keeps the English navy up to the mark he can defy the world.

King'snounUS /kɪŋz/

possessive form of “king” — a male sovereign; ruler of a kingdom

From this reading He holds that the English power is a sea-power; that these leviathans afloat, the King's ships, are his first line of defence; and that so long as he keeps the English navy up to the mark he can defy the world.

layingnounUS /ˈleɪɪŋ/

the production of eggs (especially in birds)

From this reading It consists of tinkering with old ships generation after generation, laying down new ones which seemingly never get finished, and of being chronically short of men.

leviathans

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading He holds that the English power is a sea-power; that these leviathans afloat, the King's ships, are his first line of defence; and that so long as he keeps the English navy up to the mark he can defy the world.

linenounUS /laɪn/

a formation of people or things one beside another

From this reading He holds that the English power is a sea-power; that these leviathans afloat, the King's ships, are his first line of defence; and that so long as he keeps the English navy up to the mark he can defy the world.

longadjectiveUS /lɔːŋ/

primarily temporal sense; being or indicating a relatively great or greater than average duration or passage of time or a duration as specified

From this reading He holds that the English power is a sea-power; that these leviathans afloat, the King's ships, are his first line of defence; and that so long as he keeps the English navy up to the mark he can defy the world.

markverbUS /mɑːrk/

attach a tag or label to

From this reading He holds that the English power is a sea-power; that these leviathans afloat, the King's ships, are his first line of defence; and that so long as he keeps the English navy up to the mark he can defy the world.

maymodal verbUS /meɪ/

used to say something is possible, or to give permission

From this reading The naval critics of England may be divided sharply into two camps.

mennounUS /men/

the force of workers available

From this reading It consists of tinkering with old ships generation after generation, laying down new ones which seemingly never get finished, and of being chronically short of men.

methodnounUS /ˈmeθəd/

a way of doing something, especially a systematic way; implies an orderly logical arrangement (usually in steps)

From this reading His method of keeping it up to the mark is most singular.

mostadverbUS /moʊst/

used to form the superlative

From this reading His method of keeping it up to the mark is most singular.

navaladjectiveUS /ˈneɪvəl/

connected with or belonging to or used in a navy

From this reading The naval critics of England may be divided sharply into two camps.

NAVYnounUS /ˈneɪvi/

an organization of military vessels belonging to a country and available for sea warfare

From this reading THE NAVY Since Trafalgar, the English navy has been the apple of the Englishman's eye.

neveradverbUS /ˈnevər/

not ever; at no time in the past or future

From this reading It consists of tinkering with old ships generation after generation, laying down new ones which seemingly never get finished, and of being chronically short of men.

newadjectiveUS /nuː/

not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered

From this reading It consists of tinkering with old ships generation after generation, laying down new ones which seemingly never get finished, and of being chronically short of men.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading THE NAVY Since Trafalgar, the English navy has been the apple of the Englishman's eye.

oldadjectiveUS /oʊld/

(used especially of persons) having lived for a relatively long time or attained a specific age

From this reading It consists of tinkering with old ships generation after generation, laying down new ones which seemingly never get finished, and of being chronically short of men.

onesnounUS /wʌnz/

plural of “one” — the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number

From this reading It consists of tinkering with old ships generation after generation, laying down new ones which seemingly never get finished, and of being chronically short of men.

powernounUS /ˈpaʊər/

possession of controlling influence

From this reading He holds that the English power is a sea-power; that these leviathans afloat, the King's ships, are his first line of defence; and that so long as he keeps the English navy up to the mark he can defy the world.

sea-power

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading He holds that the English power is a sea-power; that these leviathans afloat, the King's ships, are his first line of defence; and that so long as he keeps the English navy up to the mark he can defy the world.

seeminglyadverbUS /ˈsiːmɪŋli/

from appearances alone

From this reading It consists of tinkering with old ships generation after generation, laying down new ones which seemingly never get finished, and of being chronically short of men.

sharplyadverbUS /ˈʃɑːrpli/

in an aggressive manner

From this reading The naval critics of England may be divided sharply into two camps.

shipsnounUS /ʃɪps/

plural of “ship” — a vessel that carries passengers or freight

From this reading He holds that the English power is a sea-power; that these leviathans afloat, the King's ships, are his first line of defence; and that so long as he keeps the English navy up to the mark he can defy the world.

shortadjectiveUS /ʃɔːrt/

primarily temporal sense; indicating or being or seeming to be limited in duration

From this reading It consists of tinkering with old ships generation after generation, laying down new ones which seemingly never get finished, and of being chronically short of men.

SinceprepositionUS /sɪns/

from a time in the past until now

From this reading THE NAVY Since Trafalgar, the English navy has been the apple of the Englishman's eye.

singularadjectiveUS /ˈsɪŋɡjələr/

unusual or striking

From this reading His method of keeping it up to the mark is most singular.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading He holds that the English power is a sea-power; that these leviathans afloat, the King's ships, are his first line of defence; and that so long as he keeps the English navy up to the mark he can defy the world.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading He holds that the English power is a sea-power; that these leviathans afloat, the King's ships, are his first line of defence; and that so long as he keeps the English navy up to the mark he can defy the world.

THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading THE NAVY Since Trafalgar, the English navy has been the apple of the Englishman's eye.

thesedeterminerUS /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading He holds that the English power is a sea-power; that these leviathans afloat, the King's ships, are his first line of defence; and that so long as he keeps the English navy up to the mark he can defy the world.

tinkeringverbUS /ˈtɪŋkərɪŋ/

-ing form of “tinker” — do random, unplanned work or activities or spend time idly

From this reading It consists of tinkering with old ships generation after generation, laying down new ones which seemingly never get finished, and of being chronically short of men.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading He holds that the English power is a sea-power; that these leviathans afloat, the King's ships, are his first line of defence; and that so long as he keeps the English navy up to the mark he can defy the world.

TrafalgarnounUS /trəˈfælɡər/

a naval battle in 1805 off the southwest coast of Spain; the French and Spanish fleets were defeated by the English under Nelson (who was mortally wounded)

From this reading THE NAVY Since Trafalgar, the English navy has been the apple of the Englishman's eye.

twonounUS /tuː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one or a numeral representing this number

From this reading The naval critics of England may be divided sharply into two camps.

upadjectiveUS /ʌp/

being or moving higher in position or greater in some value; being above a former position or level

From this reading He holds that the English power is a sea-power; that these leviathans afloat, the King's ships, are his first line of defence; and that so long as he keeps the English navy up to the mark he can defy the world.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading It consists of tinkering with old ships generation after generation, laying down new ones which seemingly never get finished, and of being chronically short of men.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading It consists of tinkering with old ships generation after generation, laying down new ones which seemingly never get finished, and of being chronically short of men.

worldnounUS /wɜːrld/

everything that exists anywhere

From this reading He holds that the English power is a sea-power; that these leviathans afloat, the King's ships, are his first line of defence; and that so long as he keeps the English navy up to the mark he can defy the world.

Chapter 8 of The Egregious English by T. W. H. (Thomas William Hodgson) Crosland holds 49 sentences, grouped into 10 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 8 of The Egregious English contain?

Chapter 8 holds 49 sentences of The Egregious English, unabridged, divided into 10 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 8 of The Egregious English by T. W. H. (Thomas William Hodgson) Crosland exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 49 sentences, grouped into 10 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 8 of The Egregious English?

Work through the 10 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 10 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 8 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 8 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading The Egregious English

Common questions about reading The Egregious English by T. W. H. (Thomas William Hodgson) Crosland on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of The Egregious English?

Yes. All 1462 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #56453 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of The Egregious English is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #56453, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does The Egregious English take to read?

About 121 minutes of reading across 293 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read The Egregious English section by section

How to work through The Egregious English section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 21 chapters of The Egregious English to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in The Egregious English

Words and structures a reader meets early in The Egregious English, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Https
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Egregious English; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Order
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Egregious English; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Creation
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Egregious English; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Began
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Egregious English; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.