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The Eleven Comedies, Volume 1
The Eleven Comedies, Volume 1

Chapter IX · Chapter 9

Chapter 9 of The Eleven Comedies, Volume 1 is here in full — 377 sentences across 76 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/75 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
[261] Unexpected wind-up of the story.
Aristophanes intends to deride the boasting of Lamachus, who was always ascribing to himself most unlikely exploits.
PEACE INTRODUCTION The 'Peace' was brought out four years after 'The Acharnians' (422 B.C.), when the War had already lasted ten years.
The leading motive is the same as in the former play--the intense desire of the less excitable and more moderate-minded citizens for relief from the miseries of war.
Trygaeus, a rustic patriot, finding no help in men, resolves to ascend to heaven to expostulate personally with Zeus for allowing this wretched state of things to continue.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The Eleven Comedies, Volume 1

Chapter IX · Chapter 9

Chapter 9 of The Eleven Comedies, Volume 1 is here in full — 377 sentences across 76 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/75 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
[261] Unexpected wind-up of the story.
Line 2
Aristophanes intends to deride the boasting of Lamachus, who was always ascribing to himself most unlikely exploits.
Line 3
PEACE INTRODUCTION The 'Peace' was brought out four years after 'The Acharnians' (422 B.C.), when the War had already lasted ten years.
Line 4
The leading motive is the same as in the former play--the intense desire of the less excitable and more moderate-minded citizens for relief from the miseries of war.
Line 5
Trygaeus, a rustic patriot, finding no help in men, resolves to ascend to heaven to expostulate personally with Zeus for allowing this wretched state of things to continue.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

Aristophanes noun US /ˌærəˈstɔːfəniz/

an ancient Greek dramatist remembered for his comedies (448-380 BC)

From this reading “Aristophanes intends to deride the boasting of Lamachus, who was always ascribing to himself most unlikely exploits.”

boasting noun US /ˈboʊstɪŋ/

speaking of yourself in superlatives

From this reading “Aristophanes intends to deride the boasting of Lamachus, who was always ascribing to himself most unlikely exploits.”

deride verb US /dɪˈraɪd/

treat or speak of with contempt

From this reading “Aristophanes intends to deride the boasting of Lamachus, who was always ascribing to himself most unlikely exploits.”

excitable adjective US /ɪkˈsaɪtəbəl/

easily excited

From this reading “The leading motive is the same as in the former play--the intense desire of the less excitable and more moderate-minded citizens for relief from the miseries of war.”

exploits noun US /ˈeksplɔɪts/

plural of “exploit” — a notable achievement

From this reading “Aristophanes intends to deride the boasting of Lamachus, who was always ascribing to himself most unlikely exploits.”

intends verb US /ˌɪnˈtendz/

third-person singular of “intend” — have in mind as a purpose

From this reading “Aristophanes intends to deride the boasting of Lamachus, who was always ascribing to himself most unlikely exploits.”

resolves noun US /riˈzɑːlvz/

plural of “resolve” — the trait of being resolute

From this reading “Trygaeus, a rustic patriot, finding no help in men, resolves to ascend to heaven to expostulate personally with Zeus for allowing this wretched state of things to continue.”

Zeus noun US /zuːs/

(Greek mythology) the supreme god of ancient Greek mythology; son of Rhea and Cronus whom he dethroned; husband and brother of Hera; brother of Poseidon and Hades; father of many gods; counterpart of Roman Jupiter

From this reading “Trygaeus, a rustic patriot, finding no help in men, resolves to ascend to heaven to expostulate personally with Zeus for allowing this wretched state of things to continue.”

All words in this reading · 78

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

261

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading [261] Unexpected wind-up of the story.

422

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading PEACE INTRODUCTION The 'Peace' was brought out four years after 'The Acharnians' (422 B.C.), when the War had already lasted ten years.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Trygaeus, a rustic patriot, finding no help in men, resolves to ascend to heaven to expostulate personally with Zeus for allowing this wretched state of things to continue.

Acharnians

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading PEACE INTRODUCTION The 'Peace' was brought out four years after 'The Acharnians' (422 B.C.), when the War had already lasted ten years.

afterprepositionUS /ˈæftər/

later than; following

From this reading PEACE INTRODUCTION The 'Peace' was brought out four years after 'The Acharnians' (422 B.C.), when the War had already lasted ten years.

allowingverbUS /əˈlaʊɪŋ/

-ing form of “allow” — make it possible through a specific action or lack of action for something to happen

From this reading Trygaeus, a rustic patriot, finding no help in men, resolves to ascend to heaven to expostulate personally with Zeus for allowing this wretched state of things to continue.

alreadyadverbUS /ɔːlˈredi/

prior to a specified or implied time

From this reading PEACE INTRODUCTION The 'Peace' was brought out four years after 'The Acharnians' (422 B.C.), when the War had already lasted ten years.

alwaysadverbUS /ˈɔːlweɪz/

at all times; all the time and on every occasion

From this reading Aristophanes intends to deride the boasting of Lamachus, who was always ascribing to himself most unlikely exploits.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading The leading motive is the same as in the former play--the intense desire of the less excitable and more moderate-minded citizens for relief from the miseries of war.

AristophanesnounUS /ˌærəˈstɔːfəniz/

an ancient Greek dramatist remembered for his comedies (448-380 BC)

From this reading Aristophanes intends to deride the boasting of Lamachus, who was always ascribing to himself most unlikely exploits.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading The leading motive is the same as in the former play--the intense desire of the less excitable and more moderate-minded citizens for relief from the miseries of war.

ascendverbUS /əˈsend/

travel up

From this reading Trygaeus, a rustic patriot, finding no help in men, resolves to ascend to heaven to expostulate personally with Zeus for allowing this wretched state of things to continue.

ascribing

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Aristophanes intends to deride the boasting of Lamachus, who was always ascribing to himself most unlikely exploits.

BnounUS /biː/

aerobic rod-shaped spore-producing bacterium; often occurring in chainlike formations; found primarily in soil

From this reading PEACE INTRODUCTION The 'Peace' was brought out four years after 'The Acharnians' (422 B.C.), when the War had already lasted ten years.

boastingnounUS /ˈboʊstɪŋ/

speaking of yourself in superlatives

From this reading Aristophanes intends to deride the boasting of Lamachus, who was always ascribing to himself most unlikely exploits.

broughtverbUS /brɔːt/

inflected form of “bring” — take something or somebody with oneself somewhere

From this reading PEACE INTRODUCTION The 'Peace' was brought out four years after 'The Acharnians' (422 B.C.), when the War had already lasted ten years.

CnounUS /siː/

a degree on the centigrade scale of temperature

From this reading PEACE INTRODUCTION The 'Peace' was brought out four years after 'The Acharnians' (422 B.C.), when the War had already lasted ten years.

citizensnounUS /ˈsɪtəzənz/

plural of “citizen” — a native or naturalized member of a state or other political community

From this reading The leading motive is the same as in the former play--the intense desire of the less excitable and more moderate-minded citizens for relief from the miseries of war.

continueverbUS /kənˈtɪnjuː/

continue a certain state, condition, or activity

From this reading Trygaeus, a rustic patriot, finding no help in men, resolves to ascend to heaven to expostulate personally with Zeus for allowing this wretched state of things to continue.

derideverbUS /dɪˈraɪd/

treat or speak of with contempt

From this reading Aristophanes intends to deride the boasting of Lamachus, who was always ascribing to himself most unlikely exploits.

desirenounUS /dɪˈzaɪər/

the feeling that accompanies an unsatisfied state

From this reading The leading motive is the same as in the former play--the intense desire of the less excitable and more moderate-minded citizens for relief from the miseries of war.

excitableadjectiveUS /ɪkˈsaɪtəbəl/

easily excited

From this reading The leading motive is the same as in the former play--the intense desire of the less excitable and more moderate-minded citizens for relief from the miseries of war.

exploitsnounUS /ˈeksplɔɪts/

plural of “exploit” — a notable achievement

From this reading Aristophanes intends to deride the boasting of Lamachus, who was always ascribing to himself most unlikely exploits.

expostulateverb

reason with (somebody) for the purpose of dissuasion

From this reading Trygaeus, a rustic patriot, finding no help in men, resolves to ascend to heaven to expostulate personally with Zeus for allowing this wretched state of things to continue.

findingnounUS /ˈfaɪndɪŋ/

the act of determining the properties of something, usually by research or calculation

From this reading Trygaeus, a rustic patriot, finding no help in men, resolves to ascend to heaven to expostulate personally with Zeus for allowing this wretched state of things to continue.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading The leading motive is the same as in the former play--the intense desire of the less excitable and more moderate-minded citizens for relief from the miseries of war.

formeradjectiveUS /ˈfɔːrmər/

referring to the first of two things or persons mentioned (or the earlier one or ones of several)

From this reading The leading motive is the same as in the former play--the intense desire of the less excitable and more moderate-minded citizens for relief from the miseries of war.

fournounUS /fɔːr/

the cardinal number that is the sum of three and one

From this reading PEACE INTRODUCTION The 'Peace' was brought out four years after 'The Acharnians' (422 B.C.), when the War had already lasted ten years.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading The leading motive is the same as in the former play--the intense desire of the less excitable and more moderate-minded citizens for relief from the miseries of war.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading PEACE INTRODUCTION The 'Peace' was brought out four years after 'The Acharnians' (422 B.C.), when the War had already lasted ten years.

heavennounUS /ˈhevən/

any place of complete bliss and delight and peace

From this reading Trygaeus, a rustic patriot, finding no help in men, resolves to ascend to heaven to expostulate personally with Zeus for allowing this wretched state of things to continue.

helpverbUS /help/

give help or assistance; be of service

From this reading Trygaeus, a rustic patriot, finding no help in men, resolves to ascend to heaven to expostulate personally with Zeus for allowing this wretched state of things to continue.

himselfpronounUS /hɪmˈself/

used when the man or boy doing the action is also its object

From this reading Aristophanes intends to deride the boasting of Lamachus, who was always ascribing to himself most unlikely exploits.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading The leading motive is the same as in the former play--the intense desire of the less excitable and more moderate-minded citizens for relief from the miseries of war.

intendsverbUS /ˌɪnˈtendz/

third-person singular of “intend” — have in mind as a purpose

From this reading Aristophanes intends to deride the boasting of Lamachus, who was always ascribing to himself most unlikely exploits.

intenseadjectiveUS /ˌɪnˈtens/

possessing or displaying a distinctive feature to a heightened degree

From this reading The leading motive is the same as in the former play--the intense desire of the less excitable and more moderate-minded citizens for relief from the miseries of war.

INTRODUCTIONnounUS /ˌɪntrəˈdʌkʃən/

the act of beginning something new

From this reading PEACE INTRODUCTION The 'Peace' was brought out four years after 'The Acharnians' (422 B.C.), when the War had already lasted ten years.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The leading motive is the same as in the former play--the intense desire of the less excitable and more moderate-minded citizens for relief from the miseries of war.

Lamachus

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Aristophanes intends to deride the boasting of Lamachus, who was always ascribing to himself most unlikely exploits.

lastedverbUS /ˈlæstəd/

past form of “last” — persist for a specified period of time

From this reading PEACE INTRODUCTION The 'Peace' was brought out four years after 'The Acharnians' (422 B.C.), when the War had already lasted ten years.

leadingadjectiveUS /ˈliːdɪŋ/

indicating the most important performer or role

From this reading The leading motive is the same as in the former play--the intense desire of the less excitable and more moderate-minded citizens for relief from the miseries of war.

lessadverbUS /les/

used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs

From this reading The leading motive is the same as in the former play--the intense desire of the less excitable and more moderate-minded citizens for relief from the miseries of war.

mennounUS /men/

the force of workers available

From this reading Trygaeus, a rustic patriot, finding no help in men, resolves to ascend to heaven to expostulate personally with Zeus for allowing this wretched state of things to continue.

miseriesnounUS /ˈmɪzəriz/

plural of “misery” — a state of ill-being due to affliction or misfortune

From this reading The leading motive is the same as in the former play--the intense desire of the less excitable and more moderate-minded citizens for relief from the miseries of war.

moderate-minded

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The leading motive is the same as in the former play--the intense desire of the less excitable and more moderate-minded citizens for relief from the miseries of war.

moreadjectiveUS /mɔːr/

(comparative of “much” used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree

From this reading The leading motive is the same as in the former play--the intense desire of the less excitable and more moderate-minded citizens for relief from the miseries of war.

mostadverbUS /moʊst/

used to form the superlative

From this reading Aristophanes intends to deride the boasting of Lamachus, who was always ascribing to himself most unlikely exploits.

motivenounUS /ˈmoʊtɪv/

the psychological feature that arouses an organism to action toward a desired goal; the reason for the action; that which gives purpose and direction to behavior

From this reading The leading motive is the same as in the former play--the intense desire of the less excitable and more moderate-minded citizens for relief from the miseries of war.

nodeterminerUS /noʊ/

not any; not one

From this reading Trygaeus, a rustic patriot, finding no help in men, resolves to ascend to heaven to expostulate personally with Zeus for allowing this wretched state of things to continue.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading [261] Unexpected wind-up of the story.

outadjectiveUS /aʊt/

not allowed to continue to bat or run

From this reading PEACE INTRODUCTION The 'Peace' was brought out four years after 'The Acharnians' (422 B.C.), when the War had already lasted ten years.

patriotnounUS /ˈpeɪtriət/

one who loves and defends his or her country

From this reading Trygaeus, a rustic patriot, finding no help in men, resolves to ascend to heaven to expostulate personally with Zeus for allowing this wretched state of things to continue.

PEACEnounUS /piːs/

the state prevailing during the absence of war

From this reading PEACE INTRODUCTION The 'Peace' was brought out four years after 'The Acharnians' (422 B.C.), when the War had already lasted ten years.

personallyadverbUS /ˈpɜːrsənəli/

as yourself

From this reading Trygaeus, a rustic patriot, finding no help in men, resolves to ascend to heaven to expostulate personally with Zeus for allowing this wretched state of things to continue.

playverbUS /pleɪ/

participate in games or sport

From this reading The leading motive is the same as in the former play--the intense desire of the less excitable and more moderate-minded citizens for relief from the miseries of war.

reliefnounUS /rɪˈliːf/

the feeling that comes when something burdensome is removed or reduced

From this reading The leading motive is the same as in the former play--the intense desire of the less excitable and more moderate-minded citizens for relief from the miseries of war.

resolvesnounUS /riˈzɑːlvz/

plural of “resolve” — the trait of being resolute

From this reading Trygaeus, a rustic patriot, finding no help in men, resolves to ascend to heaven to expostulate personally with Zeus for allowing this wretched state of things to continue.

rusticadjectiveUS /ˈrʌstɪk/

characteristic of rural life

From this reading Trygaeus, a rustic patriot, finding no help in men, resolves to ascend to heaven to expostulate personally with Zeus for allowing this wretched state of things to continue.

sameadjectiveUS /seɪm/

Identical; not different.

From this reading The leading motive is the same as in the former play--the intense desire of the less excitable and more moderate-minded citizens for relief from the miseries of war.

statenounUS /steɪt/

the territory occupied by one of the constituent administrative districts of a nation

From this reading Trygaeus, a rustic patriot, finding no help in men, resolves to ascend to heaven to expostulate personally with Zeus for allowing this wretched state of things to continue.

storynounUS /ˈstɔːri/

a message that tells the particulars of an act or occurrence or course of events; presented in writing or drama or cinema or as a radio or television program

From this reading [261] Unexpected wind-up of the story.

tennounUS /ten/

the cardinal number that is the sum of nine and one; the base of the decimal system

From this reading PEACE INTRODUCTION The 'Peace' was brought out four years after 'The Acharnians' (422 B.C.), when the War had already lasted ten years.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading [261] Unexpected wind-up of the story.

thingsnounUS /θɪŋz/

any movable possession (especially articles of clothing)

From this reading Trygaeus, a rustic patriot, finding no help in men, resolves to ascend to heaven to expostulate personally with Zeus for allowing this wretched state of things to continue.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading Trygaeus, a rustic patriot, finding no help in men, resolves to ascend to heaven to expostulate personally with Zeus for allowing this wretched state of things to continue.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Aristophanes intends to deride the boasting of Lamachus, who was always ascribing to himself most unlikely exploits.

Trygaeus

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Trygaeus, a rustic patriot, finding no help in men, resolves to ascend to heaven to expostulate personally with Zeus for allowing this wretched state of things to continue.

UnexpectedadjectiveUS /ˌʌnɪkˈspektɪd/

not expected or anticipated

From this reading [261] Unexpected wind-up of the story.

unlikelyadjectiveUS /ənˈlaɪkli/

not likely to be true or to occur or to have occurred

From this reading Aristophanes intends to deride the boasting of Lamachus, who was always ascribing to himself most unlikely exploits.

WarnounUS /wɔːr/

the waging of armed conflict against an enemy

From this reading PEACE INTRODUCTION The 'Peace' was brought out four years after 'The Acharnians' (422 B.C.), when the War had already lasted ten years.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Aristophanes intends to deride the boasting of Lamachus, who was always ascribing to himself most unlikely exploits.

whenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading PEACE INTRODUCTION The 'Peace' was brought out four years after 'The Acharnians' (422 B.C.), when the War had already lasted ten years.

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading Aristophanes intends to deride the boasting of Lamachus, who was always ascribing to himself most unlikely exploits.

wind-up

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading [261] Unexpected wind-up of the story.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading Trygaeus, a rustic patriot, finding no help in men, resolves to ascend to heaven to expostulate personally with Zeus for allowing this wretched state of things to continue.

wretchedadjectiveUS /ˈretʃɪd/

of very poor quality or condition

From this reading Trygaeus, a rustic patriot, finding no help in men, resolves to ascend to heaven to expostulate personally with Zeus for allowing this wretched state of things to continue.

yearsnounUS /jɪrz/

a late time of life

From this reading PEACE INTRODUCTION The 'Peace' was brought out four years after 'The Acharnians' (422 B.C.), when the War had already lasted ten years.

ZeusnounUS /zuːs/

(Greek mythology) the supreme god of ancient Greek mythology; son of Rhea and Cronus whom he dethroned; husband and brother of Hera; brother of Poseidon and Hades; father of many gods; counterpart of Roman Jupiter

From this reading Trygaeus, a rustic patriot, finding no help in men, resolves to ascend to heaven to expostulate personally with Zeus for allowing this wretched state of things to continue.

Chapter 9 of The Eleven Comedies, Volume 1 by 447? BCE-386? BCE Aristophanes holds 377 sentences, grouped into 76 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 9 of The Eleven Comedies, Volume 1 contain?

Chapter 9 holds 377 sentences of The Eleven Comedies, Volume 1, unabridged, divided into 76 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 9 of The Eleven Comedies, Volume 1 by 447? BCE-386? BCE Aristophanes exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 377 sentences, grouped into 76 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 9 of The Eleven Comedies, Volume 1?

Work through the 76 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 76 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 9 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 9 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading The Eleven Comedies, Volume 1

Common questions about reading The Eleven Comedies, Volume 1 by 447? BCE-386? BCE Aristophanes on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of The Eleven Comedies, Volume 1?

Yes. All 8449 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #8688 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of The Eleven Comedies, Volume 1 is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #8688, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does The Eleven Comedies, Volume 1 take to read?

About 600 minutes of reading across 1690 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read The Eleven Comedies, Volume 1 section by section

How to work through The Eleven Comedies, Volume 1 section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

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  2. Read one section

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  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in The Eleven Comedies, Volume 1

Words and structures a reader meets early in The Eleven Comedies, Volume 1, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

First
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Eleven Comedies, Volume 1; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Literally
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Eleven Comedies, Volume 1; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Completely
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Eleven Comedies, Volume 1; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Translated
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Eleven Comedies, Volume 1; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.