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The English Novel
The English Novel

Chapter IV · Chapter 4

Chapter 4 of The English Novel is here in full — 519 sentences across 104 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/103 · 5 lines
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THE MINOR AND LATER EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY NOVEL[7] [7] A little of the work to be noticed in this chapter is not strictly eighteenth century, but belongs to the first decade or so of the nineteenth.
But the majority of the contents actually conform to the title, and there is hardly any more convenient or generally applicable heading for the novel before Miss Austen and Scott, excluding the great names dealt with in the last chapter.
It is at last beginning to be recognised in principle, though it is still much too often forgotten in practice, that the minor work of a time is at least as important as the major in determining general literary characteristics and tendencies.
Nor is this anywhere much more noticeable than in regard to the present period of our present subject.
The direct influence of Richardson and Fielding was no doubt very great: but the development of the novel during the middle and later century was too large and too various to be all mere imitation.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The English Novel

Chapter IV · Chapter 4

Chapter 4 of The English Novel is here in full — 519 sentences across 104 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/103 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
THE MINOR AND LATER EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY NOVEL[7] [7] A little of the work to be noticed in this chapter is not strictly eighteenth century, but belongs to the first decade or so of the nineteenth.
Line 2
But the majority of the contents actually conform to the title, and there is hardly any more convenient or generally applicable heading for the novel before Miss Austen and Scott, excluding the great names dealt with in the last chapter.
/bʌt ðə məˈdʒɔːrəti ʌv ðə ˈkɑːntents ˈæktʃuːəli kənˈfɔːrm tuː ðə ˈtaɪtəl ənd ðer ɪz ˈhɑːrdli ˈeni mɔːr kənˈviːnjənt ɔːr ˈdʒenərəli ˈæpləkəbəl ˈhedɪŋ fɔːr ðə ˈnɑːvəl bɪˈfɔːr mɪs ˈɔːstɪn ənd skɑːt ɪkˈskluːdɪŋ ðə ɡreɪt neɪmz delt wɪð ɪn ðə læst ˈtʃæptər/
Line 3
It is at last beginning to be recognised in principle, though it is still much too often forgotten in practice, that the minor work of a time is at least as important as the major in determining general literary characteristics and tendencies.
/ɪt ɪz æt læst bɪˈɡɪnɪŋ tuː biː ˈrekəɡnaɪzd ɪn ˈprɪnsəpəl ðoʊ ɪt ɪz stɪl mʌtʃ tuː ˈɔːfən fərˈɡɑːt.n̩ ɪn ˈpræktəs ðæt ðə ˈmaɪnər wɜːrk ʌv ə taɪm ɪz æt liːst æz ˌɪmˈpɔːrtənt æz ðə ˈmeɪdʒər ɪn dɪˈtɜːrmənɪŋ ˈdʒenərəl ˈlɪtəreri ˌkerəktərˈɪstɪks ənd ˈtendənsiz/
Line 4
Nor is this anywhere much more noticeable than in regard to the present period of our present subject.
/nɔːr ɪz ðɪs ˈeniwer mʌtʃ mɔːr ˈnoʊtəsəbəl ðæn ɪn rɪˈɡɑːrd tuː ðə ˈprezənt ˈpɪriəd ʌv ˈaʊər ˈprezənt səbˈdʒekt/
Line 5
The direct influence of Richardson and Fielding was no doubt very great: but the development of the novel during the middle and later century was too large and too various to be all mere imitation.
/ðə dərˈekt ˈɪnfluːəns ʌv ˈrɪtʃərdsən ənd ˈfiːldɪŋ wɑːz noʊ daʊt ˈveri ɡreɪt bʌt ðə dɪˈveləpmənt ʌv ðə ˈnɑːvəl ˈdʊrɪŋ ðə ˈmɪdəl ənd ˈleɪtər ˈsentʃəri wɑːz tuː lɑːrdʒ ənd tuː ˈveriəs tuː biː ɔːl mɪr ˌɪməˈteɪʃən/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

applicable adjective US /ˈæpləkəbəl/

capable of being applied; having relevance

From this reading “But the majority of the contents actually conform to the title, and there is hardly any more convenient or generally applicable heading for the novel before Miss Austen and Scott, excluding the great names dealt with in the last chapter.”

conform verb US /kənˈfɔːrm/

be similar, be in line with

From this reading “But the majority of the contents actually conform to the title, and there is hardly any more convenient or generally applicable heading for the novel before Miss Austen and Scott, excluding the great names dealt with in the last chapter.”

decade noun US /deˈkeɪd/

a period of 10 years

From this reading “THE MINOR AND LATER EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY NOVEL[7] [7] A little of the work to be noticed in this chapter is not strictly eighteenth century, but belongs to the first decade or so of the nineteenth.”

determining adjective US /dɪˈtɜːrmənɪŋ/

having the power or quality of deciding

From this reading “It is at last beginning to be recognised in principle, though it is still much too often forgotten in practice, that the minor work of a time is at least as important as the major in determining general literary characteristics and tendencies.”

excluding verb US /ɪkˈskluːdɪŋ/

-ing form of “exclude” — prevent from being included or considered or accepted

From this reading “But the majority of the contents actually conform to the title, and there is hardly any more convenient or generally applicable heading for the novel before Miss Austen and Scott, excluding the great names dealt with in the last chapter.”

Fielding noun US /ˈfiːldɪŋ/

(baseball) handling the ball while playing in the field

From this reading “The direct influence of Richardson and Fielding was no doubt very great: but the development of the novel during the middle and later century was too large and too various to be all mere imitation.”

Richardson noun US /ˈrɪtʃərdsən/

United States architect (1838-1886)

From this reading “The direct influence of Richardson and Fielding was no doubt very great: but the development of the novel during the middle and later century was too large and too various to be all mere imitation.”

tendencies noun US /ˈtendənsiz/

plural of “tendency” — an attitude of mind especially one that favors one alternative over others

From this reading “It is at last beginning to be recognised in principle, though it is still much too often forgotten in practice, that the minor work of a time is at least as important as the major in determining general literary characteristics and tendencies.”

All words in this reading · 101

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

7

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading THE MINOR AND LATER EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY NOVEL[7] [7] A little of the work to be noticed in this chapter is not strictly eighteenth century, but belongs to the first decade or so of the nineteenth.

AdeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading THE MINOR AND LATER EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY NOVEL[7] [7] A little of the work to be noticed in this chapter is not strictly eighteenth century, but belongs to the first decade or so of the nineteenth.

actuallyadverbUS /ˈæktʃuːəli/

in actual fact

From this reading But the majority of the contents actually conform to the title, and there is hardly any more convenient or generally applicable heading for the novel before Miss Austen and Scott, excluding the great names dealt with in the last chapter.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading The direct influence of Richardson and Fielding was no doubt very great: but the development of the novel during the middle and later century was too large and too various to be all mere imitation.

ANDconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading THE MINOR AND LATER EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY NOVEL[7] [7] A little of the work to be noticed in this chapter is not strictly eighteenth century, but belongs to the first decade or so of the nineteenth.

anyadjectiveUS /ˈeni/

one or some or every or all without specification

From this reading But the majority of the contents actually conform to the title, and there is hardly any more convenient or generally applicable heading for the novel before Miss Austen and Scott, excluding the great names dealt with in the last chapter.

anywhereadverbUS /ˈeniwer/

at or in or to any place

From this reading Nor is this anywhere much more noticeable than in regard to the present period of our present subject.

applicableadjectiveUS /ˈæpləkəbəl/

capable of being applied; having relevance

From this reading But the majority of the contents actually conform to the title, and there is hardly any more convenient or generally applicable heading for the novel before Miss Austen and Scott, excluding the great names dealt with in the last chapter.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading It is at last beginning to be recognised in principle, though it is still much too often forgotten in practice, that the minor work of a time is at least as important as the major in determining general literary characteristics and tendencies.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading It is at last beginning to be recognised in principle, though it is still much too often forgotten in practice, that the minor work of a time is at least as important as the major in determining general literary characteristics and tendencies.

AustennounUS /ˈɔːstɪn/

English novelist noted for her insightful portrayals of middle-class families (1775-1817)

From this reading But the majority of the contents actually conform to the title, and there is hardly any more convenient or generally applicable heading for the novel before Miss Austen and Scott, excluding the great names dealt with in the last chapter.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading THE MINOR AND LATER EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY NOVEL[7] [7] A little of the work to be noticed in this chapter is not strictly eighteenth century, but belongs to the first decade or so of the nineteenth.

beforeprepositionUS /bɪˈfɔːr/

earlier than; in front of

From this reading But the majority of the contents actually conform to the title, and there is hardly any more convenient or generally applicable heading for the novel before Miss Austen and Scott, excluding the great names dealt with in the last chapter.

beginningnounUS /bɪˈɡɪnɪŋ/

the event consisting of the start of something

From this reading It is at last beginning to be recognised in principle, though it is still much too often forgotten in practice, that the minor work of a time is at least as important as the major in determining general literary characteristics and tendencies.

belongsverbUS /bɪˈlɔːŋz/

third-person singular of “belong” — be owned by; be in the possession of

From this reading THE MINOR AND LATER EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY NOVEL[7] [7] A little of the work to be noticed in this chapter is not strictly eighteenth century, but belongs to the first decade or so of the nineteenth.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading THE MINOR AND LATER EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY NOVEL[7] [7] A little of the work to be noticed in this chapter is not strictly eighteenth century, but belongs to the first decade or so of the nineteenth.

centurynounUS /ˈsentʃəri/

a period of 100 years

From this reading THE MINOR AND LATER EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY NOVEL[7] [7] A little of the work to be noticed in this chapter is not strictly eighteenth century, but belongs to the first decade or so of the nineteenth.

chapternounUS /ˈtʃæptər/

a subdivision of a written work; usually numbered and titled

From this reading THE MINOR AND LATER EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY NOVEL[7] [7] A little of the work to be noticed in this chapter is not strictly eighteenth century, but belongs to the first decade or so of the nineteenth.

characteristicsnounUS /ˌkerəktərˈɪstɪks/

plural of “characteristic” — a prominent attribute or aspect of something

From this reading It is at last beginning to be recognised in principle, though it is still much too often forgotten in practice, that the minor work of a time is at least as important as the major in determining general literary characteristics and tendencies.

conformverbUS /kənˈfɔːrm/

be similar, be in line with

From this reading But the majority of the contents actually conform to the title, and there is hardly any more convenient or generally applicable heading for the novel before Miss Austen and Scott, excluding the great names dealt with in the last chapter.

contentsnounUS /ˈkɑːntents/

(usually plural) everything that is included in a collection and that is held or included in something

From this reading But the majority of the contents actually conform to the title, and there is hardly any more convenient or generally applicable heading for the novel before Miss Austen and Scott, excluding the great names dealt with in the last chapter.

convenientadjectiveUS /kənˈviːnjənt/

suited to your comfort or purpose or needs

From this reading But the majority of the contents actually conform to the title, and there is hardly any more convenient or generally applicable heading for the novel before Miss Austen and Scott, excluding the great names dealt with in the last chapter.

dealtverbUS /delt/

inflected form of “deal” — act on verbally or in some form of artistic expression

From this reading But the majority of the contents actually conform to the title, and there is hardly any more convenient or generally applicable heading for the novel before Miss Austen and Scott, excluding the great names dealt with in the last chapter.

decadenounUS /deˈkeɪd/

a period of 10 years

From this reading THE MINOR AND LATER EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY NOVEL[7] [7] A little of the work to be noticed in this chapter is not strictly eighteenth century, but belongs to the first decade or so of the nineteenth.

determiningadjectiveUS /dɪˈtɜːrmənɪŋ/

having the power or quality of deciding

From this reading It is at last beginning to be recognised in principle, though it is still much too often forgotten in practice, that the minor work of a time is at least as important as the major in determining general literary characteristics and tendencies.

developmentnounUS /dɪˈveləpmənt/

act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining

From this reading The direct influence of Richardson and Fielding was no doubt very great: but the development of the novel during the middle and later century was too large and too various to be all mere imitation.

directverbUS /dərˈekt/

command with authority

From this reading The direct influence of Richardson and Fielding was no doubt very great: but the development of the novel during the middle and later century was too large and too various to be all mere imitation.

doubtnounUS /daʊt/

the state of being unsure of something

From this reading The direct influence of Richardson and Fielding was no doubt very great: but the development of the novel during the middle and later century was too large and too various to be all mere imitation.

duringprepositionUS /ˈdʊrɪŋ/

all through a period, or at some point within it

From this reading The direct influence of Richardson and Fielding was no doubt very great: but the development of the novel during the middle and later century was too large and too various to be all mere imitation.

eighteenthadjectiveUS /eɪˈtiːnθ/

coming next after the seventeenth in position

From this reading THE MINOR AND LATER EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY NOVEL[7] [7] A little of the work to be noticed in this chapter is not strictly eighteenth century, but belongs to the first decade or so of the nineteenth.

EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading THE MINOR AND LATER EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY NOVEL[7] [7] A little of the work to be noticed in this chapter is not strictly eighteenth century, but belongs to the first decade or so of the nineteenth.

excludingverbUS /ɪkˈskluːdɪŋ/

-ing form of “exclude” — prevent from being included or considered or accepted

From this reading But the majority of the contents actually conform to the title, and there is hardly any more convenient or generally applicable heading for the novel before Miss Austen and Scott, excluding the great names dealt with in the last chapter.

FieldingnounUS /ˈfiːldɪŋ/

(baseball) handling the ball while playing in the field

From this reading The direct influence of Richardson and Fielding was no doubt very great: but the development of the novel during the middle and later century was too large and too various to be all mere imitation.

firstadjectiveUS /fɜːrst/

preceding all others in time or space or degree

From this reading THE MINOR AND LATER EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY NOVEL[7] [7] A little of the work to be noticed in this chapter is not strictly eighteenth century, but belongs to the first decade or so of the nineteenth.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading But the majority of the contents actually conform to the title, and there is hardly any more convenient or generally applicable heading for the novel before Miss Austen and Scott, excluding the great names dealt with in the last chapter.

forgottenadjectiveUS /fərˈɡɑːt.n̩/

Not remembered; lapsed from memory.

From this reading It is at last beginning to be recognised in principle, though it is still much too often forgotten in practice, that the minor work of a time is at least as important as the major in determining general literary characteristics and tendencies.

generaladjectiveUS /ˈdʒenərəl/

applying to all or most members of a category or group

From this reading It is at last beginning to be recognised in principle, though it is still much too often forgotten in practice, that the minor work of a time is at least as important as the major in determining general literary characteristics and tendencies.

generallyadverbUS /ˈdʒenərəli/

usually; as a rule

From this reading But the majority of the contents actually conform to the title, and there is hardly any more convenient or generally applicable heading for the novel before Miss Austen and Scott, excluding the great names dealt with in the last chapter.

greatadjectiveUS /ɡreɪt/

relatively large in size or number or extent; larger than others of its kind

From this reading But the majority of the contents actually conform to the title, and there is hardly any more convenient or generally applicable heading for the novel before Miss Austen and Scott, excluding the great names dealt with in the last chapter.

hardlyadverbUS /ˈhɑːrdli/

only a very short time before

From this reading But the majority of the contents actually conform to the title, and there is hardly any more convenient or generally applicable heading for the novel before Miss Austen and Scott, excluding the great names dealt with in the last chapter.

headingnounUS /ˈhedɪŋ/

a line of text serving to indicate what the passage below it is about

From this reading But the majority of the contents actually conform to the title, and there is hardly any more convenient or generally applicable heading for the novel before Miss Austen and Scott, excluding the great names dealt with in the last chapter.

imitationnounUS /ˌɪməˈteɪʃən/

the doctrine that representations of nature or human behavior should be accurate imitations

From this reading The direct influence of Richardson and Fielding was no doubt very great: but the development of the novel during the middle and later century was too large and too various to be all mere imitation.

importantadjectiveUS /ˌɪmˈpɔːrtənt/

of great significance or value

From this reading It is at last beginning to be recognised in principle, though it is still much too often forgotten in practice, that the minor work of a time is at least as important as the major in determining general literary characteristics and tendencies.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading THE MINOR AND LATER EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY NOVEL[7] [7] A little of the work to be noticed in this chapter is not strictly eighteenth century, but belongs to the first decade or so of the nineteenth.

influencenounUS /ˈɪnfluːəns/

a power to affect persons or events especially power based on prestige etc

From this reading The direct influence of Richardson and Fielding was no doubt very great: but the development of the novel during the middle and later century was too large and too various to be all mere imitation.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading THE MINOR AND LATER EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY NOVEL[7] [7] A little of the work to be noticed in this chapter is not strictly eighteenth century, but belongs to the first decade or so of the nineteenth.

ItpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading It is at last beginning to be recognised in principle, though it is still much too often forgotten in practice, that the minor work of a time is at least as important as the major in determining general literary characteristics and tendencies.

largeadjectiveUS /lɑːrdʒ/

above average in size or number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading The direct influence of Richardson and Fielding was no doubt very great: but the development of the novel during the middle and later century was too large and too various to be all mere imitation.

lastadjectiveUS /læst/

immediately past

From this reading But the majority of the contents actually conform to the title, and there is hardly any more convenient or generally applicable heading for the novel before Miss Austen and Scott, excluding the great names dealt with in the last chapter.

LATERadverbUS /ˈleɪtər/

happening at a time subsequent to a reference time

From this reading THE MINOR AND LATER EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY NOVEL[7] [7] A little of the work to be noticed in this chapter is not strictly eighteenth century, but belongs to the first decade or so of the nineteenth.

leastadjectiveUS /liːst/

the superlative of “little” that can be used with mass nouns and is usually preceded by “the”; a quantifier meaning smallest in amount or extent or degree

From this reading It is at last beginning to be recognised in principle, though it is still much too often forgotten in practice, that the minor work of a time is at least as important as the major in determining general literary characteristics and tendencies.

literaryadjectiveUS /ˈlɪtəreri/

of or relating to or characteristic of literature

From this reading It is at last beginning to be recognised in principle, though it is still much too often forgotten in practice, that the minor work of a time is at least as important as the major in determining general literary characteristics and tendencies.

littleadjectiveUS /ˈlɪtəl/

limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading THE MINOR AND LATER EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY NOVEL[7] [7] A little of the work to be noticed in this chapter is not strictly eighteenth century, but belongs to the first decade or so of the nineteenth.

majoradjectiveUS /ˈmeɪdʒər/

of greater importance or stature or rank

From this reading It is at last beginning to be recognised in principle, though it is still much too often forgotten in practice, that the minor work of a time is at least as important as the major in determining general literary characteristics and tendencies.

majoritynounUS /məˈdʒɔːrəti/

the property resulting from being or relating to the greater in number of two parts; the main part

From this reading But the majority of the contents actually conform to the title, and there is hardly any more convenient or generally applicable heading for the novel before Miss Austen and Scott, excluding the great names dealt with in the last chapter.

mereadjectiveUS /mɪr/

being nothing more than specified

From this reading The direct influence of Richardson and Fielding was no doubt very great: but the development of the novel during the middle and later century was too large and too various to be all mere imitation.

middlenounUS /ˈmɪdəl/

an area that is approximately central within some larger region

From this reading The direct influence of Richardson and Fielding was no doubt very great: but the development of the novel during the middle and later century was too large and too various to be all mere imitation.

MINORadjectiveUS /ˈmaɪnər/

of lesser importance or stature or rank

From this reading THE MINOR AND LATER EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY NOVEL[7] [7] A little of the work to be noticed in this chapter is not strictly eighteenth century, but belongs to the first decade or so of the nineteenth.

MissverbUS /mɪs/

fail to perceive or to catch with the senses or the mind

From this reading But the majority of the contents actually conform to the title, and there is hardly any more convenient or generally applicable heading for the novel before Miss Austen and Scott, excluding the great names dealt with in the last chapter.

moreadjectiveUS /mɔːr/

(comparative of “much” used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree

From this reading But the majority of the contents actually conform to the title, and there is hardly any more convenient or generally applicable heading for the novel before Miss Austen and Scott, excluding the great names dealt with in the last chapter.

muchadverbUS /mʌtʃ/

to a great degree or extent

From this reading It is at last beginning to be recognised in principle, though it is still much too often forgotten in practice, that the minor work of a time is at least as important as the major in determining general literary characteristics and tendencies.

namesnounUS /neɪmz/

verbal abuse; a crude substitute for argument

From this reading But the majority of the contents actually conform to the title, and there is hardly any more convenient or generally applicable heading for the novel before Miss Austen and Scott, excluding the great names dealt with in the last chapter.

nineteenthadjectiveUS /ˈnaɪnˈtiːnθ/

coming next after the eighteenth in position

From this reading THE MINOR AND LATER EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY NOVEL[7] [7] A little of the work to be noticed in this chapter is not strictly eighteenth century, but belongs to the first decade or so of the nineteenth.

nodeterminerUS /noʊ/

not any; not one

From this reading The direct influence of Richardson and Fielding was no doubt very great: but the development of the novel during the middle and later century was too large and too various to be all mere imitation.

NorconjunctionUS /nɔːr/

and not; used after a negative to add a second negative

From this reading Nor is this anywhere much more noticeable than in regard to the present period of our present subject.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading THE MINOR AND LATER EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY NOVEL[7] [7] A little of the work to be noticed in this chapter is not strictly eighteenth century, but belongs to the first decade or so of the nineteenth.

noticeableadjectiveUS /ˈnoʊtəsəbəl/

capable or worthy of being noticed

From this reading Nor is this anywhere much more noticeable than in regard to the present period of our present subject.

noticedadjectiveUS /ˈnoʊtəst/

being perceived or observed

From this reading THE MINOR AND LATER EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY NOVEL[7] [7] A little of the work to be noticed in this chapter is not strictly eighteenth century, but belongs to the first decade or so of the nineteenth.

NOVELnounUS /ˈnɑːvəl/

an extended fictional work in prose; usually in the form of a story

From this reading THE MINOR AND LATER EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY NOVEL[7] [7] A little of the work to be noticed in this chapter is not strictly eighteenth century, but belongs to the first decade or so of the nineteenth.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading THE MINOR AND LATER EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY NOVEL[7] [7] A little of the work to be noticed in this chapter is not strictly eighteenth century, but belongs to the first decade or so of the nineteenth.

oftenadverbUS /ˈɔːfən/

many times at short intervals

From this reading It is at last beginning to be recognised in principle, though it is still much too often forgotten in practice, that the minor work of a time is at least as important as the major in determining general literary characteristics and tendencies.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading THE MINOR AND LATER EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY NOVEL[7] [7] A little of the work to be noticed in this chapter is not strictly eighteenth century, but belongs to the first decade or so of the nineteenth.

ourdeterminerUS /ˈaʊər/

belonging to the speaker and others

From this reading Nor is this anywhere much more noticeable than in regard to the present period of our present subject.

periodnounUS /ˈpɪriəd/

an amount of time

From this reading Nor is this anywhere much more noticeable than in regard to the present period of our present subject.

practicenounUS /ˈpræktəs/

a customary way of operation or behavior

From this reading It is at last beginning to be recognised in principle, though it is still much too often forgotten in practice, that the minor work of a time is at least as important as the major in determining general literary characteristics and tendencies.

presentverbUS /ˈprezənt/

give an exhibition of to an interested audience

From this reading Nor is this anywhere much more noticeable than in regard to the present period of our present subject.

principlenounUS /ˈprɪnsəpəl/

a basic generalization that is accepted as true and that can be used as a basis for reasoning or conduct

From this reading It is at last beginning to be recognised in principle, though it is still much too often forgotten in practice, that the minor work of a time is at least as important as the major in determining general literary characteristics and tendencies.

recognisedadjectiveUS /ˈrekəɡnaɪzd/

provided with a secure reputation

From this reading It is at last beginning to be recognised in principle, though it is still much too often forgotten in practice, that the minor work of a time is at least as important as the major in determining general literary characteristics and tendencies.

regardnounUS /rɪˈɡɑːrd/

(usually preceded by “in”) a detail or point

From this reading Nor is this anywhere much more noticeable than in regard to the present period of our present subject.

RichardsonnounUS /ˈrɪtʃərdsən/

United States architect (1838-1886)

From this reading The direct influence of Richardson and Fielding was no doubt very great: but the development of the novel during the middle and later century was too large and too various to be all mere imitation.

ScottnounUS /skɑːt/

award-winning United States film actor (1928-1999)

From this reading But the majority of the contents actually conform to the title, and there is hardly any more convenient or generally applicable heading for the novel before Miss Austen and Scott, excluding the great names dealt with in the last chapter.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading THE MINOR AND LATER EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY NOVEL[7] [7] A little of the work to be noticed in this chapter is not strictly eighteenth century, but belongs to the first decade or so of the nineteenth.

stilladjectiveUS /stɪl/

not in physical motion

From this reading It is at last beginning to be recognised in principle, though it is still much too often forgotten in practice, that the minor work of a time is at least as important as the major in determining general literary characteristics and tendencies.

strictlyadverbUS /ˈstrɪktli/

restricted to something

From this reading THE MINOR AND LATER EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY NOVEL[7] [7] A little of the work to be noticed in this chapter is not strictly eighteenth century, but belongs to the first decade or so of the nineteenth.

subjectnounUS /səbˈdʒekt/

the subject matter of a conversation or discussion

From this reading Nor is this anywhere much more noticeable than in regard to the present period of our present subject.

tendenciesnounUS /ˈtendənsiz/

plural of “tendency” — an attitude of mind especially one that favors one alternative over others

From this reading It is at last beginning to be recognised in principle, though it is still much too often forgotten in practice, that the minor work of a time is at least as important as the major in determining general literary characteristics and tendencies.

thanconjunctionUS /ðæn/

used to introduce the second part of a comparison

From this reading Nor is this anywhere much more noticeable than in regard to the present period of our present subject.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading It is at last beginning to be recognised in principle, though it is still much too often forgotten in practice, that the minor work of a time is at least as important as the major in determining general literary characteristics and tendencies.

THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading THE MINOR AND LATER EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY NOVEL[7] [7] A little of the work to be noticed in this chapter is not strictly eighteenth century, but belongs to the first decade or so of the nineteenth.

thereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading But the majority of the contents actually conform to the title, and there is hardly any more convenient or generally applicable heading for the novel before Miss Austen and Scott, excluding the great names dealt with in the last chapter.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading THE MINOR AND LATER EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY NOVEL[7] [7] A little of the work to be noticed in this chapter is not strictly eighteenth century, but belongs to the first decade or so of the nineteenth.

thoughconjunctionUS /ðoʊ/

in spite of the fact that

From this reading It is at last beginning to be recognised in principle, though it is still much too often forgotten in practice, that the minor work of a time is at least as important as the major in determining general literary characteristics and tendencies.

timenounUS /taɪm/

an instance or single occasion for some event

From this reading It is at last beginning to be recognised in principle, though it is still much too often forgotten in practice, that the minor work of a time is at least as important as the major in determining general literary characteristics and tendencies.

titlenounUS /ˈtaɪtəl/

a heading that names a statute or legislative bill; may give a brief summary of the matters it deals with

From this reading But the majority of the contents actually conform to the title, and there is hardly any more convenient or generally applicable heading for the novel before Miss Austen and Scott, excluding the great names dealt with in the last chapter.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading THE MINOR AND LATER EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY NOVEL[7] [7] A little of the work to be noticed in this chapter is not strictly eighteenth century, but belongs to the first decade or so of the nineteenth.

tooadverbUS /tuː/

to a degree exceeding normal or proper limits

From this reading It is at last beginning to be recognised in principle, though it is still much too often forgotten in practice, that the minor work of a time is at least as important as the major in determining general literary characteristics and tendencies.

variousadjectiveUS /ˈveriəs/

of many different kinds purposefully arranged but lacking any uniformity

From this reading The direct influence of Richardson and Fielding was no doubt very great: but the development of the novel during the middle and later century was too large and too various to be all mere imitation.

veryadjectiveUS /ˈveri/

precisely as stated

From this reading The direct influence of Richardson and Fielding was no doubt very great: but the development of the novel during the middle and later century was too large and too various to be all mere imitation.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The direct influence of Richardson and Fielding was no doubt very great: but the development of the novel during the middle and later century was too large and too various to be all mere imitation.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading But the majority of the contents actually conform to the title, and there is hardly any more convenient or generally applicable heading for the novel before Miss Austen and Scott, excluding the great names dealt with in the last chapter.

workverbUS /wɜːrk/

exert oneself by doing mental or physical work for a purpose or out of necessity

From this reading THE MINOR AND LATER EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY NOVEL[7] [7] A little of the work to be noticed in this chapter is not strictly eighteenth century, but belongs to the first decade or so of the nineteenth.

Chapter 4 of The English Novel by George Saintsbury holds 519 sentences, grouped into 104 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 4 of The English Novel contain?

Chapter 4 holds 519 sentences of The English Novel, unabridged, divided into 104 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 4 of The English Novel by George Saintsbury exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 519 sentences, grouped into 104 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 4 of The English Novel?

Work through the 104 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 104 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 4 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 4 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

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Common questions about reading The English Novel by George Saintsbury on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of The English Novel?

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Which edition of The English Novel is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #?, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does The English Novel take to read?

About 5 minutes of reading across 0 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

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Vocabulary met early in The English Novel

Words and structures a reader meets early in The English Novel, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Chapter 1
One of the 0 chapters of The English Novel, divided into 5-sentence reading sections.
Chapter 2
One of the 0 chapters of The English Novel, divided into 5-sentence reading sections.
Chapter 3
One of the 0 chapters of The English Novel, divided into 5-sentence reading sections.