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The English Novel
The English Novel

Chapter VII · Chapter 7

Chapter 7 of The English Novel is here in full — 324 sentences across 65 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/64 · 5 lines
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THE MID-VICTORIAN NOVEL At about the very middle of the nineteenth century--say from 1845 to 1855 in each direction, but almost increasingly towards the actual dividing line of 1850--there came upon the English novel a very remarkable wind of refreshment and new endeavour.
Thackeray and Dickens themselves are examples of it, with Lever and others, before this dividing line: many others yet come to join them.
A list of books written out just as they occur to the memory, and without any attempt to marshal them in strict chronological order, would show this beyond all reasonable possibility of gainsaying.
Thackeray's own best accomplished work from _Vanity Fair_ (1846) itself through _Pendennis_ (1849) and _Esmond_ (1852) to _The Newcomes_ (1854); the brilliant centre of Dickens's work in _David Copperfield_ (1850)--stand at the head and have been already noticed by anticipation or implication, while Lever had almost completed the first division of his work, which began with _Harry Lorrequer_ as early as the year of _Pickwick_.
But such books as _Yeast_ (1848), _Westward Ho!_ (1855); as _The Warden_ (1855); as _Jane Eyre_ (1847) and its too few successors; as _Scenes of Clerical Life_ (1857); as _Mary Barton_ (1848) and the novels which followed it, with others which it is perhaps almost unfair to leave out even in this allusive summary by sample, betokened a stirring of the waters, a rattling among the bones, such as is not common in literature.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The English Novel

Chapter VII · Chapter 7

Chapter 7 of The English Novel is here in full — 324 sentences across 65 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/64 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
THE MID-VICTORIAN NOVEL At about the very middle of the nineteenth century--say from 1845 to 1855 in each direction, but almost increasingly towards the actual dividing line of 1850--there came upon the English novel a very remarkable wind of refreshment and new endeavour.
Line 2
Thackeray and Dickens themselves are examples of it, with Lever and others, before this dividing line: many others yet come to join them.
Line 3
A list of books written out just as they occur to the memory, and without any attempt to marshal them in strict chronological order, would show this beyond all reasonable possibility of gainsaying.
Line 4
Thackeray's own best accomplished work from _Vanity Fair_ (1846) itself through _Pendennis_ (1849) and _Esmond_ (1852) to _The Newcomes_ (1854); the brilliant centre of Dickens's work in _David Copperfield_ (1850)--stand at the head and have been already noticed by anticipation or implication, while Lever had almost completed the first division of his work, which began with _Harry Lorrequer_ as early as the year of _Pickwick_.
Line 5
But such books as _Yeast_ (1848), _Westward Ho!_ (1855); as _The Warden_ (1855); as _Jane Eyre_ (1847) and its too few successors; as _Scenes of Clerical Life_ (1857); as _Mary Barton_ (1848) and the novels which followed it, with others which it is perhaps almost unfair to leave out even in this allusive summary by sample, betokened a stirring of the waters, a rattling among the bones, such as is not common in literature.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

allusive adjective US /əˈluːsɪv/

characterized by indirect references

From this reading “But such books as _Yeast_ (1848), _Westward Ho!_ (1855); as _The Warden_ (1855); as _Jane Eyre_ (1847) and its too few successors; as _Scenes of Clerical Life_ (1857); as _Mary Barton_ (1848) and the novels which followed it, with others which it is perhaps almost unfair to leave out even in this allusive summary by sample, betokened a stirring of the waters, a rattling among the bones, such as is not common in literature.”

chronological adjective US /ˌkrɑːnəˈlɑːdʒɪkəl/

relating to or arranged according to temporal order

From this reading “A list of books written out just as they occur to the memory, and without any attempt to marshal them in strict chronological order, would show this beyond all reasonable possibility of gainsaying.”

Dickens's noun US /ˈdɪkənzɪz/

possessive form of “dickens” — a word used in exclamations of confusion

From this reading “Thackeray's own best accomplished work from _Vanity Fair_ (1846) itself through _Pendennis_ (1849) and _Esmond_ (1852) to _The Newcomes_ (1854); the brilliant centre of Dickens's work in _David Copperfield_ (1850)--stand at the head and have been already noticed by anticipation or implication, while Lever had almost completed the first division of his work, which began with _Harry Lorrequer_ as early as the year of _Pickwick_.”

Eyre noun US /er/

a shallow salt lake in south central Australia about 35 feet below sea level; the largest lake in the country and the lowest point on the continent

implication noun US /ˌɪmpləˈkeɪʃən/

something that is inferred (deduced or entailed or implied)

From this reading “Thackeray's own best accomplished work from _Vanity Fair_ (1846) itself through _Pendennis_ (1849) and _Esmond_ (1852) to _The Newcomes_ (1854); the brilliant centre of Dickens's work in _David Copperfield_ (1850)--stand at the head and have been already noticed by anticipation or implication, while Lever had almost completed the first division of his work, which began with _Harry Lorrequer_ as early as the year of _Pickwick_.”

increasingly adverb US /ɪnˈkriːsɪŋli/

advancing in amount or intensity

From this reading “THE MID-VICTORIAN NOVEL At about the very middle of the nineteenth century--say from 1845 to 1855 in each direction, but almost increasingly towards the actual dividing line of 1850--there came upon the English novel a very remarkable wind of refreshment and new endeavour.”

successors noun US /səkˈsesərz/

plural of “successor” — a person who follows next in order

From this reading “But such books as _Yeast_ (1848), _Westward Ho!_ (1855); as _The Warden_ (1855); as _Jane Eyre_ (1847) and its too few successors; as _Scenes of Clerical Life_ (1857); as _Mary Barton_ (1848) and the novels which followed it, with others which it is perhaps almost unfair to leave out even in this allusive summary by sample, betokened a stirring of the waters, a rattling among the bones, such as is not common in literature.”

Yeast noun US /jiːst/

a commercial leavening agent containing yeast cells; used to raise the dough in making bread and for fermenting beer or whiskey

All words in this reading · 158

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

1845

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading THE MID-VICTORIAN NOVEL At about the very middle of the nineteenth century--say from 1845 to 1855 in each direction, but almost increasingly towards the actual dividing line of 1850--there came upon the English novel a very remarkable wind of refreshment and new endeavour.

1846

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Thackeray's own best accomplished work from _Vanity Fair_ (1846) itself through _Pendennis_ (1849) and _Esmond_ (1852) to _The Newcomes_ (1854); the brilliant centre of Dickens's work in _David Copperfield_ (1850)--stand at the head and have been already noticed by anticipation or implication, while Lever had almost completed the first division of his work, which began with _Harry Lorrequer_ as early as the year of _Pickwick_.

1847

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading But such books as _Yeast_ (1848), _Westward Ho!_ (1855); as _The Warden_ (1855); as _Jane Eyre_ (1847) and its too few successors; as _Scenes of Clerical Life_ (1857); as _Mary Barton_ (1848) and the novels which followed it, with others which it is perhaps almost unfair to leave out even in this allusive summary by sample, betokened a stirring of the waters, a rattling among the bones, such as is not common in literature.

1848

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading But such books as _Yeast_ (1848), _Westward Ho!_ (1855); as _The Warden_ (1855); as _Jane Eyre_ (1847) and its too few successors; as _Scenes of Clerical Life_ (1857); as _Mary Barton_ (1848) and the novels which followed it, with others which it is perhaps almost unfair to leave out even in this allusive summary by sample, betokened a stirring of the waters, a rattling among the bones, such as is not common in literature.

1849

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Thackeray's own best accomplished work from _Vanity Fair_ (1846) itself through _Pendennis_ (1849) and _Esmond_ (1852) to _The Newcomes_ (1854); the brilliant centre of Dickens's work in _David Copperfield_ (1850)--stand at the head and have been already noticed by anticipation or implication, while Lever had almost completed the first division of his work, which began with _Harry Lorrequer_ as early as the year of _Pickwick_.

1850

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading THE MID-VICTORIAN NOVEL At about the very middle of the nineteenth century--say from 1845 to 1855 in each direction, but almost increasingly towards the actual dividing line of 1850--there came upon the English novel a very remarkable wind of refreshment and new endeavour.

1852

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Thackeray's own best accomplished work from _Vanity Fair_ (1846) itself through _Pendennis_ (1849) and _Esmond_ (1852) to _The Newcomes_ (1854); the brilliant centre of Dickens's work in _David Copperfield_ (1850)--stand at the head and have been already noticed by anticipation or implication, while Lever had almost completed the first division of his work, which began with _Harry Lorrequer_ as early as the year of _Pickwick_.

1854

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Thackeray's own best accomplished work from _Vanity Fair_ (1846) itself through _Pendennis_ (1849) and _Esmond_ (1852) to _The Newcomes_ (1854); the brilliant centre of Dickens's work in _David Copperfield_ (1850)--stand at the head and have been already noticed by anticipation or implication, while Lever had almost completed the first division of his work, which began with _Harry Lorrequer_ as early as the year of _Pickwick_.

1855

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading THE MID-VICTORIAN NOVEL At about the very middle of the nineteenth century--say from 1845 to 1855 in each direction, but almost increasingly towards the actual dividing line of 1850--there came upon the English novel a very remarkable wind of refreshment and new endeavour.

1857

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading But such books as _Yeast_ (1848), _Westward Ho!_ (1855); as _The Warden_ (1855); as _Jane Eyre_ (1847) and its too few successors; as _Scenes of Clerical Life_ (1857); as _Mary Barton_ (1848) and the novels which followed it, with others which it is perhaps almost unfair to leave out even in this allusive summary by sample, betokened a stirring of the waters, a rattling among the bones, such as is not common in literature.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading THE MID-VICTORIAN NOVEL At about the very middle of the nineteenth century--say from 1845 to 1855 in each direction, but almost increasingly towards the actual dividing line of 1850--there came upon the English novel a very remarkable wind of refreshment and new endeavour.

aboutprepositionUS /əˈbaʊt/

on the subject of; concerning

From this reading THE MID-VICTORIAN NOVEL At about the very middle of the nineteenth century--say from 1845 to 1855 in each direction, but almost increasingly towards the actual dividing line of 1850--there came upon the English novel a very remarkable wind of refreshment and new endeavour.

accomplishedadjectiveUS /əˈkɑːmplɪʃt/

highly skilled

From this reading Thackeray's own best accomplished work from _Vanity Fair_ (1846) itself through _Pendennis_ (1849) and _Esmond_ (1852) to _The Newcomes_ (1854); the brilliant centre of Dickens's work in _David Copperfield_ (1850)--stand at the head and have been already noticed by anticipation or implication, while Lever had almost completed the first division of his work, which began with _Harry Lorrequer_ as early as the year of _Pickwick_.

actualadjectiveUS /ˈæktʃəwəl/

presently existing in fact and not merely potential or possible

From this reading THE MID-VICTORIAN NOVEL At about the very middle of the nineteenth century--say from 1845 to 1855 in each direction, but almost increasingly towards the actual dividing line of 1850--there came upon the English novel a very remarkable wind of refreshment and new endeavour.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading A list of books written out just as they occur to the memory, and without any attempt to marshal them in strict chronological order, would show this beyond all reasonable possibility of gainsaying.

allusiveadjectiveUS /əˈluːsɪv/

characterized by indirect references

From this reading But such books as _Yeast_ (1848), _Westward Ho!_ (1855); as _The Warden_ (1855); as _Jane Eyre_ (1847) and its too few successors; as _Scenes of Clerical Life_ (1857); as _Mary Barton_ (1848) and the novels which followed it, with others which it is perhaps almost unfair to leave out even in this allusive summary by sample, betokened a stirring of the waters, a rattling among the bones, such as is not common in literature.

almostadverbUS /ˈɔːlmoʊst/

(of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but

From this reading THE MID-VICTORIAN NOVEL At about the very middle of the nineteenth century--say from 1845 to 1855 in each direction, but almost increasingly towards the actual dividing line of 1850--there came upon the English novel a very remarkable wind of refreshment and new endeavour.

alreadyadverbUS /ɔːlˈredi/

prior to a specified or implied time

From this reading Thackeray's own best accomplished work from _Vanity Fair_ (1846) itself through _Pendennis_ (1849) and _Esmond_ (1852) to _The Newcomes_ (1854); the brilliant centre of Dickens's work in _David Copperfield_ (1850)--stand at the head and have been already noticed by anticipation or implication, while Lever had almost completed the first division of his work, which began with _Harry Lorrequer_ as early as the year of _Pickwick_.

amongprepositionUS /əˈmʌŋ/

surrounded by; in the middle of a group

From this reading But such books as _Yeast_ (1848), _Westward Ho!_ (1855); as _The Warden_ (1855); as _Jane Eyre_ (1847) and its too few successors; as _Scenes of Clerical Life_ (1857); as _Mary Barton_ (1848) and the novels which followed it, with others which it is perhaps almost unfair to leave out even in this allusive summary by sample, betokened a stirring of the waters, a rattling among the bones, such as is not common in literature.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading THE MID-VICTORIAN NOVEL At about the very middle of the nineteenth century--say from 1845 to 1855 in each direction, but almost increasingly towards the actual dividing line of 1850--there came upon the English novel a very remarkable wind of refreshment and new endeavour.

anticipationnounUS /ænˌtɪsəˈpeɪʃən/

an expectation

From this reading Thackeray's own best accomplished work from _Vanity Fair_ (1846) itself through _Pendennis_ (1849) and _Esmond_ (1852) to _The Newcomes_ (1854); the brilliant centre of Dickens's work in _David Copperfield_ (1850)--stand at the head and have been already noticed by anticipation or implication, while Lever had almost completed the first division of his work, which began with _Harry Lorrequer_ as early as the year of _Pickwick_.

anyadjectiveUS /ˈeni/

one or some or every or all without specification

From this reading A list of books written out just as they occur to the memory, and without any attempt to marshal them in strict chronological order, would show this beyond all reasonable possibility of gainsaying.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading Thackeray and Dickens themselves are examples of it, with Lever and others, before this dividing line: many others yet come to join them.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading A list of books written out just as they occur to the memory, and without any attempt to marshal them in strict chronological order, would show this beyond all reasonable possibility of gainsaying.

AtprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading THE MID-VICTORIAN NOVEL At about the very middle of the nineteenth century--say from 1845 to 1855 in each direction, but almost increasingly towards the actual dividing line of 1850--there came upon the English novel a very remarkable wind of refreshment and new endeavour.

attemptnounUS /əˈtempt/

earnest and conscientious activity intended to do or accomplish something

From this reading A list of books written out just as they occur to the memory, and without any attempt to marshal them in strict chronological order, would show this beyond all reasonable possibility of gainsaying.

Barton

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading But such books as _Yeast_ (1848), _Westward Ho!_ (1855); as _The Warden_ (1855); as _Jane Eyre_ (1847) and its too few successors; as _Scenes of Clerical Life_ (1857); as _Mary Barton_ (1848) and the novels which followed it, with others which it is perhaps almost unfair to leave out even in this allusive summary by sample, betokened a stirring of the waters, a rattling among the bones, such as is not common in literature.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading Thackeray's own best accomplished work from _Vanity Fair_ (1846) itself through _Pendennis_ (1849) and _Esmond_ (1852) to _The Newcomes_ (1854); the brilliant centre of Dickens's work in _David Copperfield_ (1850)--stand at the head and have been already noticed by anticipation or implication, while Lever had almost completed the first division of his work, which began with _Harry Lorrequer_ as early as the year of _Pickwick_.

beforeprepositionUS /bɪˈfɔːr/

earlier than; in front of

From this reading Thackeray and Dickens themselves are examples of it, with Lever and others, before this dividing line: many others yet come to join them.

beganverbUS /bɪˈɡæn/

inflected form of “begin” — take the first step or steps in carrying out an action

From this reading Thackeray's own best accomplished work from _Vanity Fair_ (1846) itself through _Pendennis_ (1849) and _Esmond_ (1852) to _The Newcomes_ (1854); the brilliant centre of Dickens's work in _David Copperfield_ (1850)--stand at the head and have been already noticed by anticipation or implication, while Lever had almost completed the first division of his work, which began with _Harry Lorrequer_ as early as the year of _Pickwick_.

bestnounUS /best/

the supreme effort one can make

From this reading Thackeray's own best accomplished work from _Vanity Fair_ (1846) itself through _Pendennis_ (1849) and _Esmond_ (1852) to _The Newcomes_ (1854); the brilliant centre of Dickens's work in _David Copperfield_ (1850)--stand at the head and have been already noticed by anticipation or implication, while Lever had almost completed the first division of his work, which began with _Harry Lorrequer_ as early as the year of _Pickwick_.

betokened

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading But such books as _Yeast_ (1848), _Westward Ho!_ (1855); as _The Warden_ (1855); as _Jane Eyre_ (1847) and its too few successors; as _Scenes of Clerical Life_ (1857); as _Mary Barton_ (1848) and the novels which followed it, with others which it is perhaps almost unfair to leave out even in this allusive summary by sample, betokened a stirring of the waters, a rattling among the bones, such as is not common in literature.

beyondprepositionUS /bɪˈɑːnd/

on the far side of; further than

From this reading A list of books written out just as they occur to the memory, and without any attempt to marshal them in strict chronological order, would show this beyond all reasonable possibility of gainsaying.

bonesnounUS /boʊnz/

(used in the plural) a percussion instrument consisting of a pair of hollow pieces of wood or bone (usually held between the thumb and fingers) that are made to click together (as by Spanish dancers) in rhythm with the dance

From this reading But such books as _Yeast_ (1848), _Westward Ho!_ (1855); as _The Warden_ (1855); as _Jane Eyre_ (1847) and its too few successors; as _Scenes of Clerical Life_ (1857); as _Mary Barton_ (1848) and the novels which followed it, with others which it is perhaps almost unfair to leave out even in this allusive summary by sample, betokened a stirring of the waters, a rattling among the bones, such as is not common in literature.

booksnounUS /bʊks/

Bound written or printed works.

From this reading A list of books written out just as they occur to the memory, and without any attempt to marshal them in strict chronological order, would show this beyond all reasonable possibility of gainsaying.

brilliantadjectiveUS /ˈbrɪljənt/

of surpassing excellence

From this reading Thackeray's own best accomplished work from _Vanity Fair_ (1846) itself through _Pendennis_ (1849) and _Esmond_ (1852) to _The Newcomes_ (1854); the brilliant centre of Dickens's work in _David Copperfield_ (1850)--stand at the head and have been already noticed by anticipation or implication, while Lever had almost completed the first division of his work, which began with _Harry Lorrequer_ as early as the year of _Pickwick_.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading THE MID-VICTORIAN NOVEL At about the very middle of the nineteenth century--say from 1845 to 1855 in each direction, but almost increasingly towards the actual dividing line of 1850--there came upon the English novel a very remarkable wind of refreshment and new endeavour.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading Thackeray's own best accomplished work from _Vanity Fair_ (1846) itself through _Pendennis_ (1849) and _Esmond_ (1852) to _The Newcomes_ (1854); the brilliant centre of Dickens's work in _David Copperfield_ (1850)--stand at the head and have been already noticed by anticipation or implication, while Lever had almost completed the first division of his work, which began with _Harry Lorrequer_ as early as the year of _Pickwick_.

cameverbUS /keɪm/

inflected form of “come” — move toward, travel toward something or somebody or approach something or somebody

From this reading THE MID-VICTORIAN NOVEL At about the very middle of the nineteenth century--say from 1845 to 1855 in each direction, but almost increasingly towards the actual dividing line of 1850--there came upon the English novel a very remarkable wind of refreshment and new endeavour.

centrenounUS /ˈsentər/

a low-lying region in central France

From this reading Thackeray's own best accomplished work from _Vanity Fair_ (1846) itself through _Pendennis_ (1849) and _Esmond_ (1852) to _The Newcomes_ (1854); the brilliant centre of Dickens's work in _David Copperfield_ (1850)--stand at the head and have been already noticed by anticipation or implication, while Lever had almost completed the first division of his work, which began with _Harry Lorrequer_ as early as the year of _Pickwick_.

centurynounUS /ˈsentʃəri/

a period of 100 years

From this reading THE MID-VICTORIAN NOVEL At about the very middle of the nineteenth century--say from 1845 to 1855 in each direction, but almost increasingly towards the actual dividing line of 1850--there came upon the English novel a very remarkable wind of refreshment and new endeavour.

chronologicaladjectiveUS /ˌkrɑːnəˈlɑːdʒɪkəl/

relating to or arranged according to temporal order

From this reading A list of books written out just as they occur to the memory, and without any attempt to marshal them in strict chronological order, would show this beyond all reasonable possibility of gainsaying.

ClericaladjectiveUS /ˈklerəkəl/

of or relating to clerks

From this reading But such books as _Yeast_ (1848), _Westward Ho!_ (1855); as _The Warden_ (1855); as _Jane Eyre_ (1847) and its too few successors; as _Scenes of Clerical Life_ (1857); as _Mary Barton_ (1848) and the novels which followed it, with others which it is perhaps almost unfair to leave out even in this allusive summary by sample, betokened a stirring of the waters, a rattling among the bones, such as is not common in literature.

comeverbUS /kʌm/

move toward, travel toward something or somebody or approach something or somebody

From this reading Thackeray and Dickens themselves are examples of it, with Lever and others, before this dividing line: many others yet come to join them.

commonadjectiveUS /ˈkɑːmən/

belonging to or participated in by a community as a whole; public

From this reading But such books as _Yeast_ (1848), _Westward Ho!_ (1855); as _The Warden_ (1855); as _Jane Eyre_ (1847) and its too few successors; as _Scenes of Clerical Life_ (1857); as _Mary Barton_ (1848) and the novels which followed it, with others which it is perhaps almost unfair to leave out even in this allusive summary by sample, betokened a stirring of the waters, a rattling among the bones, such as is not common in literature.

completedadjectiveUS /kəmˈpliːtəd/

successfully completed or brought to an end

From this reading Thackeray's own best accomplished work from _Vanity Fair_ (1846) itself through _Pendennis_ (1849) and _Esmond_ (1852) to _The Newcomes_ (1854); the brilliant centre of Dickens's work in _David Copperfield_ (1850)--stand at the head and have been already noticed by anticipation or implication, while Lever had almost completed the first division of his work, which began with _Harry Lorrequer_ as early as the year of _Pickwick_.

Copperfield

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Thackeray's own best accomplished work from _Vanity Fair_ (1846) itself through _Pendennis_ (1849) and _Esmond_ (1852) to _The Newcomes_ (1854); the brilliant centre of Dickens's work in _David Copperfield_ (1850)--stand at the head and have been already noticed by anticipation or implication, while Lever had almost completed the first division of his work, which began with _Harry Lorrequer_ as early as the year of _Pickwick_.

DavidnounUS /ˈdeɪvɪd/

patron saint of Wales (circa 520-600)

From this reading Thackeray's own best accomplished work from _Vanity Fair_ (1846) itself through _Pendennis_ (1849) and _Esmond_ (1852) to _The Newcomes_ (1854); the brilliant centre of Dickens's work in _David Copperfield_ (1850)--stand at the head and have been already noticed by anticipation or implication, while Lever had almost completed the first division of his work, which began with _Harry Lorrequer_ as early as the year of _Pickwick_.

DickensnounUS /ˈdɪkənz/

a word used in exclamations of confusion

From this reading Thackeray and Dickens themselves are examples of it, with Lever and others, before this dividing line: many others yet come to join them.

Dickens'snounUS /ˈdɪkənzɪz/

possessive form of “dickens” — a word used in exclamations of confusion

From this reading Thackeray's own best accomplished work from _Vanity Fair_ (1846) itself through _Pendennis_ (1849) and _Esmond_ (1852) to _The Newcomes_ (1854); the brilliant centre of Dickens's work in _David Copperfield_ (1850)--stand at the head and have been already noticed by anticipation or implication, while Lever had almost completed the first division of his work, which began with _Harry Lorrequer_ as early as the year of _Pickwick_.

directionnounUS /dərˈekʃən/

a line leading to a place or point

From this reading THE MID-VICTORIAN NOVEL At about the very middle of the nineteenth century--say from 1845 to 1855 in each direction, but almost increasingly towards the actual dividing line of 1850--there came upon the English novel a very remarkable wind of refreshment and new endeavour.

dividingverbUS /dɪˈvaɪdɪŋ/

-ing form of “divide” — separate into parts or portions

From this reading THE MID-VICTORIAN NOVEL At about the very middle of the nineteenth century--say from 1845 to 1855 in each direction, but almost increasingly towards the actual dividing line of 1850--there came upon the English novel a very remarkable wind of refreshment and new endeavour.

divisionnounUS /dɪˈvɪʒən/

an army unit large enough to sustain combat

From this reading Thackeray's own best accomplished work from _Vanity Fair_ (1846) itself through _Pendennis_ (1849) and _Esmond_ (1852) to _The Newcomes_ (1854); the brilliant centre of Dickens's work in _David Copperfield_ (1850)--stand at the head and have been already noticed by anticipation or implication, while Lever had almost completed the first division of his work, which began with _Harry Lorrequer_ as early as the year of _Pickwick_.

eachdeterminerUS /iːtʃ/

every one of two or more people or things, taken separately

From this reading THE MID-VICTORIAN NOVEL At about the very middle of the nineteenth century--say from 1845 to 1855 in each direction, but almost increasingly towards the actual dividing line of 1850--there came upon the English novel a very remarkable wind of refreshment and new endeavour.

earlyadjectiveUS /ˈɜːrli/

at or near the beginning of a period of time or course of events or before the usual or expected time

From this reading Thackeray's own best accomplished work from _Vanity Fair_ (1846) itself through _Pendennis_ (1849) and _Esmond_ (1852) to _The Newcomes_ (1854); the brilliant centre of Dickens's work in _David Copperfield_ (1850)--stand at the head and have been already noticed by anticipation or implication, while Lever had almost completed the first division of his work, which began with _Harry Lorrequer_ as early as the year of _Pickwick_.

endeavournounUS /ɪnˈdevər/

a purposeful or industrious undertaking (especially one that requires effort or boldness)

From this reading THE MID-VICTORIAN NOVEL At about the very middle of the nineteenth century--say from 1845 to 1855 in each direction, but almost increasingly towards the actual dividing line of 1850--there came upon the English novel a very remarkable wind of refreshment and new endeavour.

EnglishnounUS /ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ/

an Indo-European language belonging to the West Germanic branch; the official language of Britain and the United States and most of the commonwealth countries

From this reading THE MID-VICTORIAN NOVEL At about the very middle of the nineteenth century--say from 1845 to 1855 in each direction, but almost increasingly towards the actual dividing line of 1850--there came upon the English novel a very remarkable wind of refreshment and new endeavour.

Esmond

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Thackeray's own best accomplished work from _Vanity Fair_ (1846) itself through _Pendennis_ (1849) and _Esmond_ (1852) to _The Newcomes_ (1854); the brilliant centre of Dickens's work in _David Copperfield_ (1850)--stand at the head and have been already noticed by anticipation or implication, while Lever had almost completed the first division of his work, which began with _Harry Lorrequer_ as early as the year of _Pickwick_.

evenadjectiveUS /ˈiːvɪn/

divisible by two

From this reading But such books as _Yeast_ (1848), _Westward Ho!_ (1855); as _The Warden_ (1855); as _Jane Eyre_ (1847) and its too few successors; as _Scenes of Clerical Life_ (1857); as _Mary Barton_ (1848) and the novels which followed it, with others which it is perhaps almost unfair to leave out even in this allusive summary by sample, betokened a stirring of the waters, a rattling among the bones, such as is not common in literature.

examplesnounUS /ɪɡˈzæmpəlz/

plural of “example” — an item of information that is typical of a class or group

From this reading Thackeray and Dickens themselves are examples of it, with Lever and others, before this dividing line: many others yet come to join them.

EyrenounUS /er/

a shallow salt lake in south central Australia about 35 feet below sea level; the largest lake in the country and the lowest point on the continent

From this reading But such books as _Yeast_ (1848), _Westward Ho!_ (1855); as _The Warden_ (1855); as _Jane Eyre_ (1847) and its too few successors; as _Scenes of Clerical Life_ (1857); as _Mary Barton_ (1848) and the novels which followed it, with others which it is perhaps almost unfair to leave out even in this allusive summary by sample, betokened a stirring of the waters, a rattling among the bones, such as is not common in literature.

FairadjectiveUS /fer/

free from favoritism or self-interest or bias or deception; conforming with established standards or rules

From this reading Thackeray's own best accomplished work from _Vanity Fair_ (1846) itself through _Pendennis_ (1849) and _Esmond_ (1852) to _The Newcomes_ (1854); the brilliant centre of Dickens's work in _David Copperfield_ (1850)--stand at the head and have been already noticed by anticipation or implication, while Lever had almost completed the first division of his work, which began with _Harry Lorrequer_ as early as the year of _Pickwick_.

fewadjectiveUS /fjuː/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “a”; a small but indefinite number

From this reading But such books as _Yeast_ (1848), _Westward Ho!_ (1855); as _The Warden_ (1855); as _Jane Eyre_ (1847) and its too few successors; as _Scenes of Clerical Life_ (1857); as _Mary Barton_ (1848) and the novels which followed it, with others which it is perhaps almost unfair to leave out even in this allusive summary by sample, betokened a stirring of the waters, a rattling among the bones, such as is not common in literature.

firstadjectiveUS /fɜːrst/

preceding all others in time or space or degree

From this reading Thackeray's own best accomplished work from _Vanity Fair_ (1846) itself through _Pendennis_ (1849) and _Esmond_ (1852) to _The Newcomes_ (1854); the brilliant centre of Dickens's work in _David Copperfield_ (1850)--stand at the head and have been already noticed by anticipation or implication, while Lever had almost completed the first division of his work, which began with _Harry Lorrequer_ as early as the year of _Pickwick_.

followedverbUS /ˈfɑːloʊd/

past form of “follow” — to travel behind, go after, come after

From this reading But such books as _Yeast_ (1848), _Westward Ho!_ (1855); as _The Warden_ (1855); as _Jane Eyre_ (1847) and its too few successors; as _Scenes of Clerical Life_ (1857); as _Mary Barton_ (1848) and the novels which followed it, with others which it is perhaps almost unfair to leave out even in this allusive summary by sample, betokened a stirring of the waters, a rattling among the bones, such as is not common in literature.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading THE MID-VICTORIAN NOVEL At about the very middle of the nineteenth century--say from 1845 to 1855 in each direction, but almost increasingly towards the actual dividing line of 1850--there came upon the English novel a very remarkable wind of refreshment and new endeavour.

gainsaying

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading A list of books written out just as they occur to the memory, and without any attempt to marshal them in strict chronological order, would show this beyond all reasonable possibility of gainsaying.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading Thackeray's own best accomplished work from _Vanity Fair_ (1846) itself through _Pendennis_ (1849) and _Esmond_ (1852) to _The Newcomes_ (1854); the brilliant centre of Dickens's work in _David Copperfield_ (1850)--stand at the head and have been already noticed by anticipation or implication, while Lever had almost completed the first division of his work, which began with _Harry Lorrequer_ as early as the year of _Pickwick_.

HarryverbUS /ˈheri/

annoy continually or chronically

From this reading Thackeray's own best accomplished work from _Vanity Fair_ (1846) itself through _Pendennis_ (1849) and _Esmond_ (1852) to _The Newcomes_ (1854); the brilliant centre of Dickens's work in _David Copperfield_ (1850)--stand at the head and have been already noticed by anticipation or implication, while Lever had almost completed the first division of his work, which began with _Harry Lorrequer_ as early as the year of _Pickwick_.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading Thackeray's own best accomplished work from _Vanity Fair_ (1846) itself through _Pendennis_ (1849) and _Esmond_ (1852) to _The Newcomes_ (1854); the brilliant centre of Dickens's work in _David Copperfield_ (1850)--stand at the head and have been already noticed by anticipation or implication, while Lever had almost completed the first division of his work, which began with _Harry Lorrequer_ as early as the year of _Pickwick_.

headnounUS /hed/

the upper part of the human body or the front part of the body in animals; contains the face and brains

From this reading Thackeray's own best accomplished work from _Vanity Fair_ (1846) itself through _Pendennis_ (1849) and _Esmond_ (1852) to _The Newcomes_ (1854); the brilliant centre of Dickens's work in _David Copperfield_ (1850)--stand at the head and have been already noticed by anticipation or implication, while Lever had almost completed the first division of his work, which began with _Harry Lorrequer_ as early as the year of _Pickwick_.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading Thackeray's own best accomplished work from _Vanity Fair_ (1846) itself through _Pendennis_ (1849) and _Esmond_ (1852) to _The Newcomes_ (1854); the brilliant centre of Dickens's work in _David Copperfield_ (1850)--stand at the head and have been already noticed by anticipation or implication, while Lever had almost completed the first division of his work, which began with _Harry Lorrequer_ as early as the year of _Pickwick_.

HonounUS /hoʊ/

a trivalent metallic element of the rare earth group; occurs together with yttrium; forms highly magnetic compounds

From this reading But such books as _Yeast_ (1848), _Westward Ho!_ (1855); as _The Warden_ (1855); as _Jane Eyre_ (1847) and its too few successors; as _Scenes of Clerical Life_ (1857); as _Mary Barton_ (1848) and the novels which followed it, with others which it is perhaps almost unfair to leave out even in this allusive summary by sample, betokened a stirring of the waters, a rattling among the bones, such as is not common in literature.

implicationnounUS /ˌɪmpləˈkeɪʃən/

something that is inferred (deduced or entailed or implied)

From this reading Thackeray's own best accomplished work from _Vanity Fair_ (1846) itself through _Pendennis_ (1849) and _Esmond_ (1852) to _The Newcomes_ (1854); the brilliant centre of Dickens's work in _David Copperfield_ (1850)--stand at the head and have been already noticed by anticipation or implication, while Lever had almost completed the first division of his work, which began with _Harry Lorrequer_ as early as the year of _Pickwick_.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading THE MID-VICTORIAN NOVEL At about the very middle of the nineteenth century--say from 1845 to 1855 in each direction, but almost increasingly towards the actual dividing line of 1850--there came upon the English novel a very remarkable wind of refreshment and new endeavour.

increasinglyadverbUS /ɪnˈkriːsɪŋli/

advancing in amount or intensity

From this reading THE MID-VICTORIAN NOVEL At about the very middle of the nineteenth century--say from 1845 to 1855 in each direction, but almost increasingly towards the actual dividing line of 1850--there came upon the English novel a very remarkable wind of refreshment and new endeavour.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading But such books as _Yeast_ (1848), _Westward Ho!_ (1855); as _The Warden_ (1855); as _Jane Eyre_ (1847) and its too few successors; as _Scenes of Clerical Life_ (1857); as _Mary Barton_ (1848) and the novels which followed it, with others which it is perhaps almost unfair to leave out even in this allusive summary by sample, betokened a stirring of the waters, a rattling among the bones, such as is not common in literature.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading Thackeray and Dickens themselves are examples of it, with Lever and others, before this dividing line: many others yet come to join them.

itsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading But such books as _Yeast_ (1848), _Westward Ho!_ (1855); as _The Warden_ (1855); as _Jane Eyre_ (1847) and its too few successors; as _Scenes of Clerical Life_ (1857); as _Mary Barton_ (1848) and the novels which followed it, with others which it is perhaps almost unfair to leave out even in this allusive summary by sample, betokened a stirring of the waters, a rattling among the bones, such as is not common in literature.

itselfpronounUS /ˌɪtˈself/

used when the thing doing the action is also its object

From this reading Thackeray's own best accomplished work from _Vanity Fair_ (1846) itself through _Pendennis_ (1849) and _Esmond_ (1852) to _The Newcomes_ (1854); the brilliant centre of Dickens's work in _David Copperfield_ (1850)--stand at the head and have been already noticed by anticipation or implication, while Lever had almost completed the first division of his work, which began with _Harry Lorrequer_ as early as the year of _Pickwick_.

Jane

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading But such books as _Yeast_ (1848), _Westward Ho!_ (1855); as _The Warden_ (1855); as _Jane Eyre_ (1847) and its too few successors; as _Scenes of Clerical Life_ (1857); as _Mary Barton_ (1848) and the novels which followed it, with others which it is perhaps almost unfair to leave out even in this allusive summary by sample, betokened a stirring of the waters, a rattling among the bones, such as is not common in literature.

joinverbUS /dʒɔɪn/

become part of; become a member of a group or organization

From this reading Thackeray and Dickens themselves are examples of it, with Lever and others, before this dividing line: many others yet come to join them.

justadverbUS /dʒʌst/

and nothing more

From this reading A list of books written out just as they occur to the memory, and without any attempt to marshal them in strict chronological order, would show this beyond all reasonable possibility of gainsaying.

leaveverbUS /liːv/

go away from a place

From this reading But such books as _Yeast_ (1848), _Westward Ho!_ (1855); as _The Warden_ (1855); as _Jane Eyre_ (1847) and its too few successors; as _Scenes of Clerical Life_ (1857); as _Mary Barton_ (1848) and the novels which followed it, with others which it is perhaps almost unfair to leave out even in this allusive summary by sample, betokened a stirring of the waters, a rattling among the bones, such as is not common in literature.

LevernounUS /ˈlevər/

a rigid bar pivoted about a fulcrum

From this reading Thackeray and Dickens themselves are examples of it, with Lever and others, before this dividing line: many others yet come to join them.

LifenounUS /laɪf/

a characteristic state or mode of living

From this reading But such books as _Yeast_ (1848), _Westward Ho!_ (1855); as _The Warden_ (1855); as _Jane Eyre_ (1847) and its too few successors; as _Scenes of Clerical Life_ (1857); as _Mary Barton_ (1848) and the novels which followed it, with others which it is perhaps almost unfair to leave out even in this allusive summary by sample, betokened a stirring of the waters, a rattling among the bones, such as is not common in literature.

linenounUS /laɪn/

a formation of people or things one beside another

From this reading THE MID-VICTORIAN NOVEL At about the very middle of the nineteenth century--say from 1845 to 1855 in each direction, but almost increasingly towards the actual dividing line of 1850--there came upon the English novel a very remarkable wind of refreshment and new endeavour.

listverbUS /lɪst/

give or make a list of; name individually; give the names of

From this reading A list of books written out just as they occur to the memory, and without any attempt to marshal them in strict chronological order, would show this beyond all reasonable possibility of gainsaying.

literaturenounUS /ˈlɪtərətʃər/

creative writing of recognized artistic value

From this reading But such books as _Yeast_ (1848), _Westward Ho!_ (1855); as _The Warden_ (1855); as _Jane Eyre_ (1847) and its too few successors; as _Scenes of Clerical Life_ (1857); as _Mary Barton_ (1848) and the novels which followed it, with others which it is perhaps almost unfair to leave out even in this allusive summary by sample, betokened a stirring of the waters, a rattling among the bones, such as is not common in literature.

Lorrequer

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Thackeray's own best accomplished work from _Vanity Fair_ (1846) itself through _Pendennis_ (1849) and _Esmond_ (1852) to _The Newcomes_ (1854); the brilliant centre of Dickens's work in _David Copperfield_ (1850)--stand at the head and have been already noticed by anticipation or implication, while Lever had almost completed the first division of his work, which began with _Harry Lorrequer_ as early as the year of _Pickwick_.

manyadjectiveUS /ˈmeni/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “as” or “too” or “so” or “that”; amounting to a large but indefinite number

From this reading Thackeray and Dickens themselves are examples of it, with Lever and others, before this dividing line: many others yet come to join them.

marshalverbUS /ˈmɑːrʃəl/

place in proper rank

From this reading A list of books written out just as they occur to the memory, and without any attempt to marshal them in strict chronological order, would show this beyond all reasonable possibility of gainsaying.

MarynounUS /ˈmeri/

the mother of Jesus; Christians refer to her as the Virgin Mary; she is especially honored by Roman Catholics

From this reading But such books as _Yeast_ (1848), _Westward Ho!_ (1855); as _The Warden_ (1855); as _Jane Eyre_ (1847) and its too few successors; as _Scenes of Clerical Life_ (1857); as _Mary Barton_ (1848) and the novels which followed it, with others which it is perhaps almost unfair to leave out even in this allusive summary by sample, betokened a stirring of the waters, a rattling among the bones, such as is not common in literature.

memorynounUS /ˈmem.ər.i/

The faculty by which the mind stores and remembers information and knowledge.

From this reading A list of books written out just as they occur to the memory, and without any attempt to marshal them in strict chronological order, would show this beyond all reasonable possibility of gainsaying.

MID-VICTORIAN

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading THE MID-VICTORIAN NOVEL At about the very middle of the nineteenth century--say from 1845 to 1855 in each direction, but almost increasingly towards the actual dividing line of 1850--there came upon the English novel a very remarkable wind of refreshment and new endeavour.

middlenounUS /ˈmɪdəl/

an area that is approximately central within some larger region

From this reading THE MID-VICTORIAN NOVEL At about the very middle of the nineteenth century--say from 1845 to 1855 in each direction, but almost increasingly towards the actual dividing line of 1850--there came upon the English novel a very remarkable wind of refreshment and new endeavour.

newadjectiveUS /nuː/

not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered

From this reading THE MID-VICTORIAN NOVEL At about the very middle of the nineteenth century--say from 1845 to 1855 in each direction, but almost increasingly towards the actual dividing line of 1850--there came upon the English novel a very remarkable wind of refreshment and new endeavour.

Newcomes

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Thackeray's own best accomplished work from _Vanity Fair_ (1846) itself through _Pendennis_ (1849) and _Esmond_ (1852) to _The Newcomes_ (1854); the brilliant centre of Dickens's work in _David Copperfield_ (1850)--stand at the head and have been already noticed by anticipation or implication, while Lever had almost completed the first division of his work, which began with _Harry Lorrequer_ as early as the year of _Pickwick_.

nineteenthadjectiveUS /ˈnaɪnˈtiːnθ/

coming next after the eighteenth in position

From this reading THE MID-VICTORIAN NOVEL At about the very middle of the nineteenth century--say from 1845 to 1855 in each direction, but almost increasingly towards the actual dividing line of 1850--there came upon the English novel a very remarkable wind of refreshment and new endeavour.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading But such books as _Yeast_ (1848), _Westward Ho!_ (1855); as _The Warden_ (1855); as _Jane Eyre_ (1847) and its too few successors; as _Scenes of Clerical Life_ (1857); as _Mary Barton_ (1848) and the novels which followed it, with others which it is perhaps almost unfair to leave out even in this allusive summary by sample, betokened a stirring of the waters, a rattling among the bones, such as is not common in literature.

noticedadjectiveUS /ˈnoʊtəst/

being perceived or observed

From this reading Thackeray's own best accomplished work from _Vanity Fair_ (1846) itself through _Pendennis_ (1849) and _Esmond_ (1852) to _The Newcomes_ (1854); the brilliant centre of Dickens's work in _David Copperfield_ (1850)--stand at the head and have been already noticed by anticipation or implication, while Lever had almost completed the first division of his work, which began with _Harry Lorrequer_ as early as the year of _Pickwick_.

NOVELnounUS /ˈnɑːvəl/

an extended fictional work in prose; usually in the form of a story

From this reading THE MID-VICTORIAN NOVEL At about the very middle of the nineteenth century--say from 1845 to 1855 in each direction, but almost increasingly towards the actual dividing line of 1850--there came upon the English novel a very remarkable wind of refreshment and new endeavour.

novelsnounUS /ˈnɑːvəlz/

plural of “novel” — an extended fictional work in prose; usually in the form of a story

From this reading But such books as _Yeast_ (1848), _Westward Ho!_ (1855); as _The Warden_ (1855); as _Jane Eyre_ (1847) and its too few successors; as _Scenes of Clerical Life_ (1857); as _Mary Barton_ (1848) and the novels which followed it, with others which it is perhaps almost unfair to leave out even in this allusive summary by sample, betokened a stirring of the waters, a rattling among the bones, such as is not common in literature.

occurverbUS /əˈkɜːr/

come to pass

From this reading A list of books written out just as they occur to the memory, and without any attempt to marshal them in strict chronological order, would show this beyond all reasonable possibility of gainsaying.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading THE MID-VICTORIAN NOVEL At about the very middle of the nineteenth century--say from 1845 to 1855 in each direction, but almost increasingly towards the actual dividing line of 1850--there came upon the English novel a very remarkable wind of refreshment and new endeavour.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading Thackeray's own best accomplished work from _Vanity Fair_ (1846) itself through _Pendennis_ (1849) and _Esmond_ (1852) to _The Newcomes_ (1854); the brilliant centre of Dickens's work in _David Copperfield_ (1850)--stand at the head and have been already noticed by anticipation or implication, while Lever had almost completed the first division of his work, which began with _Harry Lorrequer_ as early as the year of _Pickwick_.

ordernounUS /ˈɔːrdər/

(often plural) a command given by a superior (e.g., a military or law enforcement officer) that must be obeyed

From this reading A list of books written out just as they occur to the memory, and without any attempt to marshal them in strict chronological order, would show this beyond all reasonable possibility of gainsaying.

others

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Thackeray and Dickens themselves are examples of it, with Lever and others, before this dividing line: many others yet come to join them.

outadjectiveUS /aʊt/

not allowed to continue to bat or run

From this reading A list of books written out just as they occur to the memory, and without any attempt to marshal them in strict chronological order, would show this beyond all reasonable possibility of gainsaying.

ownverbUS /oʊn/

have ownership or possession of

From this reading Thackeray's own best accomplished work from _Vanity Fair_ (1846) itself through _Pendennis_ (1849) and _Esmond_ (1852) to _The Newcomes_ (1854); the brilliant centre of Dickens's work in _David Copperfield_ (1850)--stand at the head and have been already noticed by anticipation or implication, while Lever had almost completed the first division of his work, which began with _Harry Lorrequer_ as early as the year of _Pickwick_.

Pendennis

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Thackeray's own best accomplished work from _Vanity Fair_ (1846) itself through _Pendennis_ (1849) and _Esmond_ (1852) to _The Newcomes_ (1854); the brilliant centre of Dickens's work in _David Copperfield_ (1850)--stand at the head and have been already noticed by anticipation or implication, while Lever had almost completed the first division of his work, which began with _Harry Lorrequer_ as early as the year of _Pickwick_.

perhapsadverbUS /pərˈhæps/

by chance

From this reading But such books as _Yeast_ (1848), _Westward Ho!_ (1855); as _The Warden_ (1855); as _Jane Eyre_ (1847) and its too few successors; as _Scenes of Clerical Life_ (1857); as _Mary Barton_ (1848) and the novels which followed it, with others which it is perhaps almost unfair to leave out even in this allusive summary by sample, betokened a stirring of the waters, a rattling among the bones, such as is not common in literature.

Pickwick

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Thackeray's own best accomplished work from _Vanity Fair_ (1846) itself through _Pendennis_ (1849) and _Esmond_ (1852) to _The Newcomes_ (1854); the brilliant centre of Dickens's work in _David Copperfield_ (1850)--stand at the head and have been already noticed by anticipation or implication, while Lever had almost completed the first division of his work, which began with _Harry Lorrequer_ as early as the year of _Pickwick_.

possibilitynounUS /ˌpɑːsəˈbɪlətiː/

a future prospect or potential

From this reading A list of books written out just as they occur to the memory, and without any attempt to marshal them in strict chronological order, would show this beyond all reasonable possibility of gainsaying.

rattlingnounUS /ˈrætlɪŋ/

a rapid series of short loud sounds (as might be heard with a stethoscope in some types of respiratory disorders)

From this reading But such books as _Yeast_ (1848), _Westward Ho!_ (1855); as _The Warden_ (1855); as _Jane Eyre_ (1847) and its too few successors; as _Scenes of Clerical Life_ (1857); as _Mary Barton_ (1848) and the novels which followed it, with others which it is perhaps almost unfair to leave out even in this allusive summary by sample, betokened a stirring of the waters, a rattling among the bones, such as is not common in literature.

reasonableadjectiveUS /ˈriːzənəbəl/

showing reason or sound judgment

From this reading A list of books written out just as they occur to the memory, and without any attempt to marshal them in strict chronological order, would show this beyond all reasonable possibility of gainsaying.

refreshmentnounUS /rəˈfreʃmənt/

snacks and drinks served as a light meal

From this reading THE MID-VICTORIAN NOVEL At about the very middle of the nineteenth century--say from 1845 to 1855 in each direction, but almost increasingly towards the actual dividing line of 1850--there came upon the English novel a very remarkable wind of refreshment and new endeavour.

remarkableadjectiveUS /rɪˈmɑːrkəbəl/

unusual or striking

From this reading THE MID-VICTORIAN NOVEL At about the very middle of the nineteenth century--say from 1845 to 1855 in each direction, but almost increasingly towards the actual dividing line of 1850--there came upon the English novel a very remarkable wind of refreshment and new endeavour.

samplenounUS /ˈsæmpəl/

a small part of something intended as representative of the whole

From this reading But such books as _Yeast_ (1848), _Westward Ho!_ (1855); as _The Warden_ (1855); as _Jane Eyre_ (1847) and its too few successors; as _Scenes of Clerical Life_ (1857); as _Mary Barton_ (1848) and the novels which followed it, with others which it is perhaps almost unfair to leave out even in this allusive summary by sample, betokened a stirring of the waters, a rattling among the bones, such as is not common in literature.

sayverbUS /seɪ/

express in words

From this reading THE MID-VICTORIAN NOVEL At about the very middle of the nineteenth century--say from 1845 to 1855 in each direction, but almost increasingly towards the actual dividing line of 1850--there came upon the English novel a very remarkable wind of refreshment and new endeavour.

ScenesnounUS /siːnz/

plural of “scene” — the place where some action occurs

From this reading But such books as _Yeast_ (1848), _Westward Ho!_ (1855); as _The Warden_ (1855); as _Jane Eyre_ (1847) and its too few successors; as _Scenes of Clerical Life_ (1857); as _Mary Barton_ (1848) and the novels which followed it, with others which it is perhaps almost unfair to leave out even in this allusive summary by sample, betokened a stirring of the waters, a rattling among the bones, such as is not common in literature.

showverbUS /ʃoʊ/

give an exhibition of to an interested audience

From this reading A list of books written out just as they occur to the memory, and without any attempt to marshal them in strict chronological order, would show this beyond all reasonable possibility of gainsaying.

standverbUS /stænd/

be standing; be upright

From this reading Thackeray's own best accomplished work from _Vanity Fair_ (1846) itself through _Pendennis_ (1849) and _Esmond_ (1852) to _The Newcomes_ (1854); the brilliant centre of Dickens's work in _David Copperfield_ (1850)--stand at the head and have been already noticed by anticipation or implication, while Lever had almost completed the first division of his work, which began with _Harry Lorrequer_ as early as the year of _Pickwick_.

stirringnounUS /ˈstɜːrɪŋ/

agitating a liquid with an implement

From this reading But such books as _Yeast_ (1848), _Westward Ho!_ (1855); as _The Warden_ (1855); as _Jane Eyre_ (1847) and its too few successors; as _Scenes of Clerical Life_ (1857); as _Mary Barton_ (1848) and the novels which followed it, with others which it is perhaps almost unfair to leave out even in this allusive summary by sample, betokened a stirring of the waters, a rattling among the bones, such as is not common in literature.

strictadjectiveUS /strɪkt/

rigidly accurate; allowing no deviation from a standard

From this reading A list of books written out just as they occur to the memory, and without any attempt to marshal them in strict chronological order, would show this beyond all reasonable possibility of gainsaying.

successorsnounUS /səkˈsesərz/

plural of “successor” — a person who follows next in order

From this reading But such books as _Yeast_ (1848), _Westward Ho!_ (1855); as _The Warden_ (1855); as _Jane Eyre_ (1847) and its too few successors; as _Scenes of Clerical Life_ (1857); as _Mary Barton_ (1848) and the novels which followed it, with others which it is perhaps almost unfair to leave out even in this allusive summary by sample, betokened a stirring of the waters, a rattling among the bones, such as is not common in literature.

suchdeterminerUS /sʌtʃ/

of the kind already mentioned

From this reading But such books as _Yeast_ (1848), _Westward Ho!_ (1855); as _The Warden_ (1855); as _Jane Eyre_ (1847) and its too few successors; as _Scenes of Clerical Life_ (1857); as _Mary Barton_ (1848) and the novels which followed it, with others which it is perhaps almost unfair to leave out even in this allusive summary by sample, betokened a stirring of the waters, a rattling among the bones, such as is not common in literature.

summarynounUS /ˈsʌməri/

a brief statement that presents the main points in a concise form

From this reading But such books as _Yeast_ (1848), _Westward Ho!_ (1855); as _The Warden_ (1855); as _Jane Eyre_ (1847) and its too few successors; as _Scenes of Clerical Life_ (1857); as _Mary Barton_ (1848) and the novels which followed it, with others which it is perhaps almost unfair to leave out even in this allusive summary by sample, betokened a stirring of the waters, a rattling among the bones, such as is not common in literature.

ThackeraynounUS /ˈθækəri/

English writer (born in India) (1811-1863)

From this reading Thackeray and Dickens themselves are examples of it, with Lever and others, before this dividing line: many others yet come to join them.

Thackeray's

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Thackeray's own best accomplished work from _Vanity Fair_ (1846) itself through _Pendennis_ (1849) and _Esmond_ (1852) to _The Newcomes_ (1854); the brilliant centre of Dickens's work in _David Copperfield_ (1850)--stand at the head and have been already noticed by anticipation or implication, while Lever had almost completed the first division of his work, which began with _Harry Lorrequer_ as early as the year of _Pickwick_.

THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading THE MID-VICTORIAN NOVEL At about the very middle of the nineteenth century--say from 1845 to 1855 in each direction, but almost increasingly towards the actual dividing line of 1850--there came upon the English novel a very remarkable wind of refreshment and new endeavour.

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading Thackeray and Dickens themselves are examples of it, with Lever and others, before this dividing line: many others yet come to join them.

themselvespronounUS /ðemˈselvz/

used when the people doing the action are also its object

From this reading Thackeray and Dickens themselves are examples of it, with Lever and others, before this dividing line: many others yet come to join them.

thereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading THE MID-VICTORIAN NOVEL At about the very middle of the nineteenth century--say from 1845 to 1855 in each direction, but almost increasingly towards the actual dividing line of 1850--there came upon the English novel a very remarkable wind of refreshment and new endeavour.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading A list of books written out just as they occur to the memory, and without any attempt to marshal them in strict chronological order, would show this beyond all reasonable possibility of gainsaying.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading Thackeray and Dickens themselves are examples of it, with Lever and others, before this dividing line: many others yet come to join them.

throughprepositionUS /θruː/

from one end or side of something to the other

From this reading Thackeray's own best accomplished work from _Vanity Fair_ (1846) itself through _Pendennis_ (1849) and _Esmond_ (1852) to _The Newcomes_ (1854); the brilliant centre of Dickens's work in _David Copperfield_ (1850)--stand at the head and have been already noticed by anticipation or implication, while Lever had almost completed the first division of his work, which began with _Harry Lorrequer_ as early as the year of _Pickwick_.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading THE MID-VICTORIAN NOVEL At about the very middle of the nineteenth century--say from 1845 to 1855 in each direction, but almost increasingly towards the actual dividing line of 1850--there came upon the English novel a very remarkable wind of refreshment and new endeavour.

tooadverbUS /tuː/

to a degree exceeding normal or proper limits

From this reading But such books as _Yeast_ (1848), _Westward Ho!_ (1855); as _The Warden_ (1855); as _Jane Eyre_ (1847) and its too few successors; as _Scenes of Clerical Life_ (1857); as _Mary Barton_ (1848) and the novels which followed it, with others which it is perhaps almost unfair to leave out even in this allusive summary by sample, betokened a stirring of the waters, a rattling among the bones, such as is not common in literature.

towardsprepositionUS /təˈwɔːrdz/

in the direction of

From this reading THE MID-VICTORIAN NOVEL At about the very middle of the nineteenth century--say from 1845 to 1855 in each direction, but almost increasingly towards the actual dividing line of 1850--there came upon the English novel a very remarkable wind of refreshment and new endeavour.

unfairadjectiveUS /ənˈfer/

not fair; marked by injustice or partiality or deception

From this reading But such books as _Yeast_ (1848), _Westward Ho!_ (1855); as _The Warden_ (1855); as _Jane Eyre_ (1847) and its too few successors; as _Scenes of Clerical Life_ (1857); as _Mary Barton_ (1848) and the novels which followed it, with others which it is perhaps almost unfair to leave out even in this allusive summary by sample, betokened a stirring of the waters, a rattling among the bones, such as is not common in literature.

uponprepositionUS /əˈpɑːn/

a formal word for “on”

From this reading THE MID-VICTORIAN NOVEL At about the very middle of the nineteenth century--say from 1845 to 1855 in each direction, but almost increasingly towards the actual dividing line of 1850--there came upon the English novel a very remarkable wind of refreshment and new endeavour.

VanitynounUS /ˈvænəti/

feelings of excessive pride

From this reading Thackeray's own best accomplished work from _Vanity Fair_ (1846) itself through _Pendennis_ (1849) and _Esmond_ (1852) to _The Newcomes_ (1854); the brilliant centre of Dickens's work in _David Copperfield_ (1850)--stand at the head and have been already noticed by anticipation or implication, while Lever had almost completed the first division of his work, which began with _Harry Lorrequer_ as early as the year of _Pickwick_.

veryadjectiveUS /ˈveri/

precisely as stated

From this reading THE MID-VICTORIAN NOVEL At about the very middle of the nineteenth century--say from 1845 to 1855 in each direction, but almost increasingly towards the actual dividing line of 1850--there came upon the English novel a very remarkable wind of refreshment and new endeavour.

WardennounUS /ˈwɔːr.dən/

The chief official or governor in charge of a prison institution.

From this reading But such books as _Yeast_ (1848), _Westward Ho!_ (1855); as _The Warden_ (1855); as _Jane Eyre_ (1847) and its too few successors; as _Scenes of Clerical Life_ (1857); as _Mary Barton_ (1848) and the novels which followed it, with others which it is perhaps almost unfair to leave out even in this allusive summary by sample, betokened a stirring of the waters, a rattling among the bones, such as is not common in literature.

watersnounUS /ˈwɔːtərz/

United States actress and singer (1896-1977)

From this reading But such books as _Yeast_ (1848), _Westward Ho!_ (1855); as _The Warden_ (1855); as _Jane Eyre_ (1847) and its too few successors; as _Scenes of Clerical Life_ (1857); as _Mary Barton_ (1848) and the novels which followed it, with others which it is perhaps almost unfair to leave out even in this allusive summary by sample, betokened a stirring of the waters, a rattling among the bones, such as is not common in literature.

WestwardadverbUS /ˈwestwərd/

toward the west

From this reading But such books as _Yeast_ (1848), _Westward Ho!_ (1855); as _The Warden_ (1855); as _Jane Eyre_ (1847) and its too few successors; as _Scenes of Clerical Life_ (1857); as _Mary Barton_ (1848) and the novels which followed it, with others which it is perhaps almost unfair to leave out even in this allusive summary by sample, betokened a stirring of the waters, a rattling among the bones, such as is not common in literature.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading Thackeray's own best accomplished work from _Vanity Fair_ (1846) itself through _Pendennis_ (1849) and _Esmond_ (1852) to _The Newcomes_ (1854); the brilliant centre of Dickens's work in _David Copperfield_ (1850)--stand at the head and have been already noticed by anticipation or implication, while Lever had almost completed the first division of his work, which began with _Harry Lorrequer_ as early as the year of _Pickwick_.

whileconjunctionUS /waɪl/

during the time that

From this reading Thackeray's own best accomplished work from _Vanity Fair_ (1846) itself through _Pendennis_ (1849) and _Esmond_ (1852) to _The Newcomes_ (1854); the brilliant centre of Dickens's work in _David Copperfield_ (1850)--stand at the head and have been already noticed by anticipation or implication, while Lever had almost completed the first division of his work, which began with _Harry Lorrequer_ as early as the year of _Pickwick_.

windnounUS /waɪnd/

air moving (sometimes with considerable force) from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure

From this reading THE MID-VICTORIAN NOVEL At about the very middle of the nineteenth century--say from 1845 to 1855 in each direction, but almost increasingly towards the actual dividing line of 1850--there came upon the English novel a very remarkable wind of refreshment and new endeavour.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading Thackeray and Dickens themselves are examples of it, with Lever and others, before this dividing line: many others yet come to join them.

withoutprepositionUS /wɪˈθaʊt/

not having, not using, or not accompanied by

From this reading A list of books written out just as they occur to the memory, and without any attempt to marshal them in strict chronological order, would show this beyond all reasonable possibility of gainsaying.

workverbUS /wɜːrk/

exert oneself by doing mental or physical work for a purpose or out of necessity

From this reading Thackeray's own best accomplished work from _Vanity Fair_ (1846) itself through _Pendennis_ (1849) and _Esmond_ (1852) to _The Newcomes_ (1854); the brilliant centre of Dickens's work in _David Copperfield_ (1850)--stand at the head and have been already noticed by anticipation or implication, while Lever had almost completed the first division of his work, which began with _Harry Lorrequer_ as early as the year of _Pickwick_.

wouldmodal verbUS /wʊd/

used for something imagined, polite, or habitual in the past

From this reading A list of books written out just as they occur to the memory, and without any attempt to marshal them in strict chronological order, would show this beyond all reasonable possibility of gainsaying.

writtenadjectiveUS /ˈrɪtən/

set down in writing in any of various ways

From this reading A list of books written out just as they occur to the memory, and without any attempt to marshal them in strict chronological order, would show this beyond all reasonable possibility of gainsaying.

yearnounUS /jɪr/

a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days

From this reading Thackeray's own best accomplished work from _Vanity Fair_ (1846) itself through _Pendennis_ (1849) and _Esmond_ (1852) to _The Newcomes_ (1854); the brilliant centre of Dickens's work in _David Copperfield_ (1850)--stand at the head and have been already noticed by anticipation or implication, while Lever had almost completed the first division of his work, which began with _Harry Lorrequer_ as early as the year of _Pickwick_.

YeastnounUS /jiːst/

a commercial leavening agent containing yeast cells; used to raise the dough in making bread and for fermenting beer or whiskey

From this reading But such books as _Yeast_ (1848), _Westward Ho!_ (1855); as _The Warden_ (1855); as _Jane Eyre_ (1847) and its too few successors; as _Scenes of Clerical Life_ (1857); as _Mary Barton_ (1848) and the novels which followed it, with others which it is perhaps almost unfair to leave out even in this allusive summary by sample, betokened a stirring of the waters, a rattling among the bones, such as is not common in literature.

yetconjunctionUS /jet/

but in spite of that

From this reading Thackeray and Dickens themselves are examples of it, with Lever and others, before this dividing line: many others yet come to join them.

Chapter 7 of The English Novel by George Saintsbury holds 324 sentences, grouped into 65 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 7 of The English Novel contain?

Chapter 7 holds 324 sentences of The English Novel, unabridged, divided into 65 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 7 of The English Novel by George Saintsbury exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 324 sentences, grouped into 65 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 7 of The English Novel?

Work through the 65 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 65 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 7 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 7 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading The English Novel

Common questions about reading The English Novel by George Saintsbury on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of The English Novel?

Yes. All 0 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #? are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of The English Novel is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #?, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does The English Novel take to read?

About 5 minutes of reading across 0 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read The English Novel section by section

How to work through The English Novel section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 0 chapters of The English Novel to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in The English Novel

Words and structures a reader meets early in The English Novel, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Chapter 1
One of the 0 chapters of The English Novel, divided into 5-sentence reading sections.
Chapter 2
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Chapter 3
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