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The English Novel
The English Novel

Chapter VIII · Chapter 8

Chapter 8 of The English Novel is here in full — 401 sentences across 81 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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THE FICTION OF YESTERDAY--CONCLUSION In regard to a large part of the subject of the present chapter the present writer possesses the knowledge of a reviewer, week by week and almost day by day, of contemporary fiction between 1873 and 1895.
It so happened that the beginning of this period coincided very nearly with the beginning of that slightly downward movement of the nineteenth-century novel which has been referred to at the end of the last chapter: and he thus had opportunities of observing it all along its course, till we parted company.
It must again, and most strongly, be insisted that this "downward movement," like such movements generally in literature, is only so to be characterised with considerable provisos and allowances.
Literary "down-grades" are not like the slopes of an inclined plane: they are like portions of a mountain range, in which isolated peaks may shoot up almost level with the very highest of the central group, but in which the table lands are lower, the _average_ height of the hills inferior, and the general sky-line a nearer and nearer approximation to the plain.
At the actual death of Dickens there was no reason for any one less hopelessly pessimist than Peacock's Mr. Toobad, or Sydney Smith's Tuxford waiter, to take a gloomy view of the future of the novel.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
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A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The English Novel

Chapter VIII · Chapter 8

Chapter 8 of The English Novel is here in full — 401 sentences across 81 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/80 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
THE FICTION OF YESTERDAY--CONCLUSION In regard to a large part of the subject of the present chapter the present writer possesses the knowledge of a reviewer, week by week and almost day by day, of contemporary fiction between 1873 and 1895.
Line 2
It so happened that the beginning of this period coincided very nearly with the beginning of that slightly downward movement of the nineteenth-century novel which has been referred to at the end of the last chapter: and he thus had opportunities of observing it all along its course, till we parted company.
Line 3
It must again, and most strongly, be insisted that this "downward movement," like such movements generally in literature, is only so to be characterised with considerable provisos and allowances.
Line 4
Literary "down-grades" are not like the slopes of an inclined plane: they are like portions of a mountain range, in which isolated peaks may shoot up almost level with the very highest of the central group, but in which the table lands are lower, the _average_ height of the hills inferior, and the general sky-line a nearer and nearer approximation to the plain.
Line 5
At the actual death of Dickens there was no reason for any one less hopelessly pessimist than Peacock's Mr. Toobad, or Sydney Smith's Tuxford waiter, to take a gloomy view of the future of the novel.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

allowances noun US /əˈlaʊənsɪz/

plural of “allowance” — an amount allowed or granted (as during a given period)

From this reading “It must again, and most strongly, be insisted that this "downward movement," like such movements generally in literature, is only so to be characterised with considerable provisos and allowances.”

approximation noun US /əˌprɑːksəˈmeɪʃən/

an approximate calculation of quantity or degree or worth

From this reading “Literary "down-grades" are not like the slopes of an inclined plane: they are like portions of a mountain range, in which isolated peaks may shoot up almost level with the very highest of the central group, but in which the table lands are lower, the _average_ height of the hills inferior, and the general sky-line a nearer and nearer approximation to the plain.”

coincided verb US /ˌkoʊənˈsaɪdəd/

past form of “coincide” — go with, fall together

From this reading “It so happened that the beginning of this period coincided very nearly with the beginning of that slightly downward movement of the nineteenth-century novel which has been referred to at the end of the last chapter: and he thus had opportunities of observing it all along its course, till we parted company.”

contemporary adjective US /kənˈtempəreri/

characteristic of the present

From this reading “THE FICTION OF YESTERDAY--CONCLUSION In regard to a large part of the subject of the present chapter the present writer possesses the knowledge of a reviewer, week by week and almost day by day, of contemporary fiction between 1873 and 1895.”

pessimist noun US /ˈpesəməst/

a person who expects the worst

From this reading “At the actual death of Dickens there was no reason for any one less hopelessly pessimist than Peacock's Mr. Toobad, or Sydney Smith's Tuxford waiter, to take a gloomy view of the future of the novel.”

provisos noun US /prəˈvaɪzoʊz/

plural of “proviso” — a stipulated condition

From this reading “It must again, and most strongly, be insisted that this "downward movement," like such movements generally in literature, is only so to be characterised with considerable provisos and allowances.”

reviewer noun US /riˈvjuːər/

someone who reads manuscripts and judges their suitability for publication

From this reading “THE FICTION OF YESTERDAY--CONCLUSION In regard to a large part of the subject of the present chapter the present writer possesses the knowledge of a reviewer, week by week and almost day by day, of contemporary fiction between 1873 and 1895.”

Smith's noun US /smɪθs/

possessive form of “smith” — Rhodesian statesman who declared independence of Zimbabwe from Great Britain (born in 1919)

From this reading “At the actual death of Dickens there was no reason for any one less hopelessly pessimist than Peacock's Mr. Toobad, or Sydney Smith's Tuxford waiter, to take a gloomy view of the future of the novel.”

All words in this reading · 140

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

1873

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading THE FICTION OF YESTERDAY--CONCLUSION In regard to a large part of the subject of the present chapter the present writer possesses the knowledge of a reviewer, week by week and almost day by day, of contemporary fiction between 1873 and 1895.

1895

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading THE FICTION OF YESTERDAY--CONCLUSION In regard to a large part of the subject of the present chapter the present writer possesses the knowledge of a reviewer, week by week and almost day by day, of contemporary fiction between 1873 and 1895.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading THE FICTION OF YESTERDAY--CONCLUSION In regard to a large part of the subject of the present chapter the present writer possesses the knowledge of a reviewer, week by week and almost day by day, of contemporary fiction between 1873 and 1895.

actualadjectiveUS /ˈæktʃəwəl/

presently existing in fact and not merely potential or possible

From this reading At the actual death of Dickens there was no reason for any one less hopelessly pessimist than Peacock's Mr. Toobad, or Sydney Smith's Tuxford waiter, to take a gloomy view of the future of the novel.

againadverbUS /əˈɡen/

anew

From this reading It must again, and most strongly, be insisted that this "downward movement," like such movements generally in literature, is only so to be characterised with considerable provisos and allowances.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading It so happened that the beginning of this period coincided very nearly with the beginning of that slightly downward movement of the nineteenth-century novel which has been referred to at the end of the last chapter: and he thus had opportunities of observing it all along its course, till we parted company.

allowancesnounUS /əˈlaʊənsɪz/

plural of “allowance” — an amount allowed or granted (as during a given period)

From this reading It must again, and most strongly, be insisted that this "downward movement," like such movements generally in literature, is only so to be characterised with considerable provisos and allowances.

almostadverbUS /ˈɔːlmoʊst/

(of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but

From this reading THE FICTION OF YESTERDAY--CONCLUSION In regard to a large part of the subject of the present chapter the present writer possesses the knowledge of a reviewer, week by week and almost day by day, of contemporary fiction between 1873 and 1895.

alongprepositionUS /əˈlɔːŋ/

following the length of something from one end toward the other

From this reading It so happened that the beginning of this period coincided very nearly with the beginning of that slightly downward movement of the nineteenth-century novel which has been referred to at the end of the last chapter: and he thus had opportunities of observing it all along its course, till we parted company.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading Literary "down-grades" are not like the slopes of an inclined plane: they are like portions of a mountain range, in which isolated peaks may shoot up almost level with the very highest of the central group, but in which the table lands are lower, the _average_ height of the hills inferior, and the general sky-line a nearer and nearer approximation to the plain.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading THE FICTION OF YESTERDAY--CONCLUSION In regard to a large part of the subject of the present chapter the present writer possesses the knowledge of a reviewer, week by week and almost day by day, of contemporary fiction between 1873 and 1895.

anyadjectiveUS /ˈeni/

one or some or every or all without specification

From this reading At the actual death of Dickens there was no reason for any one less hopelessly pessimist than Peacock's Mr. Toobad, or Sydney Smith's Tuxford waiter, to take a gloomy view of the future of the novel.

approximationnounUS /əˌprɑːksəˈmeɪʃən/

an approximate calculation of quantity or degree or worth

From this reading Literary "down-grades" are not like the slopes of an inclined plane: they are like portions of a mountain range, in which isolated peaks may shoot up almost level with the very highest of the central group, but in which the table lands are lower, the _average_ height of the hills inferior, and the general sky-line a nearer and nearer approximation to the plain.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading Literary "down-grades" are not like the slopes of an inclined plane: they are like portions of a mountain range, in which isolated peaks may shoot up almost level with the very highest of the central group, but in which the table lands are lower, the _average_ height of the hills inferior, and the general sky-line a nearer and nearer approximation to the plain.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading It so happened that the beginning of this period coincided very nearly with the beginning of that slightly downward movement of the nineteenth-century novel which has been referred to at the end of the last chapter: and he thus had opportunities of observing it all along its course, till we parted company.

averageadjectiveUS /ˈævərɪdʒ/

approximating the statistical norm or average or expected value

From this reading Literary "down-grades" are not like the slopes of an inclined plane: they are like portions of a mountain range, in which isolated peaks may shoot up almost level with the very highest of the central group, but in which the table lands are lower, the _average_ height of the hills inferior, and the general sky-line a nearer and nearer approximation to the plain.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading It must again, and most strongly, be insisted that this "downward movement," like such movements generally in literature, is only so to be characterised with considerable provisos and allowances.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading It so happened that the beginning of this period coincided very nearly with the beginning of that slightly downward movement of the nineteenth-century novel which has been referred to at the end of the last chapter: and he thus had opportunities of observing it all along its course, till we parted company.

beginningnounUS /bɪˈɡɪnɪŋ/

the event consisting of the start of something

From this reading It so happened that the beginning of this period coincided very nearly with the beginning of that slightly downward movement of the nineteenth-century novel which has been referred to at the end of the last chapter: and he thus had opportunities of observing it all along its course, till we parted company.

betweenprepositionUS /bɪˈtwiːn/

in the space, time, or range separating two things

From this reading THE FICTION OF YESTERDAY--CONCLUSION In regard to a large part of the subject of the present chapter the present writer possesses the knowledge of a reviewer, week by week and almost day by day, of contemporary fiction between 1873 and 1895.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading Literary "down-grades" are not like the slopes of an inclined plane: they are like portions of a mountain range, in which isolated peaks may shoot up almost level with the very highest of the central group, but in which the table lands are lower, the _average_ height of the hills inferior, and the general sky-line a nearer and nearer approximation to the plain.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading THE FICTION OF YESTERDAY--CONCLUSION In regard to a large part of the subject of the present chapter the present writer possesses the knowledge of a reviewer, week by week and almost day by day, of contemporary fiction between 1873 and 1895.

centraladjectiveUS /ˈsentrəl/

serving as an essential component

From this reading Literary "down-grades" are not like the slopes of an inclined plane: they are like portions of a mountain range, in which isolated peaks may shoot up almost level with the very highest of the central group, but in which the table lands are lower, the _average_ height of the hills inferior, and the general sky-line a nearer and nearer approximation to the plain.

chapternounUS /ˈtʃæptər/

a subdivision of a written work; usually numbered and titled

From this reading THE FICTION OF YESTERDAY--CONCLUSION In regard to a large part of the subject of the present chapter the present writer possesses the knowledge of a reviewer, week by week and almost day by day, of contemporary fiction between 1873 and 1895.

characterised

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading It must again, and most strongly, be insisted that this "downward movement," like such movements generally in literature, is only so to be characterised with considerable provisos and allowances.

coincidedverbUS /ˌkoʊənˈsaɪdəd/

past form of “coincide” — go with, fall together

From this reading It so happened that the beginning of this period coincided very nearly with the beginning of that slightly downward movement of the nineteenth-century novel which has been referred to at the end of the last chapter: and he thus had opportunities of observing it all along its course, till we parted company.

companynounUS /ˈkʌmpəniː/

an institution created to conduct business

From this reading It so happened that the beginning of this period coincided very nearly with the beginning of that slightly downward movement of the nineteenth-century novel which has been referred to at the end of the last chapter: and he thus had opportunities of observing it all along its course, till we parted company.

CONCLUSIONnounUS /kənˈkluːʒən/

a position or opinion or judgment reached after consideration

From this reading THE FICTION OF YESTERDAY--CONCLUSION In regard to a large part of the subject of the present chapter the present writer possesses the knowledge of a reviewer, week by week and almost day by day, of contemporary fiction between 1873 and 1895.

considerableadjectiveUS /kənˈsɪdərəbəl/

large or relatively large in number or amount or extent or degree

From this reading It must again, and most strongly, be insisted that this "downward movement," like such movements generally in literature, is only so to be characterised with considerable provisos and allowances.

contemporaryadjectiveUS /kənˈtempəreri/

characteristic of the present

From this reading THE FICTION OF YESTERDAY--CONCLUSION In regard to a large part of the subject of the present chapter the present writer possesses the knowledge of a reviewer, week by week and almost day by day, of contemporary fiction between 1873 and 1895.

coursenounUS /kɔːrs/

education imparted in a series of lessons or meetings

From this reading It so happened that the beginning of this period coincided very nearly with the beginning of that slightly downward movement of the nineteenth-century novel which has been referred to at the end of the last chapter: and he thus had opportunities of observing it all along its course, till we parted company.

daynounUS /deɪ/

time for Earth to make a complete rotation on its axis

From this reading THE FICTION OF YESTERDAY--CONCLUSION In regard to a large part of the subject of the present chapter the present writer possesses the knowledge of a reviewer, week by week and almost day by day, of contemporary fiction between 1873 and 1895.

deathnounUS /deθ/

the event of dying or departure from life

From this reading At the actual death of Dickens there was no reason for any one less hopelessly pessimist than Peacock's Mr. Toobad, or Sydney Smith's Tuxford waiter, to take a gloomy view of the future of the novel.

DickensnounUS /ˈdɪkənz/

a word used in exclamations of confusion

From this reading At the actual death of Dickens there was no reason for any one less hopelessly pessimist than Peacock's Mr. Toobad, or Sydney Smith's Tuxford waiter, to take a gloomy view of the future of the novel.

down-grades

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Literary "down-grades" are not like the slopes of an inclined plane: they are like portions of a mountain range, in which isolated peaks may shoot up almost level with the very highest of the central group, but in which the table lands are lower, the _average_ height of the hills inferior, and the general sky-line a nearer and nearer approximation to the plain.

downwardadjectiveUS /ˈdaʊnwərd/

extending or moving from a higher to a lower place

From this reading It so happened that the beginning of this period coincided very nearly with the beginning of that slightly downward movement of the nineteenth-century novel which has been referred to at the end of the last chapter: and he thus had opportunities of observing it all along its course, till we parted company.

endnounUS /end/

either extremity of something that has length

From this reading It so happened that the beginning of this period coincided very nearly with the beginning of that slightly downward movement of the nineteenth-century novel which has been referred to at the end of the last chapter: and he thus had opportunities of observing it all along its course, till we parted company.

FICTIONnounUS /ˈfɪkʃən/

a literary work based on the imagination and not necessarily on fact

From this reading THE FICTION OF YESTERDAY--CONCLUSION In regard to a large part of the subject of the present chapter the present writer possesses the knowledge of a reviewer, week by week and almost day by day, of contemporary fiction between 1873 and 1895.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading At the actual death of Dickens there was no reason for any one less hopelessly pessimist than Peacock's Mr. Toobad, or Sydney Smith's Tuxford waiter, to take a gloomy view of the future of the novel.

futureadjectiveUS /ˈfjuːtʃər/

yet to be or coming

From this reading At the actual death of Dickens there was no reason for any one less hopelessly pessimist than Peacock's Mr. Toobad, or Sydney Smith's Tuxford waiter, to take a gloomy view of the future of the novel.

generaladjectiveUS /ˈdʒenərəl/

applying to all or most members of a category or group

From this reading Literary "down-grades" are not like the slopes of an inclined plane: they are like portions of a mountain range, in which isolated peaks may shoot up almost level with the very highest of the central group, but in which the table lands are lower, the _average_ height of the hills inferior, and the general sky-line a nearer and nearer approximation to the plain.

generallyadverbUS /ˈdʒenərəli/

usually; as a rule

From this reading It must again, and most strongly, be insisted that this "downward movement," like such movements generally in literature, is only so to be characterised with considerable provisos and allowances.

gloomyadjectiveUS /ˈɡluːmi/

depressingly dark

From this reading At the actual death of Dickens there was no reason for any one less hopelessly pessimist than Peacock's Mr. Toobad, or Sydney Smith's Tuxford waiter, to take a gloomy view of the future of the novel.

groupnounUS /ɡruːp/

any number of entities (members) considered as a unit

From this reading Literary "down-grades" are not like the slopes of an inclined plane: they are like portions of a mountain range, in which isolated peaks may shoot up almost level with the very highest of the central group, but in which the table lands are lower, the _average_ height of the hills inferior, and the general sky-line a nearer and nearer approximation to the plain.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading It so happened that the beginning of this period coincided very nearly with the beginning of that slightly downward movement of the nineteenth-century novel which has been referred to at the end of the last chapter: and he thus had opportunities of observing it all along its course, till we parted company.

happenedverbUS /ˈhæpənd/

past form of “happen” — come to pass

From this reading It so happened that the beginning of this period coincided very nearly with the beginning of that slightly downward movement of the nineteenth-century novel which has been referred to at the end of the last chapter: and he thus had opportunities of observing it all along its course, till we parted company.

hasauxiliary verbUS /hæz/

the form of “have” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading It so happened that the beginning of this period coincided very nearly with the beginning of that slightly downward movement of the nineteenth-century novel which has been referred to at the end of the last chapter: and he thus had opportunities of observing it all along its course, till we parted company.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading It so happened that the beginning of this period coincided very nearly with the beginning of that slightly downward movement of the nineteenth-century novel which has been referred to at the end of the last chapter: and he thus had opportunities of observing it all along its course, till we parted company.

heightnounUS /haɪt/

the vertical dimension of extension; distance from the base of something to the top

From this reading Literary "down-grades" are not like the slopes of an inclined plane: they are like portions of a mountain range, in which isolated peaks may shoot up almost level with the very highest of the central group, but in which the table lands are lower, the _average_ height of the hills inferior, and the general sky-line a nearer and nearer approximation to the plain.

highestadjectiveUS /ˈhaɪəst/

superlative of “high” — greater than normal in degree or intensity or amount

From this reading Literary "down-grades" are not like the slopes of an inclined plane: they are like portions of a mountain range, in which isolated peaks may shoot up almost level with the very highest of the central group, but in which the table lands are lower, the _average_ height of the hills inferior, and the general sky-line a nearer and nearer approximation to the plain.

hillsnounUS /hɪlz/

plural of “hill” — a local and well-defined elevation of the land

From this reading Literary "down-grades" are not like the slopes of an inclined plane: they are like portions of a mountain range, in which isolated peaks may shoot up almost level with the very highest of the central group, but in which the table lands are lower, the _average_ height of the hills inferior, and the general sky-line a nearer and nearer approximation to the plain.

hopelesslyadverbUS /ˈhoʊpləsli/

in a hopeless manner

From this reading At the actual death of Dickens there was no reason for any one less hopelessly pessimist than Peacock's Mr. Toobad, or Sydney Smith's Tuxford waiter, to take a gloomy view of the future of the novel.

InprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading THE FICTION OF YESTERDAY--CONCLUSION In regard to a large part of the subject of the present chapter the present writer possesses the knowledge of a reviewer, week by week and almost day by day, of contemporary fiction between 1873 and 1895.

inclinedadjectiveUS /ˌɪnˈklaɪnd/

(often followed by “to”) having a preference, disposition, or tendency

From this reading Literary "down-grades" are not like the slopes of an inclined plane: they are like portions of a mountain range, in which isolated peaks may shoot up almost level with the very highest of the central group, but in which the table lands are lower, the _average_ height of the hills inferior, and the general sky-line a nearer and nearer approximation to the plain.

inferioradjectiveUS /ˌɪnˈfɪriər/

of or characteristic of low rank or importance

From this reading Literary "down-grades" are not like the slopes of an inclined plane: they are like portions of a mountain range, in which isolated peaks may shoot up almost level with the very highest of the central group, but in which the table lands are lower, the _average_ height of the hills inferior, and the general sky-line a nearer and nearer approximation to the plain.

insistedverbUS /ˌɪnˈsɪstəd/

past form of “insist” — be emphatic or resolute and refuse to budge

From this reading It must again, and most strongly, be insisted that this "downward movement," like such movements generally in literature, is only so to be characterised with considerable provisos and allowances.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading It must again, and most strongly, be insisted that this "downward movement," like such movements generally in literature, is only so to be characterised with considerable provisos and allowances.

isolatedadjectiveUS /ˈaɪsəleɪtəd/

not close together in time

From this reading Literary "down-grades" are not like the slopes of an inclined plane: they are like portions of a mountain range, in which isolated peaks may shoot up almost level with the very highest of the central group, but in which the table lands are lower, the _average_ height of the hills inferior, and the general sky-line a nearer and nearer approximation to the plain.

ItpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading It so happened that the beginning of this period coincided very nearly with the beginning of that slightly downward movement of the nineteenth-century novel which has been referred to at the end of the last chapter: and he thus had opportunities of observing it all along its course, till we parted company.

itsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading It so happened that the beginning of this period coincided very nearly with the beginning of that slightly downward movement of the nineteenth-century novel which has been referred to at the end of the last chapter: and he thus had opportunities of observing it all along its course, till we parted company.

knowledgenounUS /ˈnɑːlədʒ/

the psychological result of perception and learning and reasoning

From this reading THE FICTION OF YESTERDAY--CONCLUSION In regard to a large part of the subject of the present chapter the present writer possesses the knowledge of a reviewer, week by week and almost day by day, of contemporary fiction between 1873 and 1895.

landsnounUS /lændz/

plural of “land” — the land on which real estate is located

From this reading Literary "down-grades" are not like the slopes of an inclined plane: they are like portions of a mountain range, in which isolated peaks may shoot up almost level with the very highest of the central group, but in which the table lands are lower, the _average_ height of the hills inferior, and the general sky-line a nearer and nearer approximation to the plain.

largeadjectiveUS /lɑːrdʒ/

above average in size or number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading THE FICTION OF YESTERDAY--CONCLUSION In regard to a large part of the subject of the present chapter the present writer possesses the knowledge of a reviewer, week by week and almost day by day, of contemporary fiction between 1873 and 1895.

lastadjectiveUS /læst/

immediately past

From this reading It so happened that the beginning of this period coincided very nearly with the beginning of that slightly downward movement of the nineteenth-century novel which has been referred to at the end of the last chapter: and he thus had opportunities of observing it all along its course, till we parted company.

lessadverbUS /les/

used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs

From this reading At the actual death of Dickens there was no reason for any one less hopelessly pessimist than Peacock's Mr. Toobad, or Sydney Smith's Tuxford waiter, to take a gloomy view of the future of the novel.

levelnounUS /ˈlevəl/

a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality

From this reading Literary "down-grades" are not like the slopes of an inclined plane: they are like portions of a mountain range, in which isolated peaks may shoot up almost level with the very highest of the central group, but in which the table lands are lower, the _average_ height of the hills inferior, and the general sky-line a nearer and nearer approximation to the plain.

likeverbUS /laɪk/

prefer or wish to do something

From this reading It must again, and most strongly, be insisted that this "downward movement," like such movements generally in literature, is only so to be characterised with considerable provisos and allowances.

LiteraryadjectiveUS /ˈlɪtəreri/

of or relating to or characteristic of literature

From this reading Literary "down-grades" are not like the slopes of an inclined plane: they are like portions of a mountain range, in which isolated peaks may shoot up almost level with the very highest of the central group, but in which the table lands are lower, the _average_ height of the hills inferior, and the general sky-line a nearer and nearer approximation to the plain.

literaturenounUS /ˈlɪtərətʃər/

creative writing of recognized artistic value

From this reading It must again, and most strongly, be insisted that this "downward movement," like such movements generally in literature, is only so to be characterised with considerable provisos and allowances.

lowerverbUS /ˈloʊər/

move something or somebody to a lower position

From this reading Literary "down-grades" are not like the slopes of an inclined plane: they are like portions of a mountain range, in which isolated peaks may shoot up almost level with the very highest of the central group, but in which the table lands are lower, the _average_ height of the hills inferior, and the general sky-line a nearer and nearer approximation to the plain.

maymodal verbUS /meɪ/

used to say something is possible, or to give permission

From this reading Literary "down-grades" are not like the slopes of an inclined plane: they are like portions of a mountain range, in which isolated peaks may shoot up almost level with the very highest of the central group, but in which the table lands are lower, the _average_ height of the hills inferior, and the general sky-line a nearer and nearer approximation to the plain.

mostadverbUS /moʊst/

used to form the superlative

From this reading It must again, and most strongly, be insisted that this "downward movement," like such movements generally in literature, is only so to be characterised with considerable provisos and allowances.

mountainnounUS /ˈmaʊntən/

a land mass that projects well above its surroundings; higher than a hill

From this reading Literary "down-grades" are not like the slopes of an inclined plane: they are like portions of a mountain range, in which isolated peaks may shoot up almost level with the very highest of the central group, but in which the table lands are lower, the _average_ height of the hills inferior, and the general sky-line a nearer and nearer approximation to the plain.

movementnounUS /ˈmuːvmənt/

a change of position that does not entail a change of location

From this reading It so happened that the beginning of this period coincided very nearly with the beginning of that slightly downward movement of the nineteenth-century novel which has been referred to at the end of the last chapter: and he thus had opportunities of observing it all along its course, till we parted company.

movementsnounUS /ˈmuːvmənts/

plural of “movement” — a change of position that does not entail a change of location

From this reading It must again, and most strongly, be insisted that this "downward movement," like such movements generally in literature, is only so to be characterised with considerable provisos and allowances.

MrnounUS /ˈmɪstər/

a form of address for a man

From this reading At the actual death of Dickens there was no reason for any one less hopelessly pessimist than Peacock's Mr. Toobad, or Sydney Smith's Tuxford waiter, to take a gloomy view of the future of the novel.

mustmodal verbUS /mʌst/

used to say something is necessary, or almost certainly true

From this reading It must again, and most strongly, be insisted that this "downward movement," like such movements generally in literature, is only so to be characterised with considerable provisos and allowances.

neareradverbUS /ˈnɪrər/

(comparative of “near” or “close”) within a shorter distance

From this reading Literary "down-grades" are not like the slopes of an inclined plane: they are like portions of a mountain range, in which isolated peaks may shoot up almost level with the very highest of the central group, but in which the table lands are lower, the _average_ height of the hills inferior, and the general sky-line a nearer and nearer approximation to the plain.

nearlyadverbUS /ˈnɪrli/

(of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but

From this reading It so happened that the beginning of this period coincided very nearly with the beginning of that slightly downward movement of the nineteenth-century novel which has been referred to at the end of the last chapter: and he thus had opportunities of observing it all along its course, till we parted company.

nineteenth-century

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading It so happened that the beginning of this period coincided very nearly with the beginning of that slightly downward movement of the nineteenth-century novel which has been referred to at the end of the last chapter: and he thus had opportunities of observing it all along its course, till we parted company.

nodeterminerUS /noʊ/

not any; not one

From this reading At the actual death of Dickens there was no reason for any one less hopelessly pessimist than Peacock's Mr. Toobad, or Sydney Smith's Tuxford waiter, to take a gloomy view of the future of the novel.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading Literary "down-grades" are not like the slopes of an inclined plane: they are like portions of a mountain range, in which isolated peaks may shoot up almost level with the very highest of the central group, but in which the table lands are lower, the _average_ height of the hills inferior, and the general sky-line a nearer and nearer approximation to the plain.

novelnounUS /ˈnɑːvəl/

an extended fictional work in prose; usually in the form of a story

From this reading It so happened that the beginning of this period coincided very nearly with the beginning of that slightly downward movement of the nineteenth-century novel which has been referred to at the end of the last chapter: and he thus had opportunities of observing it all along its course, till we parted company.

observingadjectiveUS /əbˈzɜːrvɪŋ/

quick to notice; showing quick and keen perception

From this reading It so happened that the beginning of this period coincided very nearly with the beginning of that slightly downward movement of the nineteenth-century novel which has been referred to at the end of the last chapter: and he thus had opportunities of observing it all along its course, till we parted company.

OFprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading THE FICTION OF YESTERDAY--CONCLUSION In regard to a large part of the subject of the present chapter the present writer possesses the knowledge of a reviewer, week by week and almost day by day, of contemporary fiction between 1873 and 1895.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading At the actual death of Dickens there was no reason for any one less hopelessly pessimist than Peacock's Mr. Toobad, or Sydney Smith's Tuxford waiter, to take a gloomy view of the future of the novel.

onlyadverbUS /ˈoʊnli/

and nothing more

From this reading It must again, and most strongly, be insisted that this "downward movement," like such movements generally in literature, is only so to be characterised with considerable provisos and allowances.

opportunitiesnounUS /ˌɑːpərˈtuːnətiz/

plural of “opportunity” — a possibility due to a favorable combination of circumstances

From this reading It so happened that the beginning of this period coincided very nearly with the beginning of that slightly downward movement of the nineteenth-century novel which has been referred to at the end of the last chapter: and he thus had opportunities of observing it all along its course, till we parted company.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading At the actual death of Dickens there was no reason for any one less hopelessly pessimist than Peacock's Mr. Toobad, or Sydney Smith's Tuxford waiter, to take a gloomy view of the future of the novel.

partnounUS /pɑːrt/

something determined in relation to something that includes it

From this reading THE FICTION OF YESTERDAY--CONCLUSION In regard to a large part of the subject of the present chapter the present writer possesses the knowledge of a reviewer, week by week and almost day by day, of contemporary fiction between 1873 and 1895.

partedadjectiveUS /ˈpɑːrtɪd/

having a margin incised almost to the base so as to create distinct divisions or lobes

From this reading It so happened that the beginning of this period coincided very nearly with the beginning of that slightly downward movement of the nineteenth-century novel which has been referred to at the end of the last chapter: and he thus had opportunities of observing it all along its course, till we parted company.

Peacock's

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading At the actual death of Dickens there was no reason for any one less hopelessly pessimist than Peacock's Mr. Toobad, or Sydney Smith's Tuxford waiter, to take a gloomy view of the future of the novel.

peaksnounUS /piːks/

plural of “peak” — the most extreme possible amount or value

From this reading Literary "down-grades" are not like the slopes of an inclined plane: they are like portions of a mountain range, in which isolated peaks may shoot up almost level with the very highest of the central group, but in which the table lands are lower, the _average_ height of the hills inferior, and the general sky-line a nearer and nearer approximation to the plain.

periodnounUS /ˈpɪriəd/

an amount of time

From this reading It so happened that the beginning of this period coincided very nearly with the beginning of that slightly downward movement of the nineteenth-century novel which has been referred to at the end of the last chapter: and he thus had opportunities of observing it all along its course, till we parted company.

pessimistnounUS /ˈpesəməst/

a person who expects the worst

From this reading At the actual death of Dickens there was no reason for any one less hopelessly pessimist than Peacock's Mr. Toobad, or Sydney Smith's Tuxford waiter, to take a gloomy view of the future of the novel.

plainadjectiveUS /pleɪn/

clearly revealed to the mind or the senses or judgment

From this reading Literary "down-grades" are not like the slopes of an inclined plane: they are like portions of a mountain range, in which isolated peaks may shoot up almost level with the very highest of the central group, but in which the table lands are lower, the _average_ height of the hills inferior, and the general sky-line a nearer and nearer approximation to the plain.

planenounUS /pleɪn/

an aircraft that has a fixed wing and is powered by propellers or jets

From this reading Literary "down-grades" are not like the slopes of an inclined plane: they are like portions of a mountain range, in which isolated peaks may shoot up almost level with the very highest of the central group, but in which the table lands are lower, the _average_ height of the hills inferior, and the general sky-line a nearer and nearer approximation to the plain.

portionsnounUS /ˈpɔːrʃənz/

plural of “portion” — something determined in relation to something that includes it

From this reading Literary "down-grades" are not like the slopes of an inclined plane: they are like portions of a mountain range, in which isolated peaks may shoot up almost level with the very highest of the central group, but in which the table lands are lower, the _average_ height of the hills inferior, and the general sky-line a nearer and nearer approximation to the plain.

possessesverbUS /pəˈzesəz/

third-person singular of “possess” — have as an attribute, knowledge, or skill

From this reading THE FICTION OF YESTERDAY--CONCLUSION In regard to a large part of the subject of the present chapter the present writer possesses the knowledge of a reviewer, week by week and almost day by day, of contemporary fiction between 1873 and 1895.

presentverbUS /ˈprezənt/

give an exhibition of to an interested audience

From this reading THE FICTION OF YESTERDAY--CONCLUSION In regard to a large part of the subject of the present chapter the present writer possesses the knowledge of a reviewer, week by week and almost day by day, of contemporary fiction between 1873 and 1895.

provisosnounUS /prəˈvaɪzoʊz/

plural of “proviso” — a stipulated condition

From this reading It must again, and most strongly, be insisted that this "downward movement," like such movements generally in literature, is only so to be characterised with considerable provisos and allowances.

rangenounUS /reɪndʒ/

an area in which something acts or operates or has power or control: "the range of a supersonic jet"

From this reading Literary "down-grades" are not like the slopes of an inclined plane: they are like portions of a mountain range, in which isolated peaks may shoot up almost level with the very highest of the central group, but in which the table lands are lower, the _average_ height of the hills inferior, and the general sky-line a nearer and nearer approximation to the plain.

reasonnounUS /ˈriːzən/

a rational motive for a belief or action

From this reading At the actual death of Dickens there was no reason for any one less hopelessly pessimist than Peacock's Mr. Toobad, or Sydney Smith's Tuxford waiter, to take a gloomy view of the future of the novel.

referredverbUS /rəˈfɜːrd/

inflected form of “refer” — make reference to

From this reading It so happened that the beginning of this period coincided very nearly with the beginning of that slightly downward movement of the nineteenth-century novel which has been referred to at the end of the last chapter: and he thus had opportunities of observing it all along its course, till we parted company.

regardnounUS /rɪˈɡɑːrd/

(usually preceded by “in”) a detail or point

From this reading THE FICTION OF YESTERDAY--CONCLUSION In regard to a large part of the subject of the present chapter the present writer possesses the knowledge of a reviewer, week by week and almost day by day, of contemporary fiction between 1873 and 1895.

reviewernounUS /riˈvjuːər/

someone who reads manuscripts and judges their suitability for publication

From this reading THE FICTION OF YESTERDAY--CONCLUSION In regard to a large part of the subject of the present chapter the present writer possesses the knowledge of a reviewer, week by week and almost day by day, of contemporary fiction between 1873 and 1895.

shootverbUS /ʃuːt/

hit with a missile from a weapon

From this reading Literary "down-grades" are not like the slopes of an inclined plane: they are like portions of a mountain range, in which isolated peaks may shoot up almost level with the very highest of the central group, but in which the table lands are lower, the _average_ height of the hills inferior, and the general sky-line a nearer and nearer approximation to the plain.

sky-line

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Literary "down-grades" are not like the slopes of an inclined plane: they are like portions of a mountain range, in which isolated peaks may shoot up almost level with the very highest of the central group, but in which the table lands are lower, the _average_ height of the hills inferior, and the general sky-line a nearer and nearer approximation to the plain.

slightlyadverbUS /ˈslaɪtli/

to a small degree or extent

From this reading It so happened that the beginning of this period coincided very nearly with the beginning of that slightly downward movement of the nineteenth-century novel which has been referred to at the end of the last chapter: and he thus had opportunities of observing it all along its course, till we parted company.

slopesnounUS /sloʊps/

plural of “slope” — an elevated geological formation

From this reading Literary "down-grades" are not like the slopes of an inclined plane: they are like portions of a mountain range, in which isolated peaks may shoot up almost level with the very highest of the central group, but in which the table lands are lower, the _average_ height of the hills inferior, and the general sky-line a nearer and nearer approximation to the plain.

Smith'snounUS /smɪθs/

possessive form of “smith” — Rhodesian statesman who declared independence of Zimbabwe from Great Britain (born in 1919)

From this reading At the actual death of Dickens there was no reason for any one less hopelessly pessimist than Peacock's Mr. Toobad, or Sydney Smith's Tuxford waiter, to take a gloomy view of the future of the novel.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading It so happened that the beginning of this period coincided very nearly with the beginning of that slightly downward movement of the nineteenth-century novel which has been referred to at the end of the last chapter: and he thus had opportunities of observing it all along its course, till we parted company.

stronglyadverbUS /ˈstrɔːŋli/

with strength or in a strong manner

From this reading It must again, and most strongly, be insisted that this "downward movement," like such movements generally in literature, is only so to be characterised with considerable provisos and allowances.

subjectnounUS /səbˈdʒekt/

the subject matter of a conversation or discussion

From this reading THE FICTION OF YESTERDAY--CONCLUSION In regard to a large part of the subject of the present chapter the present writer possesses the knowledge of a reviewer, week by week and almost day by day, of contemporary fiction between 1873 and 1895.

suchdeterminerUS /sʌtʃ/

of the kind already mentioned

From this reading It must again, and most strongly, be insisted that this "downward movement," like such movements generally in literature, is only so to be characterised with considerable provisos and allowances.

SydneynounUS /ˈsɪdni/

the largest Australian city located in southeastern Australia on the Tasman Sea; state capital of New South Wales; Australia's chief port

From this reading At the actual death of Dickens there was no reason for any one less hopelessly pessimist than Peacock's Mr. Toobad, or Sydney Smith's Tuxford waiter, to take a gloomy view of the future of the novel.

tablenounUS /ˈteɪbəl/

a set of data arranged in rows and columns

From this reading Literary "down-grades" are not like the slopes of an inclined plane: they are like portions of a mountain range, in which isolated peaks may shoot up almost level with the very highest of the central group, but in which the table lands are lower, the _average_ height of the hills inferior, and the general sky-line a nearer and nearer approximation to the plain.

takeverbUS /teɪk/

carry out

From this reading At the actual death of Dickens there was no reason for any one less hopelessly pessimist than Peacock's Mr. Toobad, or Sydney Smith's Tuxford waiter, to take a gloomy view of the future of the novel.

thanconjunctionUS /ðæn/

used to introduce the second part of a comparison

From this reading At the actual death of Dickens there was no reason for any one less hopelessly pessimist than Peacock's Mr. Toobad, or Sydney Smith's Tuxford waiter, to take a gloomy view of the future of the novel.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading It so happened that the beginning of this period coincided very nearly with the beginning of that slightly downward movement of the nineteenth-century novel which has been referred to at the end of the last chapter: and he thus had opportunities of observing it all along its course, till we parted company.

THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading THE FICTION OF YESTERDAY--CONCLUSION In regard to a large part of the subject of the present chapter the present writer possesses the knowledge of a reviewer, week by week and almost day by day, of contemporary fiction between 1873 and 1895.

thereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading At the actual death of Dickens there was no reason for any one less hopelessly pessimist than Peacock's Mr. Toobad, or Sydney Smith's Tuxford waiter, to take a gloomy view of the future of the novel.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading Literary "down-grades" are not like the slopes of an inclined plane: they are like portions of a mountain range, in which isolated peaks may shoot up almost level with the very highest of the central group, but in which the table lands are lower, the _average_ height of the hills inferior, and the general sky-line a nearer and nearer approximation to the plain.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading It so happened that the beginning of this period coincided very nearly with the beginning of that slightly downward movement of the nineteenth-century novel which has been referred to at the end of the last chapter: and he thus had opportunities of observing it all along its course, till we parted company.

thusadverbUS /ðʌs/

(used to introduce a logical conclusion) from that fact or reason or as a result

From this reading It so happened that the beginning of this period coincided very nearly with the beginning of that slightly downward movement of the nineteenth-century novel which has been referred to at the end of the last chapter: and he thus had opportunities of observing it all along its course, till we parted company.

tillprepositionUS /tɪl/

up to a particular time

From this reading It so happened that the beginning of this period coincided very nearly with the beginning of that slightly downward movement of the nineteenth-century novel which has been referred to at the end of the last chapter: and he thus had opportunities of observing it all along its course, till we parted company.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading THE FICTION OF YESTERDAY--CONCLUSION In regard to a large part of the subject of the present chapter the present writer possesses the knowledge of a reviewer, week by week and almost day by day, of contemporary fiction between 1873 and 1895.

Toobad

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading At the actual death of Dickens there was no reason for any one less hopelessly pessimist than Peacock's Mr. Toobad, or Sydney Smith's Tuxford waiter, to take a gloomy view of the future of the novel.

Tuxford

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading At the actual death of Dickens there was no reason for any one less hopelessly pessimist than Peacock's Mr. Toobad, or Sydney Smith's Tuxford waiter, to take a gloomy view of the future of the novel.

upadjectiveUS /ʌp/

being or moving higher in position or greater in some value; being above a former position or level

From this reading Literary "down-grades" are not like the slopes of an inclined plane: they are like portions of a mountain range, in which isolated peaks may shoot up almost level with the very highest of the central group, but in which the table lands are lower, the _average_ height of the hills inferior, and the general sky-line a nearer and nearer approximation to the plain.

veryadjectiveUS /ˈveri/

precisely as stated

From this reading It so happened that the beginning of this period coincided very nearly with the beginning of that slightly downward movement of the nineteenth-century novel which has been referred to at the end of the last chapter: and he thus had opportunities of observing it all along its course, till we parted company.

viewnounUS /vjuː/

a way of regarding situations or topics etc.

From this reading At the actual death of Dickens there was no reason for any one less hopelessly pessimist than Peacock's Mr. Toobad, or Sydney Smith's Tuxford waiter, to take a gloomy view of the future of the novel.

waiternounUS /ˈweɪtər/

a person whose occupation is to serve at table (as in a restaurant)

From this reading At the actual death of Dickens there was no reason for any one less hopelessly pessimist than Peacock's Mr. Toobad, or Sydney Smith's Tuxford waiter, to take a gloomy view of the future of the novel.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading At the actual death of Dickens there was no reason for any one less hopelessly pessimist than Peacock's Mr. Toobad, or Sydney Smith's Tuxford waiter, to take a gloomy view of the future of the novel.

wepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading It so happened that the beginning of this period coincided very nearly with the beginning of that slightly downward movement of the nineteenth-century novel which has been referred to at the end of the last chapter: and he thus had opportunities of observing it all along its course, till we parted company.

weeknounUS /wiːk/

any period of seven consecutive days

From this reading THE FICTION OF YESTERDAY--CONCLUSION In regard to a large part of the subject of the present chapter the present writer possesses the knowledge of a reviewer, week by week and almost day by day, of contemporary fiction between 1873 and 1895.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading It so happened that the beginning of this period coincided very nearly with the beginning of that slightly downward movement of the nineteenth-century novel which has been referred to at the end of the last chapter: and he thus had opportunities of observing it all along its course, till we parted company.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading It so happened that the beginning of this period coincided very nearly with the beginning of that slightly downward movement of the nineteenth-century novel which has been referred to at the end of the last chapter: and he thus had opportunities of observing it all along its course, till we parted company.

writernounUS /ˈraɪtər/

writes (books or stories or articles or the like) professionally (for pay)

From this reading THE FICTION OF YESTERDAY--CONCLUSION In regard to a large part of the subject of the present chapter the present writer possesses the knowledge of a reviewer, week by week and almost day by day, of contemporary fiction between 1873 and 1895.

YESTERDAYnounUS /ˈjestərdeɪ/

the day immediately before today

From this reading THE FICTION OF YESTERDAY--CONCLUSION In regard to a large part of the subject of the present chapter the present writer possesses the knowledge of a reviewer, week by week and almost day by day, of contemporary fiction between 1873 and 1895.

Chapter 8 of The English Novel by George Saintsbury holds 401 sentences, grouped into 81 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 8 of The English Novel contain?

Chapter 8 holds 401 sentences of The English Novel, unabridged, divided into 81 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 8 of The English Novel by George Saintsbury exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 401 sentences, grouped into 81 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 8 of The English Novel?

Work through the 81 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 81 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

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Vocabulary met early in The English Novel

Words and structures a reader meets early in The English Novel, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Chapter 1
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Chapter 2
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Chapter 3
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