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The English works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury — Volume 01
The English works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury — Volume 01

Chapter XXII

Chapter 22 of The English works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury — Volume 01 is here in full — 115 sentences across 23 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for The English works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury — Volume 01
Context Illustration Reading 1/23 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
OF REFRACTION AND REFLECTION.
1.
Definitions.—2.
In perpendicular motion there is no refraction.—3.
Things thrown out of a thinner into a thicker medium are so refracted that the angle refracted is greater than the angle of inclination.—4.
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AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The English works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury — Volume 01

Chapter XXII

Chapter 22 of The English works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury — Volume 01 is here in full — 115 sentences across 23 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/23 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
OF REFRACTION AND REFLECTION.
Line 2
1.
Line 3
Definitions.—2.
Line 4
In perpendicular motion there is no refraction.—3.
Line 5
Things thrown out of a thinner into a thicker medium are so refracted that the angle refracted is greater than the angle of inclination.—4.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

angle noun US /ˈæŋɡəl/

the space between two lines or planes that intersect; the inclination of one line to another; measured in degrees or radians

From this reading “Things thrown out of a thinner into a thicker medium are so refracted that the angle refracted is greater than the angle of inclination.—4.”

Definitions noun US /ˌdefəˈnɪʃənz/

plural of “definition” — a concise explanation of the meaning of a word or phrase or symbol

From this reading “Definitions.—2.”

inclination noun US /ˌɪnkləˈneɪʃən/

an attitude of mind especially one that favors one alternative over others

From this reading “Things thrown out of a thinner into a thicker medium are so refracted that the angle refracted is greater than the angle of inclination.—4.”

medium noun US /ˈmiːdiəm/

a means or instrumentality for storing or communicating information

From this reading “Things thrown out of a thinner into a thicker medium are so refracted that the angle refracted is greater than the angle of inclination.—4.”

perpendicular noun US /ˌpɜːrpənˈdɪkjələr/

a straight line at right angles to another line

From this reading “In perpendicular motion there is no refraction.—3.”

reflection noun US /rɪˈflekʃən/

a calm, lengthy, intent consideration

From this reading “OF REFRACTION AND REFLECTION.”

thicker adjective US /ˈθɪkər/

comparative of “thick” — not thin; of a specific thickness or of relatively great extent from one surface to the opposite usually in the smallest of the three solid dimensions

From this reading “Things thrown out of a thinner into a thicker medium are so refracted that the angle refracted is greater than the angle of inclination.—4.”

thinner noun US /ˈθɪnər/

a diluting agent

From this reading “Things thrown out of a thinner into a thicker medium are so refracted that the angle refracted is greater than the angle of inclination.—4.”

All words in this reading · 32

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

1

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading 1.

2

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Definitions.—2.

3

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In perpendicular motion there is no refraction.—3.

4

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Things thrown out of a thinner into a thicker medium are so refracted that the angle refracted is greater than the angle of inclination.—4.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Things thrown out of a thinner into a thicker medium are so refracted that the angle refracted is greater than the angle of inclination.—4.

ANDconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading OF REFRACTION AND REFLECTION.

anglenounUS /ˈæŋɡəl/

the space between two lines or planes that intersect; the inclination of one line to another; measured in degrees or radians

From this reading Things thrown out of a thinner into a thicker medium are so refracted that the angle refracted is greater than the angle of inclination.—4.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading Things thrown out of a thinner into a thicker medium are so refracted that the angle refracted is greater than the angle of inclination.—4.

DefinitionsnounUS /ˌdefəˈnɪʃənz/

plural of “definition” — a concise explanation of the meaning of a word or phrase or symbol

From this reading Definitions.—2.

greateradjectiveUS /ˈɡreɪtər/

greater in size or importance or degree

From this reading Things thrown out of a thinner into a thicker medium are so refracted that the angle refracted is greater than the angle of inclination.—4.

InprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading In perpendicular motion there is no refraction.—3.

inclinationnounUS /ˌɪnkləˈneɪʃən/

an attitude of mind especially one that favors one alternative over others

From this reading Things thrown out of a thinner into a thicker medium are so refracted that the angle refracted is greater than the angle of inclination.—4.

intoprepositionUS /ˈɪntuː/

moving to the inside of something

From this reading Things thrown out of a thinner into a thicker medium are so refracted that the angle refracted is greater than the angle of inclination.—4.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading In perpendicular motion there is no refraction.—3.

mediumnounUS /ˈmiːdiəm/

a means or instrumentality for storing or communicating information

From this reading Things thrown out of a thinner into a thicker medium are so refracted that the angle refracted is greater than the angle of inclination.—4.

motionnounUS /ˈmoʊʃən/

the use of movements (especially of the hands) to communicate familiar or prearranged signals

From this reading In perpendicular motion there is no refraction.—3.

nodeterminerUS /noʊ/

not any; not one

From this reading In perpendicular motion there is no refraction.—3.

OFprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading OF REFRACTION AND REFLECTION.

outadjectiveUS /aʊt/

not allowed to continue to bat or run

From this reading Things thrown out of a thinner into a thicker medium are so refracted that the angle refracted is greater than the angle of inclination.—4.

perpendicularnounUS /ˌpɜːrpənˈdɪkjələr/

a straight line at right angles to another line

From this reading In perpendicular motion there is no refraction.—3.

REFLECTIONnounUS /rɪˈflekʃən/

a calm, lengthy, intent consideration

From this reading OF REFRACTION AND REFLECTION.

refracted

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Things thrown out of a thinner into a thicker medium are so refracted that the angle refracted is greater than the angle of inclination.—4.

REFRACTIONnoun

the change in direction of a propagating wave (light or sound) when passing from one medium to another

From this reading OF REFRACTION AND REFLECTION.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading Things thrown out of a thinner into a thicker medium are so refracted that the angle refracted is greater than the angle of inclination.—4.

thanconjunctionUS /ðæn/

used to introduce the second part of a comparison

From this reading Things thrown out of a thinner into a thicker medium are so refracted that the angle refracted is greater than the angle of inclination.—4.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading Things thrown out of a thinner into a thicker medium are so refracted that the angle refracted is greater than the angle of inclination.—4.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading Things thrown out of a thinner into a thicker medium are so refracted that the angle refracted is greater than the angle of inclination.—4.

thereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading In perpendicular motion there is no refraction.—3.

thickeradjectiveUS /ˈθɪkər/

comparative of “thick” — not thin; of a specific thickness or of relatively great extent from one surface to the opposite usually in the smallest of the three solid dimensions

From this reading Things thrown out of a thinner into a thicker medium are so refracted that the angle refracted is greater than the angle of inclination.—4.

ThingsnounUS /θɪŋz/

any movable possession (especially articles of clothing)

From this reading Things thrown out of a thinner into a thicker medium are so refracted that the angle refracted is greater than the angle of inclination.—4.

thinnernounUS /ˈθɪnər/

a diluting agent

From this reading Things thrown out of a thinner into a thicker medium are so refracted that the angle refracted is greater than the angle of inclination.—4.

thrownadjectiveUS /θroʊn/

caused to fall to the ground

From this reading Things thrown out of a thinner into a thicker medium are so refracted that the angle refracted is greater than the angle of inclination.—4.

Chapter 22 of The English works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury — Volume 01 by Thomas Hobbes holds 115 sentences, grouped into 23 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 22 of The English works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury — Volume 01 contain?

Chapter 22 holds 115 sentences of The English works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury — Volume 01, unabridged, divided into 23 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 22 of The English works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury — Volume 01 by Thomas Hobbes exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 115 sentences, grouped into 23 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 22 of The English works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury — Volume 01?

Work through the 23 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 23 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 22 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 22 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading The English works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury — Volume 01

Common questions about reading The English works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury — Volume 01 by Thomas Hobbes on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of The English works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury — Volume 01?

Yes. All 4982 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #73877 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of The English works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury — Volume 01 is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #73877, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does The English works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury — Volume 01 take to read?

About 415 minutes of reading across 997 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read The English works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury — Volume 01 section by section

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Vocabulary met early in The English works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury — Volume 01

Words and structures a reader meets early in The English works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury — Volume 01, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Version
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The English works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury — Volume 01; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Cannot
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The English works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury — Volume 01; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Represent
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The English works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury — Volume 01; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Certain
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The English works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury — Volume 01; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.