Complete classic literature • Five-line readings • Clear US narration
VELMORA ACADEMY
Academy of Archival Languages & Memory Studies
Menu Close
The English works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury — Volume 03
The English works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury — Volume 03

Chapter XIV

Chapter 14 of The English works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury — Volume 03 is here in full — 63 sentences across 13 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

By Thomas Hobbes • Curated US English Learning Edition
Cover illustration for The English works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury — Volume 03
Context Illustration Reading 1/12 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
OF PERSONS, AUTHORS, AND THINGS PERSONATED.
[Sidenote: A person what.]
A PERSON, is he, _whose words or actions are considered, either as his own, or as representing the words or actions of another man, or of any other thing, to whom they are attributed, whether truly or by fiction_.
[Sidenote: Person natural, and artificial.]
When they are considered as his own, then is he called a _natural person_: and when they are considered as representing the words and actions of another, then is he a _feigned_ or _artificial person_.
0:00 / 0:00
Speed 0.75x
AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The English works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury — Volume 03

Chapter XIV

Chapter 14 of The English works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury — Volume 03 is here in full — 63 sentences across 13 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/12 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
OF PERSONS, AUTHORS, AND THINGS PERSONATED.
Line 2
[Sidenote: A person what.]
Line 3
A PERSON, is he, _whose words or actions are considered, either as his own, or as representing the words or actions of another man, or of any other thing, to whom they are attributed, whether truly or by fiction_.
/ə ˈpɜːrsən ɪz hiː huːz wɜːrdz ɔːr ˈækʃənz ɑːr kənˈsɪdərd ˈiːðər æz hɪz oʊn ɔːr æz ˌreprɪˈzentɪŋ ðə wɜːrdz ɔːr ˈækʃənz ʌv əˈnʌðər mæn ɔːr ʌv ˈeni ˈʌðər θɪŋ tuː huːm ðeɪ ɑːr əˈtrɪbjətɪd ˈweðər ˈtruːli ɔːr baɪ ˈfɪkʃən/
Line 4
[Sidenote: Person natural, and artificial.]
Line 5
When they are considered as his own, then is he called a _natural person_: and when they are considered as representing the words and actions of another, then is he a _feigned_ or _artificial person_.
/wen ðeɪ ɑːr kənˈsɪdərd æz hɪz oʊn ðen ɪz hiː kɔːld ə ˈnætʃərəl ˈpɜːrsən ənd wen ðeɪ ɑːr kənˈsɪdərd æz ˌreprɪˈzentɪŋ ðə wɜːrdz ənd ˈækʃənz ʌv əˈnʌðər ðen ɪz hiː ə feɪnd ɔːr ˌɑːrtəˈfɪʃəl ˈpɜːrsən/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

actions noun US /ˈækʃənz/

plural of “action” — something done (usually as opposed to something said)

From this reading “A PERSON, is he, _whose words or actions are considered, either as his own, or as representing the words or actions of another man, or of any other thing, to whom they are attributed, whether truly or by fiction_.”

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
artificial adjective US /ˌɑːrtəˈfɪʃəl/

contrived by art rather than nature

From this reading “[Sidenote: Person natural, and artificial.]”

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
attributed verb US /əˈtrɪbjətɪd/

past form of “attribute” — attribute or credit to

From this reading “A PERSON, is he, _whose words or actions are considered, either as his own, or as representing the words or actions of another man, or of any other thing, to whom they are attributed, whether truly or by fiction_.”

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
authors noun US /ˈɔːθərz/

plural of “author” — writes (books or stories or articles or the like) professionally (for pay)

From this reading “OF PERSONS, AUTHORS, AND THINGS PERSONATED.”

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
feigned adjective US /feɪnd/

not genuine

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
fiction noun US /ˈfɪkʃən/

a literary work based on the imagination and not necessarily on fact

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
representing verb US /ˌreprɪˈzentɪŋ/

-ing form of “represent” — take the place of or be parallel or equivalent to

From this reading “A PERSON, is he, _whose words or actions are considered, either as his own, or as representing the words or actions of another man, or of any other thing, to whom they are attributed, whether truly or by fiction_.”

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
truly adverb US /ˈtruːli/

in accordance with truth or fact or reality

From this reading “A PERSON, is he, _whose words or actions are considered, either as his own, or as representing the words or actions of another man, or of any other thing, to whom they are attributed, whether truly or by fiction_.”

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1

All words in this reading · 43

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

AdeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading [Sidenote: A person what.]

Velmora grammar entry · CMU Pronouncing Dictionary
actionsnounUS /ˈækʃənz/

plural of “action” — something done (usually as opposed to something said)

From this reading A PERSON, is he, _whose words or actions are considered, either as his own, or as representing the words or actions of another man, or of any other thing, to whom they are attributed, whether truly or by fiction_.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
ANDconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading OF PERSONS, AUTHORS, AND THINGS PERSONATED.

Velmora grammar entry · CMU Pronouncing Dictionary
anotherdeterminerUS /əˈnʌðər/

one more of the same kind, or a different one

From this reading A PERSON, is he, _whose words or actions are considered, either as his own, or as representing the words or actions of another man, or of any other thing, to whom they are attributed, whether truly or by fiction_.

Velmora grammar entry · CMU Pronouncing Dictionary
anyadjectiveUS /ˈeni/

one or some or every or all without specification

From this reading A PERSON, is he, _whose words or actions are considered, either as his own, or as representing the words or actions of another man, or of any other thing, to whom they are attributed, whether truly or by fiction_.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading A PERSON, is he, _whose words or actions are considered, either as his own, or as representing the words or actions of another man, or of any other thing, to whom they are attributed, whether truly or by fiction_.

Velmora grammar entry · CMU Pronouncing Dictionary
artificialadjectiveUS /ˌɑːrtəˈfɪʃəl/

contrived by art rather than nature

From this reading [Sidenote: Person natural, and artificial.]

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading A PERSON, is he, _whose words or actions are considered, either as his own, or as representing the words or actions of another man, or of any other thing, to whom they are attributed, whether truly or by fiction_.

Velmora grammar entry · CMU Pronouncing Dictionary
attributedverbUS /əˈtrɪbjətɪd/

past form of “attribute” — attribute or credit to

From this reading A PERSON, is he, _whose words or actions are considered, either as his own, or as representing the words or actions of another man, or of any other thing, to whom they are attributed, whether truly or by fiction_.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
AUTHORSnounUS /ˈɔːθərz/

plural of “author” — writes (books or stories or articles or the like) professionally (for pay)

From this reading OF PERSONS, AUTHORS, AND THINGS PERSONATED.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading A PERSON, is he, _whose words or actions are considered, either as his own, or as representing the words or actions of another man, or of any other thing, to whom they are attributed, whether truly or by fiction_.

Velmora grammar entry · CMU Pronouncing Dictionary
calledverbUS /kɔːld/

past form of “call” — assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to

From this reading When they are considered as his own, then is he called a _natural person_: and when they are considered as representing the words and actions of another, then is he a _feigned_ or _artificial person_.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
consideredadjectiveUS /kənˈsɪdərd/

carefully weighed

From this reading A PERSON, is he, _whose words or actions are considered, either as his own, or as representing the words or actions of another man, or of any other thing, to whom they are attributed, whether truly or by fiction_.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
eitherdeterminerUS /ˈiːðər/

one or the other of two

From this reading A PERSON, is he, _whose words or actions are considered, either as his own, or as representing the words or actions of another man, or of any other thing, to whom they are attributed, whether truly or by fiction_.

Velmora grammar entry · CMU Pronouncing Dictionary
feignedadjectiveUS /feɪnd/

not genuine

From this reading When they are considered as his own, then is he called a _natural person_: and when they are considered as representing the words and actions of another, then is he a _feigned_ or _artificial person_.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
fictionnounUS /ˈfɪkʃən/

a literary work based on the imagination and not necessarily on fact

From this reading A PERSON, is he, _whose words or actions are considered, either as his own, or as representing the words or actions of another man, or of any other thing, to whom they are attributed, whether truly or by fiction_.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading A PERSON, is he, _whose words or actions are considered, either as his own, or as representing the words or actions of another man, or of any other thing, to whom they are attributed, whether truly or by fiction_.

Velmora grammar entry · CMU Pronouncing Dictionary
hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading A PERSON, is he, _whose words or actions are considered, either as his own, or as representing the words or actions of another man, or of any other thing, to whom they are attributed, whether truly or by fiction_.

Velmora grammar entry · CMU Pronouncing Dictionary
isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading A PERSON, is he, _whose words or actions are considered, either as his own, or as representing the words or actions of another man, or of any other thing, to whom they are attributed, whether truly or by fiction_.

Velmora grammar entry · CMU Pronouncing Dictionary
mannounUS /mæn/

an adult person who is male (as opposed to a woman)

From this reading A PERSON, is he, _whose words or actions are considered, either as his own, or as representing the words or actions of another man, or of any other thing, to whom they are attributed, whether truly or by fiction_.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
naturaladjectiveUS /ˈnætʃərəl/

in accordance with nature; relating to or concerning nature

From this reading [Sidenote: Person natural, and artificial.]

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
OFprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading OF PERSONS, AUTHORS, AND THINGS PERSONATED.

Velmora grammar entry · CMU Pronouncing Dictionary
orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading A PERSON, is he, _whose words or actions are considered, either as his own, or as representing the words or actions of another man, or of any other thing, to whom they are attributed, whether truly or by fiction_.

Velmora grammar entry · CMU Pronouncing Dictionary
otheradjectiveUS /ˈʌðər/

not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied

From this reading A PERSON, is he, _whose words or actions are considered, either as his own, or as representing the words or actions of another man, or of any other thing, to whom they are attributed, whether truly or by fiction_.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
ownverbUS /oʊn/

have ownership or possession of

From this reading A PERSON, is he, _whose words or actions are considered, either as his own, or as representing the words or actions of another man, or of any other thing, to whom they are attributed, whether truly or by fiction_.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
personnounUS /ˈpɜːrsən/

a human being

From this reading [Sidenote: A person what.]

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
PERSONATED

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading OF PERSONS, AUTHORS, AND THINGS PERSONATED.

Pending verification
PERSONSnounUS /ˈpɜːrsənz/

plural of “person” — a human being

From this reading OF PERSONS, AUTHORS, AND THINGS PERSONATED.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
representingverbUS /ˌreprɪˈzentɪŋ/

-ing form of “represent” — take the place of or be parallel or equivalent to

From this reading A PERSON, is he, _whose words or actions are considered, either as his own, or as representing the words or actions of another man, or of any other thing, to whom they are attributed, whether truly or by fiction_.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
Sidenote

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading [Sidenote: A person what.]

Pending verification
thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading A PERSON, is he, _whose words or actions are considered, either as his own, or as representing the words or actions of another man, or of any other thing, to whom they are attributed, whether truly or by fiction_.

Velmora grammar entry · CMU Pronouncing Dictionary
thenadverbUS /ðen/

subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors)

From this reading When they are considered as his own, then is he called a _natural person_: and when they are considered as representing the words and actions of another, then is he a _feigned_ or _artificial person_.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading A PERSON, is he, _whose words or actions are considered, either as his own, or as representing the words or actions of another man, or of any other thing, to whom they are attributed, whether truly or by fiction_.

Velmora grammar entry · CMU Pronouncing Dictionary
thingnounUS /θɪŋ/

a special situation

From this reading A PERSON, is he, _whose words or actions are considered, either as his own, or as representing the words or actions of another man, or of any other thing, to whom they are attributed, whether truly or by fiction_.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
THINGSnounUS /θɪŋz/

any movable possession (especially articles of clothing)

From this reading OF PERSONS, AUTHORS, AND THINGS PERSONATED.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading A PERSON, is he, _whose words or actions are considered, either as his own, or as representing the words or actions of another man, or of any other thing, to whom they are attributed, whether truly or by fiction_.

Velmora grammar entry · CMU Pronouncing Dictionary
trulyadverbUS /ˈtruːli/

in accordance with truth or fact or reality

From this reading A PERSON, is he, _whose words or actions are considered, either as his own, or as representing the words or actions of another man, or of any other thing, to whom they are attributed, whether truly or by fiction_.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
whatpronounUS /wʌt/

used to ask for information about something

From this reading [Sidenote: A person what.]

Velmora grammar entry · CMU Pronouncing Dictionary
WhenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading When they are considered as his own, then is he called a _natural person_: and when they are considered as representing the words and actions of another, then is he a _feigned_ or _artificial person_.

Velmora grammar entry · CMU Pronouncing Dictionary
whetherconjunctionUS /ˈweðər/

used to introduce two or more possibilities

From this reading A PERSON, is he, _whose words or actions are considered, either as his own, or as representing the words or actions of another man, or of any other thing, to whom they are attributed, whether truly or by fiction_.

Velmora grammar entry · CMU Pronouncing Dictionary
whompronounUS /huːm/

the form of “who” used as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading A PERSON, is he, _whose words or actions are considered, either as his own, or as representing the words or actions of another man, or of any other thing, to whom they are attributed, whether truly or by fiction_.

Velmora grammar entry · CMU Pronouncing Dictionary
whosedeterminerUS /huːz/

belonging to which person

From this reading A PERSON, is he, _whose words or actions are considered, either as his own, or as representing the words or actions of another man, or of any other thing, to whom they are attributed, whether truly or by fiction_.

Velmora grammar entry · CMU Pronouncing Dictionary
wordsnounUS /wɜːrdz/

the words that are spoken

From this reading A PERSON, is he, _whose words or actions are considered, either as his own, or as representing the words or actions of another man, or of any other thing, to whom they are attributed, whether truly or by fiction_.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1

Chapter 14 of The English works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury — Volume 03 by Thomas Hobbes holds 63 sentences, grouped into 13 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 14 of The English works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury — Volume 03 contain?

Chapter 14 holds 63 sentences of The English works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury — Volume 03, unabridged, divided into 13 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 14 of The English works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury — Volume 03 by Thomas Hobbes exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 63 sentences, grouped into 13 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 14 of The English works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury — Volume 03?

Work through the 13 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 13 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 14 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 14 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading The English works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury — Volume 03

Common questions about reading The English works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury — Volume 03 by Thomas Hobbes on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of The English works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury — Volume 03?

Yes. All 6441 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #73957 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of The English works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury — Volume 03 is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #73957, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does The English works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury — Volume 03 take to read?

About 536 minutes of reading across 1289 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read The English works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury — Volume 03 section by section

How to work through The English works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury — Volume 03 section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 38 chapters of The English works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury — Volume 03 to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in The English works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury — Volume 03

Words and structures a reader meets early in The English works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury — Volume 03, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Version
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The English works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury — Volume 03; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Cannot
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The English works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury — Volume 03; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Represent
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The English works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury — Volume 03; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Certain
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The English works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury — Volume 03; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.