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The English works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury — Volume 03
The English works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury — Volume 03

Chapter XX

Chapter 20 of The English works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury — Volume 03 is here in full — 60 sentences across 12 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for The English works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury — Volume 03
Context Illustration Reading 1/12 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
OF THE NUTRITION, AND PROCREATION OF A COMMONWEALTH.
[Sidenote: The nourishment of a commonwealth consisteth in the commodities of sea and land.]
The NUTRITION of a commonwealth consisteth, in the _plenty_, and _distribution_ of _materials_ conducing to life: in _concoction_, or _preparation_; and, when concocted, in the _conveyance_ of it, by convenient conduits, to the public use.
As for the plenty of matter, it is a thing limited by nature, to those commodities, which from the two breasts of our common mother, land and sea, God usually either freely giveth, or for labour selleth to mankind.
For the matter of this nutriment, consisting in animals, vegetals, and minerals, God hath freely laid them before us, in or near to the face of the earth; so as there needeth no more but the labour, and industry of receiving them.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The English works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury — Volume 03

Chapter XX

Chapter 20 of The English works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury — Volume 03 is here in full — 60 sentences across 12 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/12 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
OF THE NUTRITION, AND PROCREATION OF A COMMONWEALTH.
/ʌv ðə nuːˈtrɪʃən ənd ˈproʊkriˈeɪʃən ʌv ə ˈkɑːmənwelθ/
Line 2
[Sidenote: The nourishment of a commonwealth consisteth in the commodities of sea and land.]
Line 3
The NUTRITION of a commonwealth consisteth, in the _plenty_, and _distribution_ of _materials_ conducing to life: in _concoction_, or _preparation_; and, when concocted, in the _conveyance_ of it, by convenient conduits, to the public use.
Line 4
As for the plenty of matter, it is a thing limited by nature, to those commodities, which from the two breasts of our common mother, land and sea, God usually either freely giveth, or for labour selleth to mankind.
Line 5
For the matter of this nutriment, consisting in animals, vegetals, and minerals, God hath freely laid them before us, in or near to the face of the earth; so as there needeth no more but the labour, and industry of receiving them.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

commodities noun US /kəˈmɑːdətiz/

plural of “commodity” — articles of commerce

From this reading “[Sidenote: The nourishment of a commonwealth consisteth in the commodities of sea and land.]”

concocted verb US /kənˈkɑːktəd/

past form of “concoct” — make a concoction (of) by mixing

From this reading “The NUTRITION of a commonwealth consisteth, in the _plenty_, and _distribution_ of _materials_ conducing to life: in _concoction_, or _preparation_; and, when concocted, in the _conveyance_ of it, by convenient conduits, to the public use.”

concoction noun US /kənˈkɑːkʃən/

any foodstuff made by combining different ingredients

conduits noun US /ˈkɑːnduːəts/

plural of “conduit” — a passage (a pipe or tunnel) through which water or electric wires can pass

From this reading “The NUTRITION of a commonwealth consisteth, in the _plenty_, and _distribution_ of _materials_ conducing to life: in _concoction_, or _preparation_; and, when concocted, in the _conveyance_ of it, by convenient conduits, to the public use.”

minerals noun US /ˈmɪnərəlz/

plural of “mineral” — solid homogeneous inorganic substances occurring in nature having a definite chemical composition

From this reading “For the matter of this nutriment, consisting in animals, vegetals, and minerals, God hath freely laid them before us, in or near to the face of the earth; so as there needeth no more but the labour, and industry of receiving them.”

nourishment noun US /ˈnɜːrɪʃmənt/

a source of materials to nourish the body

From this reading “[Sidenote: The nourishment of a commonwealth consisteth in the commodities of sea and land.]”

nutrition noun US /nuːˈtrɪʃən/

(physiology) the organic process of nourishing or being nourished; the processes by which an organism assimilates food and uses it for growth and maintenance

From this reading “OF THE NUTRITION, AND PROCREATION OF A COMMONWEALTH.”

procreation noun US /ˈproʊkriˈeɪʃən/

the sexual activity of conceiving and bearing offspring

From this reading “OF THE NUTRITION, AND PROCREATION OF A COMMONWEALTH.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

by nature preposition + noun

through inherent nature

In this reading “As for the plenty of matter, it is a thing limited by nature, to those commodities, which from the two breasts of our common mother, land and sea, God usually either freely giveth, or for labour selleth to mankind.”

consisting in verb + particle counted as “consist in”

In this reading “For the matter of this nutriment, consisting in animals, vegetals, and minerals, God hath freely laid them before us, in or near to the face of the earth; so as there needeth no more but the labour, and industry of receiving them.”

All words in this reading · 77

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

AdeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading OF THE NUTRITION, AND PROCREATION OF A COMMONWEALTH.

ANDconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading OF THE NUTRITION, AND PROCREATION OF A COMMONWEALTH.

animalsnounUS /ˈænəməlz/

plural of “animal” — a living organism characterized by voluntary movement

From this reading For the matter of this nutriment, consisting in animals, vegetals, and minerals, God hath freely laid them before us, in or near to the face of the earth; so as there needeth no more but the labour, and industry of receiving them.

AsconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading As for the plenty of matter, it is a thing limited by nature, to those commodities, which from the two breasts of our common mother, land and sea, God usually either freely giveth, or for labour selleth to mankind.

beforeprepositionUS /bɪˈfɔːr/

earlier than; in front of

From this reading For the matter of this nutriment, consisting in animals, vegetals, and minerals, God hath freely laid them before us, in or near to the face of the earth; so as there needeth no more but the labour, and industry of receiving them.

breastsnounUS /brests/

plural of “breast” — the front of the trunk from the neck to the abdomen

From this reading As for the plenty of matter, it is a thing limited by nature, to those commodities, which from the two breasts of our common mother, land and sea, God usually either freely giveth, or for labour selleth to mankind.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading For the matter of this nutriment, consisting in animals, vegetals, and minerals, God hath freely laid them before us, in or near to the face of the earth; so as there needeth no more but the labour, and industry of receiving them.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading The NUTRITION of a commonwealth consisteth, in the _plenty_, and _distribution_ of _materials_ conducing to life: in _concoction_, or _preparation_; and, when concocted, in the _conveyance_ of it, by convenient conduits, to the public use.

commoditiesnounUS /kəˈmɑːdətiz/

plural of “commodity” — articles of commerce

From this reading [Sidenote: The nourishment of a commonwealth consisteth in the commodities of sea and land.]

commonadjectiveUS /ˈkɑːmən/

belonging to or participated in by a community as a whole; public

From this reading As for the plenty of matter, it is a thing limited by nature, to those commodities, which from the two breasts of our common mother, land and sea, God usually either freely giveth, or for labour selleth to mankind.

COMMONWEALTHnounUS /ˈkɑːmənwelθ/

the official name of some states in the United States (Massachusetts and Pennsylvania and Virginia and Kentucky) and associated territories (Puerto Rico)

From this reading OF THE NUTRITION, AND PROCREATION OF A COMMONWEALTH.

concoctedverbUS /kənˈkɑːktəd/

past form of “concoct” — make a concoction (of) by mixing

From this reading The NUTRITION of a commonwealth consisteth, in the _plenty_, and _distribution_ of _materials_ conducing to life: in _concoction_, or _preparation_; and, when concocted, in the _conveyance_ of it, by convenient conduits, to the public use.

concoctionnounUS /kənˈkɑːkʃən/

any foodstuff made by combining different ingredients

From this reading The NUTRITION of a commonwealth consisteth, in the _plenty_, and _distribution_ of _materials_ conducing to life: in _concoction_, or _preparation_; and, when concocted, in the _conveyance_ of it, by convenient conduits, to the public use.

conducing

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The NUTRITION of a commonwealth consisteth, in the _plenty_, and _distribution_ of _materials_ conducing to life: in _concoction_, or _preparation_; and, when concocted, in the _conveyance_ of it, by convenient conduits, to the public use.

conduitsnounUS /ˈkɑːnduːəts/

plural of “conduit” — a passage (a pipe or tunnel) through which water or electric wires can pass

From this reading The NUTRITION of a commonwealth consisteth, in the _plenty_, and _distribution_ of _materials_ conducing to life: in _concoction_, or _preparation_; and, when concocted, in the _conveyance_ of it, by convenient conduits, to the public use.

consisteth

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading [Sidenote: The nourishment of a commonwealth consisteth in the commodities of sea and land.]

consistingverbUS /kənˈsɪstɪŋ/

-ing form of “consist” — originate

From this reading For the matter of this nutriment, consisting in animals, vegetals, and minerals, God hath freely laid them before us, in or near to the face of the earth; so as there needeth no more but the labour, and industry of receiving them.

convenientadjectiveUS /kənˈviːnjənt/

suited to your comfort or purpose or needs

From this reading The NUTRITION of a commonwealth consisteth, in the _plenty_, and _distribution_ of _materials_ conducing to life: in _concoction_, or _preparation_; and, when concocted, in the _conveyance_ of it, by convenient conduits, to the public use.

conveyancenounUS /kənˈveɪəns/

document effecting a property transfer

From this reading The NUTRITION of a commonwealth consisteth, in the _plenty_, and _distribution_ of _materials_ conducing to life: in _concoction_, or _preparation_; and, when concocted, in the _conveyance_ of it, by convenient conduits, to the public use.

distributionnounUS /ˌdɪstrəˈbjuːʃən/

(statistics) an arrangement of values of a variable showing their observed or theoretical frequency of occurrence

From this reading The NUTRITION of a commonwealth consisteth, in the _plenty_, and _distribution_ of _materials_ conducing to life: in _concoction_, or _preparation_; and, when concocted, in the _conveyance_ of it, by convenient conduits, to the public use.

earthnounUS /ɜːrθ/

the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on

From this reading For the matter of this nutriment, consisting in animals, vegetals, and minerals, God hath freely laid them before us, in or near to the face of the earth; so as there needeth no more but the labour, and industry of receiving them.

eitherdeterminerUS /ˈiːðər/

one or the other of two

From this reading As for the plenty of matter, it is a thing limited by nature, to those commodities, which from the two breasts of our common mother, land and sea, God usually either freely giveth, or for labour selleth to mankind.

facenounUS /feɪs/

the front of the human head from the forehead to the chin and ear to ear

From this reading For the matter of this nutriment, consisting in animals, vegetals, and minerals, God hath freely laid them before us, in or near to the face of the earth; so as there needeth no more but the labour, and industry of receiving them.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading As for the plenty of matter, it is a thing limited by nature, to those commodities, which from the two breasts of our common mother, land and sea, God usually either freely giveth, or for labour selleth to mankind.

freelyadverbUS /ˈfriːli/

in a free manner

From this reading As for the plenty of matter, it is a thing limited by nature, to those commodities, which from the two breasts of our common mother, land and sea, God usually either freely giveth, or for labour selleth to mankind.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading As for the plenty of matter, it is a thing limited by nature, to those commodities, which from the two breasts of our common mother, land and sea, God usually either freely giveth, or for labour selleth to mankind.

giveth

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading As for the plenty of matter, it is a thing limited by nature, to those commodities, which from the two breasts of our common mother, land and sea, God usually either freely giveth, or for labour selleth to mankind.

GodnounUS /ɡɑːd/

the supernatural being conceived as the perfect and omnipotent and omniscient originator and ruler of the universe; the object of worship in monotheistic religions

From this reading As for the plenty of matter, it is a thing limited by nature, to those commodities, which from the two breasts of our common mother, land and sea, God usually either freely giveth, or for labour selleth to mankind.

hathauxiliary verbUS /hæθ/

an old form of “has”

From this reading For the matter of this nutriment, consisting in animals, vegetals, and minerals, God hath freely laid them before us, in or near to the face of the earth; so as there needeth no more but the labour, and industry of receiving them.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading [Sidenote: The nourishment of a commonwealth consisteth in the commodities of sea and land.]

industrynounUS /ˈɪndəstri/

the people or companies engaged in a particular kind of commercial enterprise

From this reading For the matter of this nutriment, consisting in animals, vegetals, and minerals, God hath freely laid them before us, in or near to the face of the earth; so as there needeth no more but the labour, and industry of receiving them.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading As for the plenty of matter, it is a thing limited by nature, to those commodities, which from the two breasts of our common mother, land and sea, God usually either freely giveth, or for labour selleth to mankind.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading The NUTRITION of a commonwealth consisteth, in the _plenty_, and _distribution_ of _materials_ conducing to life: in _concoction_, or _preparation_; and, when concocted, in the _conveyance_ of it, by convenient conduits, to the public use.

labournounUS /ˈleɪbər/

a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages

From this reading As for the plenty of matter, it is a thing limited by nature, to those commodities, which from the two breasts of our common mother, land and sea, God usually either freely giveth, or for labour selleth to mankind.

laidadjectiveUS /leɪd/

set down according to a plan

From this reading For the matter of this nutriment, consisting in animals, vegetals, and minerals, God hath freely laid them before us, in or near to the face of the earth; so as there needeth no more but the labour, and industry of receiving them.

landnounUS /lænd/

the land on which real estate is located

From this reading [Sidenote: The nourishment of a commonwealth consisteth in the commodities of sea and land.]

lifenounUS /laɪf/

a characteristic state or mode of living

From this reading The NUTRITION of a commonwealth consisteth, in the _plenty_, and _distribution_ of _materials_ conducing to life: in _concoction_, or _preparation_; and, when concocted, in the _conveyance_ of it, by convenient conduits, to the public use.

limitedadjectiveUS /ˈlɪmətəd/

small in range or scope

From this reading As for the plenty of matter, it is a thing limited by nature, to those commodities, which from the two breasts of our common mother, land and sea, God usually either freely giveth, or for labour selleth to mankind.

mankindnounUS /ˈmænˈkaɪnd/

all of the living human inhabitants of the earth

From this reading As for the plenty of matter, it is a thing limited by nature, to those commodities, which from the two breasts of our common mother, land and sea, God usually either freely giveth, or for labour selleth to mankind.

materialsnounUS /məˈtɪriəlz/

plural of “material” — the tangible substance that goes into the makeup of a physical object

From this reading The NUTRITION of a commonwealth consisteth, in the _plenty_, and _distribution_ of _materials_ conducing to life: in _concoction_, or _preparation_; and, when concocted, in the _conveyance_ of it, by convenient conduits, to the public use.

matternounUS /ˈmætər/

a vaguely specified concern

From this reading As for the plenty of matter, it is a thing limited by nature, to those commodities, which from the two breasts of our common mother, land and sea, God usually either freely giveth, or for labour selleth to mankind.

mineralsnounUS /ˈmɪnərəlz/

plural of “mineral” — solid homogeneous inorganic substances occurring in nature having a definite chemical composition

From this reading For the matter of this nutriment, consisting in animals, vegetals, and minerals, God hath freely laid them before us, in or near to the face of the earth; so as there needeth no more but the labour, and industry of receiving them.

moreadjectiveUS /mɔːr/

(comparative of “much” used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree

From this reading For the matter of this nutriment, consisting in animals, vegetals, and minerals, God hath freely laid them before us, in or near to the face of the earth; so as there needeth no more but the labour, and industry of receiving them.

mothernounUS /ˈmʌðər/

a woman who has given birth to a child (also used as a term of address to your mother)

From this reading As for the plenty of matter, it is a thing limited by nature, to those commodities, which from the two breasts of our common mother, land and sea, God usually either freely giveth, or for labour selleth to mankind.

naturenounUS /ˈneɪtʃər/

the essential qualities or characteristics by which something is recognized

From this reading As for the plenty of matter, it is a thing limited by nature, to those commodities, which from the two breasts of our common mother, land and sea, God usually either freely giveth, or for labour selleth to mankind.

nearadverbUS /nɪr/

near in time or place or relationship

From this reading For the matter of this nutriment, consisting in animals, vegetals, and minerals, God hath freely laid them before us, in or near to the face of the earth; so as there needeth no more but the labour, and industry of receiving them.

needeth

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading For the matter of this nutriment, consisting in animals, vegetals, and minerals, God hath freely laid them before us, in or near to the face of the earth; so as there needeth no more but the labour, and industry of receiving them.

nodeterminerUS /noʊ/

not any; not one

From this reading For the matter of this nutriment, consisting in animals, vegetals, and minerals, God hath freely laid them before us, in or near to the face of the earth; so as there needeth no more but the labour, and industry of receiving them.

nourishmentnounUS /ˈnɜːrɪʃmənt/

a source of materials to nourish the body

From this reading [Sidenote: The nourishment of a commonwealth consisteth in the commodities of sea and land.]

nutrimentnoun

a source of materials to nourish the body

From this reading For the matter of this nutriment, consisting in animals, vegetals, and minerals, God hath freely laid them before us, in or near to the face of the earth; so as there needeth no more but the labour, and industry of receiving them.

NUTRITIONnounUS /nuːˈtrɪʃən/

(physiology) the organic process of nourishing or being nourished; the processes by which an organism assimilates food and uses it for growth and maintenance

From this reading OF THE NUTRITION, AND PROCREATION OF A COMMONWEALTH.

OFprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading OF THE NUTRITION, AND PROCREATION OF A COMMONWEALTH.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading The NUTRITION of a commonwealth consisteth, in the _plenty_, and _distribution_ of _materials_ conducing to life: in _concoction_, or _preparation_; and, when concocted, in the _conveyance_ of it, by convenient conduits, to the public use.

ourdeterminerUS /ˈaʊər/

belonging to the speaker and others

From this reading As for the plenty of matter, it is a thing limited by nature, to those commodities, which from the two breasts of our common mother, land and sea, God usually either freely giveth, or for labour selleth to mankind.

plentynounUS /ˈplenti/

a full supply

From this reading The NUTRITION of a commonwealth consisteth, in the _plenty_, and _distribution_ of _materials_ conducing to life: in _concoction_, or _preparation_; and, when concocted, in the _conveyance_ of it, by convenient conduits, to the public use.

preparationnounUS /ˌprepərˈeɪʃən/

the activity of putting or setting in order in advance of some act or purpose

From this reading The NUTRITION of a commonwealth consisteth, in the _plenty_, and _distribution_ of _materials_ conducing to life: in _concoction_, or _preparation_; and, when concocted, in the _conveyance_ of it, by convenient conduits, to the public use.

PROCREATIONnounUS /ˈproʊkriˈeɪʃən/

the sexual activity of conceiving and bearing offspring

From this reading OF THE NUTRITION, AND PROCREATION OF A COMMONWEALTH.

publicnounUS /ˈpʌblɪk/

people in general considered as a whole

From this reading The NUTRITION of a commonwealth consisteth, in the _plenty_, and _distribution_ of _materials_ conducing to life: in _concoction_, or _preparation_; and, when concocted, in the _conveyance_ of it, by convenient conduits, to the public use.

receivingverbUS /rəˈsiːvɪŋ/

-ing form of “receive” — get something; come into possession of

From this reading For the matter of this nutriment, consisting in animals, vegetals, and minerals, God hath freely laid them before us, in or near to the face of the earth; so as there needeth no more but the labour, and industry of receiving them.

seanounUS /siː/

a division of an ocean or a large body of salt water partially enclosed by land

From this reading [Sidenote: The nourishment of a commonwealth consisteth in the commodities of sea and land.]

selleth

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading As for the plenty of matter, it is a thing limited by nature, to those commodities, which from the two breasts of our common mother, land and sea, God usually either freely giveth, or for labour selleth to mankind.

Sidenote

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading [Sidenote: The nourishment of a commonwealth consisteth in the commodities of sea and land.]

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading For the matter of this nutriment, consisting in animals, vegetals, and minerals, God hath freely laid them before us, in or near to the face of the earth; so as there needeth no more but the labour, and industry of receiving them.

THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading OF THE NUTRITION, AND PROCREATION OF A COMMONWEALTH.

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading For the matter of this nutriment, consisting in animals, vegetals, and minerals, God hath freely laid them before us, in or near to the face of the earth; so as there needeth no more but the labour, and industry of receiving them.

thereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading For the matter of this nutriment, consisting in animals, vegetals, and minerals, God hath freely laid them before us, in or near to the face of the earth; so as there needeth no more but the labour, and industry of receiving them.

thingnounUS /θɪŋ/

a special situation

From this reading As for the plenty of matter, it is a thing limited by nature, to those commodities, which from the two breasts of our common mother, land and sea, God usually either freely giveth, or for labour selleth to mankind.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading For the matter of this nutriment, consisting in animals, vegetals, and minerals, God hath freely laid them before us, in or near to the face of the earth; so as there needeth no more but the labour, and industry of receiving them.

thosedeterminerUS /ðoʊz/

the plural of “that”: the people or things further away, or already known

From this reading As for the plenty of matter, it is a thing limited by nature, to those commodities, which from the two breasts of our common mother, land and sea, God usually either freely giveth, or for labour selleth to mankind.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading The NUTRITION of a commonwealth consisteth, in the _plenty_, and _distribution_ of _materials_ conducing to life: in _concoction_, or _preparation_; and, when concocted, in the _conveyance_ of it, by convenient conduits, to the public use.

twonounUS /tuː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one or a numeral representing this number

From this reading As for the plenty of matter, it is a thing limited by nature, to those commodities, which from the two breasts of our common mother, land and sea, God usually either freely giveth, or for labour selleth to mankind.

uspronounUS /ʌs/

the speaker and others, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading For the matter of this nutriment, consisting in animals, vegetals, and minerals, God hath freely laid them before us, in or near to the face of the earth; so as there needeth no more but the labour, and industry of receiving them.

usenounUS /juːs/

the act of using

From this reading The NUTRITION of a commonwealth consisteth, in the _plenty_, and _distribution_ of _materials_ conducing to life: in _concoction_, or _preparation_; and, when concocted, in the _conveyance_ of it, by convenient conduits, to the public use.

usuallyadverbUS /ˈjuːʒəwəli/

under normal conditions

From this reading As for the plenty of matter, it is a thing limited by nature, to those commodities, which from the two breasts of our common mother, land and sea, God usually either freely giveth, or for labour selleth to mankind.

vegetals

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading For the matter of this nutriment, consisting in animals, vegetals, and minerals, God hath freely laid them before us, in or near to the face of the earth; so as there needeth no more but the labour, and industry of receiving them.

whenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading The NUTRITION of a commonwealth consisteth, in the _plenty_, and _distribution_ of _materials_ conducing to life: in _concoction_, or _preparation_; and, when concocted, in the _conveyance_ of it, by convenient conduits, to the public use.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading As for the plenty of matter, it is a thing limited by nature, to those commodities, which from the two breasts of our common mother, land and sea, God usually either freely giveth, or for labour selleth to mankind.

Chapter 20 of The English works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury — Volume 03 by Thomas Hobbes holds 60 sentences, grouped into 12 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 20 of The English works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury — Volume 03 contain?

Chapter 20 holds 60 sentences of The English works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury — Volume 03, unabridged, divided into 12 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 20 of The English works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury — Volume 03 by Thomas Hobbes exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 60 sentences, grouped into 12 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 20 of The English works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury — Volume 03?

Work through the 12 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 12 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 20 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 20 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading The English works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury — Volume 03

Common questions about reading The English works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury — Volume 03 by Thomas Hobbes on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of The English works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury — Volume 03?

Yes. All 6441 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #73957 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of The English works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury — Volume 03 is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #73957, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does The English works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury — Volume 03 take to read?

About 536 minutes of reading across 1289 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read The English works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury — Volume 03 section by section

How to work through The English works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury — Volume 03 section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 38 chapters of The English works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury — Volume 03 to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in The English works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury — Volume 03

Words and structures a reader meets early in The English works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury — Volume 03, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Version
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The English works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury — Volume 03; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Cannot
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The English works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury — Volume 03; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Represent
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The English works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury — Volume 03; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Certain
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The English works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury — Volume 03; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.