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The English works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury — Volume 03
The English works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury — Volume 03

Chapter XXIII

Chapter 23 of The English works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury — Volume 03 is here in full — 256 sentences across 52 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for The English works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury — Volume 03
Context Illustration Reading 1/51 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
OF CRIMES, EXCUSES, AND EXTENUATIONS.
[Sidenote: Sin, what.]
A SIN, is not only a transgression of a law, but also any contempt of the legislator.
For such contempt, is a breach of all his laws at once.
And therefore may consist, not only in the _commission_ of a fact, or in speaking of words by the laws forbidden, or in the _omission_ of what the law commandeth, but also in the _intention_, or purpose to transgress.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The English works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury — Volume 03

Chapter XXIII

Chapter 23 of The English works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury — Volume 03 is here in full — 256 sentences across 52 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/51 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
OF CRIMES, EXCUSES, AND EXTENUATIONS.
Line 2
[Sidenote: Sin, what.]
Line 3
A SIN, is not only a transgression of a law, but also any contempt of the legislator.
/ə sɪn ɪz nɑːt ˈoʊnli ə trænzˈɡreʃən ʌv ə lɔː bʌt ˈɔːlsoʊ ˈeni kənˈtempt ʌv ðə ˈledʒəsleɪtər/
Line 4
For such contempt, is a breach of all his laws at once.
/fɔːr sʌtʃ kənˈtempt ɪz ə briːtʃ ʌv ɔːl hɪz lɔːz æt wʌns/
Line 5
And therefore may consist, not only in the _commission_ of a fact, or in speaking of words by the laws forbidden, or in the _omission_ of what the law commandeth, but also in the _intention_, or purpose to transgress.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

breach verb US /briːtʃ/

act in disregard of laws, rules, contracts, or promises

From this reading “For such contempt, is a breach of all his laws at once.”

consist verb US /kənˈsɪst/

originate

From this reading “And therefore may consist, not only in the _commission_ of a fact, or in speaking of words by the laws forbidden, or in the _omission_ of what the law commandeth, but also in the _intention_, or purpose to transgress.”

crimes noun US /kraɪmz/

plural of “crime” — (criminal law) an act punishable by law; usually considered an evil act

From this reading “OF CRIMES, EXCUSES, AND EXTENUATIONS.”

excuses noun US /ɪksˈkjuːsɪz/

plural of “excuse” — a defense of some offensive behavior or some failure to keep a promise etc.

From this reading “OF CRIMES, EXCUSES, AND EXTENUATIONS.”

legislator noun US /ˈledʒəsleɪtər/

someone who makes or enacts laws

From this reading “A SIN, is not only a transgression of a law, but also any contempt of the legislator.”

omission noun US /oʊˈmɪʃən/

a mistake resulting from neglect

transgress verb US /trænzˈɡres/

act in disregard of laws, rules, contracts, or promises

From this reading “And therefore may consist, not only in the _commission_ of a fact, or in speaking of words by the laws forbidden, or in the _omission_ of what the law commandeth, but also in the _intention_, or purpose to transgress.”

transgression noun US /trænzˈɡreʃən/

the act of transgressing; the violation of a law or a duty or moral principle

From this reading “A SIN, is not only a transgression of a law, but also any contempt of the legislator.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

at once preposition + adverb

without delay or hesitation; with no time intervening

In this reading “For such contempt, is a breach of all his laws at once.”

breach of verb + particle

In this reading “For such contempt, is a breach of all his laws at once.”

All words in this reading · 45

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

AdeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading A SIN, is not only a transgression of a law, but also any contempt of the legislator.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading For such contempt, is a breach of all his laws at once.

alsoadverbUS /ˈɔːlsoʊ/

in addition

From this reading A SIN, is not only a transgression of a law, but also any contempt of the legislator.

ANDconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading OF CRIMES, EXCUSES, AND EXTENUATIONS.

anyadjectiveUS /ˈeni/

one or some or every or all without specification

From this reading A SIN, is not only a transgression of a law, but also any contempt of the legislator.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading For such contempt, is a breach of all his laws at once.

breachverbUS /briːtʃ/

act in disregard of laws, rules, contracts, or promises

From this reading For such contempt, is a breach of all his laws at once.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading A SIN, is not only a transgression of a law, but also any contempt of the legislator.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading And therefore may consist, not only in the _commission_ of a fact, or in speaking of words by the laws forbidden, or in the _omission_ of what the law commandeth, but also in the _intention_, or purpose to transgress.

commandeth

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading And therefore may consist, not only in the _commission_ of a fact, or in speaking of words by the laws forbidden, or in the _omission_ of what the law commandeth, but also in the _intention_, or purpose to transgress.

commissionnounUS /kəˈmɪʃən/

a special group delegated to consider some matter

From this reading And therefore may consist, not only in the _commission_ of a fact, or in speaking of words by the laws forbidden, or in the _omission_ of what the law commandeth, but also in the _intention_, or purpose to transgress.

consistverbUS /kənˈsɪst/

originate

From this reading And therefore may consist, not only in the _commission_ of a fact, or in speaking of words by the laws forbidden, or in the _omission_ of what the law commandeth, but also in the _intention_, or purpose to transgress.

contemptnounUS /kənˈtempt/

lack of respect accompanied by a feeling of intense dislike

From this reading A SIN, is not only a transgression of a law, but also any contempt of the legislator.

CRIMESnounUS /kraɪmz/

plural of “crime” — (criminal law) an act punishable by law; usually considered an evil act

From this reading OF CRIMES, EXCUSES, AND EXTENUATIONS.

EXCUSESnounUS /ɪksˈkjuːsɪz/

plural of “excuse” — a defense of some offensive behavior or some failure to keep a promise etc.

From this reading OF CRIMES, EXCUSES, AND EXTENUATIONS.

EXTENUATIONS

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading OF CRIMES, EXCUSES, AND EXTENUATIONS.

factnounUS /fækt/

a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred

From this reading And therefore may consist, not only in the _commission_ of a fact, or in speaking of words by the laws forbidden, or in the _omission_ of what the law commandeth, but also in the _intention_, or purpose to transgress.

ForprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading For such contempt, is a breach of all his laws at once.

forbiddenadjectiveUS /fərˈbɪd.ən/

Not allowed; banned or prohibited by rule or law.

From this reading And therefore may consist, not only in the _commission_ of a fact, or in speaking of words by the laws forbidden, or in the _omission_ of what the law commandeth, but also in the _intention_, or purpose to transgress.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading For such contempt, is a breach of all his laws at once.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading And therefore may consist, not only in the _commission_ of a fact, or in speaking of words by the laws forbidden, or in the _omission_ of what the law commandeth, but also in the _intention_, or purpose to transgress.

intentionnounUS /ˌɪnˈtentʃən/

an anticipated outcome that is intended or that guides your planned actions

From this reading And therefore may consist, not only in the _commission_ of a fact, or in speaking of words by the laws forbidden, or in the _omission_ of what the law commandeth, but also in the _intention_, or purpose to transgress.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading A SIN, is not only a transgression of a law, but also any contempt of the legislator.

lawnounUS /lɔː/

the collection of rules imposed by authority

From this reading A SIN, is not only a transgression of a law, but also any contempt of the legislator.

lawsnounUS /lɔːz/

the first of three divisions of the Hebrew Scriptures comprising the first five books of the Hebrew Bible considered as a unit

From this reading For such contempt, is a breach of all his laws at once.

legislatornounUS /ˈledʒəsleɪtər/

someone who makes or enacts laws

From this reading A SIN, is not only a transgression of a law, but also any contempt of the legislator.

maymodal verbUS /meɪ/

used to say something is possible, or to give permission

From this reading And therefore may consist, not only in the _commission_ of a fact, or in speaking of words by the laws forbidden, or in the _omission_ of what the law commandeth, but also in the _intention_, or purpose to transgress.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading A SIN, is not only a transgression of a law, but also any contempt of the legislator.

OFprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading OF CRIMES, EXCUSES, AND EXTENUATIONS.

omissionnounUS /oʊˈmɪʃən/

a mistake resulting from neglect

From this reading And therefore may consist, not only in the _commission_ of a fact, or in speaking of words by the laws forbidden, or in the _omission_ of what the law commandeth, but also in the _intention_, or purpose to transgress.

onceadverbUS /wʌns/

on one occasion

From this reading For such contempt, is a breach of all his laws at once.

onlyadverbUS /ˈoʊnli/

and nothing more

From this reading A SIN, is not only a transgression of a law, but also any contempt of the legislator.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading And therefore may consist, not only in the _commission_ of a fact, or in speaking of words by the laws forbidden, or in the _omission_ of what the law commandeth, but also in the _intention_, or purpose to transgress.

purposenounUS /ˈpɜːrpəs/

an anticipated outcome that is intended or that guides your planned actions

From this reading And therefore may consist, not only in the _commission_ of a fact, or in speaking of words by the laws forbidden, or in the _omission_ of what the law commandeth, but also in the _intention_, or purpose to transgress.

Sidenote

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading [Sidenote: Sin, what.]

SinnounUS /sɪn/

estrangement from god

From this reading [Sidenote: Sin, what.]

speakingnounUS /ˈspiːkɪŋ/

the utterance of intelligible speech

From this reading And therefore may consist, not only in the _commission_ of a fact, or in speaking of words by the laws forbidden, or in the _omission_ of what the law commandeth, but also in the _intention_, or purpose to transgress.

suchdeterminerUS /sʌtʃ/

of the kind already mentioned

From this reading For such contempt, is a breach of all his laws at once.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading A SIN, is not only a transgression of a law, but also any contempt of the legislator.

thereforeadverbUS /ˈðerfɔːr/

for that reason; as a result

From this reading And therefore may consist, not only in the _commission_ of a fact, or in speaking of words by the laws forbidden, or in the _omission_ of what the law commandeth, but also in the _intention_, or purpose to transgress.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading And therefore may consist, not only in the _commission_ of a fact, or in speaking of words by the laws forbidden, or in the _omission_ of what the law commandeth, but also in the _intention_, or purpose to transgress.

transgressverbUS /trænzˈɡres/

act in disregard of laws, rules, contracts, or promises

From this reading And therefore may consist, not only in the _commission_ of a fact, or in speaking of words by the laws forbidden, or in the _omission_ of what the law commandeth, but also in the _intention_, or purpose to transgress.

transgressionnounUS /trænzˈɡreʃən/

the act of transgressing; the violation of a law or a duty or moral principle

From this reading A SIN, is not only a transgression of a law, but also any contempt of the legislator.

whatpronounUS /wʌt/

used to ask for information about something

From this reading [Sidenote: Sin, what.]

wordsnounUS /wɜːrdz/

the words that are spoken

From this reading And therefore may consist, not only in the _commission_ of a fact, or in speaking of words by the laws forbidden, or in the _omission_ of what the law commandeth, but also in the _intention_, or purpose to transgress.

Chapter 23 of The English works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury — Volume 03 by Thomas Hobbes holds 256 sentences, grouped into 52 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 23 of The English works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury — Volume 03 contain?

Chapter 23 holds 256 sentences of The English works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury — Volume 03, unabridged, divided into 52 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 23 of The English works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury — Volume 03 by Thomas Hobbes exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 256 sentences, grouped into 52 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 23 of The English works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury — Volume 03?

Work through the 52 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 52 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 23 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 23 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

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Project Gutenberg eBook #73957, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

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Vocabulary met early in The English works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury — Volume 03

Words and structures a reader meets early in The English works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury — Volume 03, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

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Cannot
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Represent
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Certain
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