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The Firm of Nucingen
The Firm of Nucingen

Chapter IV · Chapter 4

Chapter 4 of The Firm of Nucingen is here in full — 154 sentences across 31 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for The Firm of Nucingen
Context Illustration Reading 1/30 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
He used to make me feel as if I had met a tiger escaped from the Jardin des Plantes,” said Couture.
He was lean and red-haired, his eyes were the color of Spanish snuff, and his complexion was harsh.
He looked cold and phlegmatic.
He was hard upon the widow, pitiless to the orphan, and a terror to his clerks; they were not allowed to waste a minute.
Learned, crafty, double-faced, honey-tongued, never flying into a passion, rancorous in his judicial way.”
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AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The Firm of Nucingen

Chapter IV · Chapter 4

Chapter 4 of The Firm of Nucingen is here in full — 154 sentences across 31 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/30 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
He used to make me feel as if I had met a tiger escaped from the Jardin des Plantes,” said Couture.
Line 2
He was lean and red-haired, his eyes were the color of Spanish snuff, and his complexion was harsh.
Line 3
He looked cold and phlegmatic.
/hiː lʊkt koʊld ənd fleɡˈmætɪk/
Line 4
He was hard upon the widow, pitiless to the orphan, and a terror to his clerks; they were not allowed to waste a minute.
/hiː wɑːz hɑːrd əˈpɑːn ðə ˈwɪdoʊ ˈpɪtiləs tuː ðə ˈɔːrfən ənd ə ˈterər tuː hɪz klɜːrks ðeɪ wɜːr nɑːt əˈlaʊd tuː weɪst ə ˈmɪnət/
Line 5
Learned, crafty, double-faced, honey-tongued, never flying into a passion, rancorous in his judicial way.”

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

Couture noun US /kuːˈtʊr/

high fashion designing and dressmaking

From this reading ““He used to make me feel as if I had met a tiger escaped from the Jardin des Plantes,” said Couture.”

crafty adjective US /ˈkræfti/

marked by skill in deception

From this reading “Learned, crafty, double-faced, honey-tongued, never flying into a passion, rancorous in his judicial way.””

judicial adjective US /dʒuːˈdɪʃəl/

decreed by or proceeding from a court of justice

From this reading “Learned, crafty, double-faced, honey-tongued, never flying into a passion, rancorous in his judicial way.””

orphan noun US /ˈɔːrfən/

a child who has lost both parents

From this reading “He was hard upon the widow, pitiless to the orphan, and a terror to his clerks; they were not allowed to waste a minute.”

phlegmatic adjective US /fleɡˈmætɪk/

showing little emotion

From this reading “He looked cold and phlegmatic.”

pitiless adjective US /ˈpɪtiləs/

without mercy or pity

From this reading “He was hard upon the widow, pitiless to the orphan, and a terror to his clerks; they were not allowed to waste a minute.”

rancorous adjective US /ˈræŋkərəs/

showing deep-seated resentment

From this reading “Learned, crafty, double-faced, honey-tongued, never flying into a passion, rancorous in his judicial way.””

snuff noun US /snʌf/

the charred portion of a candlewick

From this reading ““He was lean and red-haired, his eyes were the color of Spanish snuff, and his complexion was harsh.”

All words in this reading · 61

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading “He used to make me feel as if I had met a tiger escaped from the Jardin des Plantes,” said Couture.

allowedverbUS /əˈlaʊd/

past form of “allow” — make it possible through a specific action or lack of action for something to happen

From this reading He was hard upon the widow, pitiless to the orphan, and a terror to his clerks; they were not allowed to waste a minute.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading “He was lean and red-haired, his eyes were the color of Spanish snuff, and his complexion was harsh.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading “He used to make me feel as if I had met a tiger escaped from the Jardin des Plantes,” said Couture.

clerksnounUS /klɜːrks/

plural of “clerk” — an employee who performs clerical work (e.g., keeps records or accounts)

From this reading He was hard upon the widow, pitiless to the orphan, and a terror to his clerks; they were not allowed to waste a minute.

coldadjectiveUS /koʊld/

having a low or inadequate temperature or feeling a sensation of coldness or having been made cold by e.g. ice or refrigeration

From this reading He looked cold and phlegmatic.

colornounUS /ˈkʌlər/

a visual attribute of things that results from the light they emit or transmit or reflect

From this reading “He was lean and red-haired, his eyes were the color of Spanish snuff, and his complexion was harsh.

complexionnounUS /kəmˈplekʃən/

the coloring of a person's face

From this reading “He was lean and red-haired, his eyes were the color of Spanish snuff, and his complexion was harsh.

CouturenounUS /kuːˈtʊr/

high fashion designing and dressmaking

From this reading “He used to make me feel as if I had met a tiger escaped from the Jardin des Plantes,” said Couture.

craftyadjectiveUS /ˈkræfti/

marked by skill in deception

From this reading Learned, crafty, double-faced, honey-tongued, never flying into a passion, rancorous in his judicial way.”

desnounUS /des/

a potent estrogen used in medicine and in feed for livestock and poultry

From this reading “He used to make me feel as if I had met a tiger escaped from the Jardin des Plantes,” said Couture.

double-facedadjective

(of fabrics) having faces on both sides

From this reading Learned, crafty, double-faced, honey-tongued, never flying into a passion, rancorous in his judicial way.”

escapedadjectiveUS /ɪˈskeɪpt/

having escaped, especially from confinement

From this reading “He used to make me feel as if I had met a tiger escaped from the Jardin des Plantes,” said Couture.

eyesnounUS /aɪz/

opinion or judgment

From this reading “He was lean and red-haired, his eyes were the color of Spanish snuff, and his complexion was harsh.

feelverbUS /fiːl/

undergo an emotional sensation or be in a particular state of mind

From this reading “He used to make me feel as if I had met a tiger escaped from the Jardin des Plantes,” said Couture.

flyingadjectiveUS /ˈflaɪɪŋ/

moving swiftly

From this reading Learned, crafty, double-faced, honey-tongued, never flying into a passion, rancorous in his judicial way.”

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading “He used to make me feel as if I had met a tiger escaped from the Jardin des Plantes,” said Couture.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading “He used to make me feel as if I had met a tiger escaped from the Jardin des Plantes,” said Couture.

hardadjectiveUS /hɑːrd/

not easy; requiring great physical or mental effort to accomplish or comprehend or endure

From this reading He was hard upon the widow, pitiless to the orphan, and a terror to his clerks; they were not allowed to waste a minute.

harshadjectiveUS /hɑːrʃ/

unpleasantly stern

From this reading “He was lean and red-haired, his eyes were the color of Spanish snuff, and his complexion was harsh.

HepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading “He used to make me feel as if I had met a tiger escaped from the Jardin des Plantes,” said Couture.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading “He was lean and red-haired, his eyes were the color of Spanish snuff, and his complexion was harsh.

honey-tongued

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Learned, crafty, double-faced, honey-tongued, never flying into a passion, rancorous in his judicial way.”

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading “He used to make me feel as if I had met a tiger escaped from the Jardin des Plantes,” said Couture.

ifconjunctionUS /ɪf/

on condition that; in the event that

From this reading “He used to make me feel as if I had met a tiger escaped from the Jardin des Plantes,” said Couture.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Learned, crafty, double-faced, honey-tongued, never flying into a passion, rancorous in his judicial way.”

intoprepositionUS /ˈɪntuː/

moving to the inside of something

From this reading Learned, crafty, double-faced, honey-tongued, never flying into a passion, rancorous in his judicial way.”

Jardin

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading “He used to make me feel as if I had met a tiger escaped from the Jardin des Plantes,” said Couture.

judicialadjectiveUS /dʒuːˈdɪʃəl/

decreed by or proceeding from a court of justice

From this reading Learned, crafty, double-faced, honey-tongued, never flying into a passion, rancorous in his judicial way.”

leanverbUS /liːn/

to incline or bend from a vertical position

From this reading “He was lean and red-haired, his eyes were the color of Spanish snuff, and his complexion was harsh.

LearnedadjectiveUS /lɜːrnd/

having or showing profound knowledge

From this reading Learned, crafty, double-faced, honey-tongued, never flying into a passion, rancorous in his judicial way.”

lookedverbUS /lʊkt/

past form of “look” — perceive with attention; direct one's gaze towards

From this reading He looked cold and phlegmatic.

makeverbUS /meɪk/

engage in

From this reading “He used to make me feel as if I had met a tiger escaped from the Jardin des Plantes,” said Couture.

mepronounUS /miː/

the person speaking, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading “He used to make me feel as if I had met a tiger escaped from the Jardin des Plantes,” said Couture.

metverbUS /met/

inflected form of “meet” — come together

From this reading “He used to make me feel as if I had met a tiger escaped from the Jardin des Plantes,” said Couture.

minutenounUS /ˈmɪnət/

a unit of time equal to 60 seconds or 1/60th of an hour

From this reading He was hard upon the widow, pitiless to the orphan, and a terror to his clerks; they were not allowed to waste a minute.

neveradverbUS /ˈnevər/

not ever; at no time in the past or future

From this reading Learned, crafty, double-faced, honey-tongued, never flying into a passion, rancorous in his judicial way.”

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading He was hard upon the widow, pitiless to the orphan, and a terror to his clerks; they were not allowed to waste a minute.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading “He was lean and red-haired, his eyes were the color of Spanish snuff, and his complexion was harsh.

orphannounUS /ˈɔːrfən/

a child who has lost both parents

From this reading He was hard upon the widow, pitiless to the orphan, and a terror to his clerks; they were not allowed to waste a minute.

passionnounUS /ˈpæʃən/

a strong feeling or emotion

From this reading Learned, crafty, double-faced, honey-tongued, never flying into a passion, rancorous in his judicial way.”

phlegmaticadjectiveUS /fleɡˈmætɪk/

showing little emotion

From this reading He looked cold and phlegmatic.

pitilessadjectiveUS /ˈpɪtiləs/

without mercy or pity

From this reading He was hard upon the widow, pitiless to the orphan, and a terror to his clerks; they were not allowed to waste a minute.

Plantes

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading “He used to make me feel as if I had met a tiger escaped from the Jardin des Plantes,” said Couture.

rancorousadjectiveUS /ˈræŋkərəs/

showing deep-seated resentment

From this reading Learned, crafty, double-faced, honey-tongued, never flying into a passion, rancorous in his judicial way.”

red-haired

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading “He was lean and red-haired, his eyes were the color of Spanish snuff, and his complexion was harsh.

saidadjectiveUS /sed/

being the one previously mentioned or spoken of

From this reading “He used to make me feel as if I had met a tiger escaped from the Jardin des Plantes,” said Couture.

snuffnounUS /snʌf/

the charred portion of a candlewick

From this reading “He was lean and red-haired, his eyes were the color of Spanish snuff, and his complexion was harsh.

SpanishnounUS /ˈspænɪʃ/

the Romance language spoken in most of Spain and the countries colonized by Spain

From this reading “He was lean and red-haired, his eyes were the color of Spanish snuff, and his complexion was harsh.

terrornounUS /ˈterər/

an overwhelming feeling of fear and anxiety

From this reading He was hard upon the widow, pitiless to the orphan, and a terror to his clerks; they were not allowed to waste a minute.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading “He used to make me feel as if I had met a tiger escaped from the Jardin des Plantes,” said Couture.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading He was hard upon the widow, pitiless to the orphan, and a terror to his clerks; they were not allowed to waste a minute.

tigernounUS /ˈtaɪɡər/

a fierce or audacious person

From this reading “He used to make me feel as if I had met a tiger escaped from the Jardin des Plantes,” said Couture.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading “He used to make me feel as if I had met a tiger escaped from the Jardin des Plantes,” said Couture.

uponprepositionUS /əˈpɑːn/

a formal word for “on”

From this reading He was hard upon the widow, pitiless to the orphan, and a terror to his clerks; they were not allowed to waste a minute.

usedadjectiveUS /juːzd/

employed in accomplishing something

From this reading “He used to make me feel as if I had met a tiger escaped from the Jardin des Plantes,” said Couture.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading “He was lean and red-haired, his eyes were the color of Spanish snuff, and his complexion was harsh.

wastenounUS /weɪst/

any materials unused and rejected as worthless or unwanted

From this reading He was hard upon the widow, pitiless to the orphan, and a terror to his clerks; they were not allowed to waste a minute.

waynounUS /weɪ/

how something is done or how it happens

From this reading Learned, crafty, double-faced, honey-tongued, never flying into a passion, rancorous in his judicial way.”

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading “He was lean and red-haired, his eyes were the color of Spanish snuff, and his complexion was harsh.

widownounUS /ˈwɪdoʊ/

a woman whose husband is dead especially one who has not remarried

From this reading He was hard upon the widow, pitiless to the orphan, and a terror to his clerks; they were not allowed to waste a minute.

Chapter 4 of The Firm of Nucingen by Honoré de Balzac holds 154 sentences, grouped into 31 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the public-domain source, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 4 of The Firm of Nucingen contain?

Chapter 4 holds 154 sentences of The Firm of Nucingen, unabridged, divided into 31 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 4 of The Firm of Nucingen by Honoré de Balzac exactly as it stands in the public-domain source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 154 sentences, grouped into 31 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 4 of The Firm of Nucingen?

Work through the 31 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 31 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 4 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 4 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading The Firm of Nucingen

Common questions about reading The Firm of Nucingen by Honoré de Balzac on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of The Firm of Nucingen?

Yes. All 1244 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #1294 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of The Firm of Nucingen is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #1294, a public-domain edition. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does The Firm of Nucingen take to read?

About 103 minutes of reading across 249 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read The Firm of Nucingen section by section

How to work through The Firm of Nucingen section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 8 chapters of The Firm of Nucingen to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in The Firm of Nucingen

Words and structures a reader meets early in The Firm of Nucingen, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Madame
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Firm of Nucingen; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Inscribe
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Firm of Nucingen; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Whose
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Firm of Nucingen; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Lofty
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Firm of Nucingen; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.