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The foreign debt of English literature
The foreign debt of English literature

Chapter II

Chapter 2 of The foreign debt of English literature is here in full — 406 sentences across 82 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/81 · 5 lines
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Yet before we come to illustrate in some detail the effect of all this wealth of original thought and splendid style on English, we must mention two famous writers in the later or post-classical period of Greek literature.
These introduced new forms of prose writing which have had many imitators in every European country.
They are Lucian and Plutarch.
Lucian wrote in Syria and in Athens during the later part of the second century of our era.
He composed what we should call articles,” in the form of dialogue and essays, nearly all of them of a satirically humorous character, but nearly all possessed of sound common sense and practical purpose.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
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A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The foreign debt of English literature

Chapter II

Chapter 2 of The foreign debt of English literature is here in full — 406 sentences across 82 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/81 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
Yet before we come to illustrate in some detail the effect of all this wealth of original thought and splendid style on English, we must mention two famous writers in the later orpost-classicalperiod of Greek literature.
Line 2
These introduced new forms of prose writing which have had many imitators in every European country.
/ðiːz ˌɪntrəˈduːst nuː fɔːrmz ʌv proʊz ˈraɪtɪŋ wɪtʃ hæv hæd ˈmeni ˈɪmɪteɪtərz ɪn ˈevəri ˌjʊrəˈpiːən ˈkʌntri/
Line 3
They are Lucian and Plutarch.
Line 4
Lucian wrote in Syria and in Athens during the later part of the second century of our era.
Line 5
He composed what we should callarticles,” in the form of dialogue and essays, nearly all of them of a satirically humorous character, but nearly all possessed of sound common sense and practical purpose.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

Athens noun US /ˈæθənz/

the capital and largest city of Greece; named after Athena (its patron goddess)

From this reading “Lucian wrote in Syria and in Athens during the later part of the second century of our era.”

dialogue noun US /ˈdaɪəlɔːɡ/

a conversation between two persons

From this reading “He composed what we should call “articles,” in the form of dialogue and essays, nearly all of them of a satirically humorous character, but nearly all possessed of sound common sense and practical purpose.”

era noun US /ˈerə/

a period marked by distinctive character or reckoned from a fixed point or event

From this reading “Lucian wrote in Syria and in Athens during the later part of the second century of our era.”

essays noun US /eˈseɪz/

plural of “essay” — an analytic or interpretive literary composition

From this reading “He composed what we should call “articles,” in the form of dialogue and essays, nearly all of them of a satirically humorous character, but nearly all possessed of sound common sense and practical purpose.”

humorous adjective US /ˈhjuːmərəs/

full of or characterized by humor

From this reading “He composed what we should call “articles,” in the form of dialogue and essays, nearly all of them of a satirically humorous character, but nearly all possessed of sound common sense and practical purpose.”

illustrate verb US /ˈɪləstreɪt/

clarify by giving an example of

From this reading “Yet before we come to illustrate in some detail the effect of all this wealth of original thought and splendid style on English, we must mention two famous writers in the later or “post-classical” period of Greek literature.”

imitators noun US /ˈɪmɪteɪtərz/

plural of “imitator” — someone who (fraudulently) assumes the appearance of another

From this reading “These introduced new forms of prose writing which have had many imitators in every European country.”

Syria noun US /ˈsɪriə/

an Asian republic in the Middle East at the east end of the Mediterranean; site of some of the world's most ancient centers of civilization

From this reading “Lucian wrote in Syria and in Athens during the later part of the second century of our era.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

common sense adjective + noun

sound practical judgment

In this reading “He composed what we should call “articles,” in the form of dialogue and essays, nearly all of them of a satirically humorous character, but nearly all possessed of sound common sense and practical purpose.”

practical purpose adjective + noun

In this reading “He composed what we should call “articles,” in the form of dialogue and essays, nearly all of them of a satirically humorous character, but nearly all possessed of sound common sense and practical purpose.”

nearly all adverb + adjective

In this reading “He composed what we should call “articles,” in the form of dialogue and essays, nearly all of them of a satirically humorous character, but nearly all possessed of sound common sense and practical purpose.”

All words in this reading · 82

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading He composed what we should call “articles,” in the form of dialogue and essays, nearly all of them of a satirically humorous character, but nearly all possessed of sound common sense and practical purpose.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading Yet before we come to illustrate in some detail the effect of all this wealth of original thought and splendid style on English, we must mention two famous writers in the later or “post-classical” period of Greek literature.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Yet before we come to illustrate in some detail the effect of all this wealth of original thought and splendid style on English, we must mention two famous writers in the later or “post-classical” period of Greek literature.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading They are Lucian and Plutarch.

articlesnounUS /ˈɑːrtəkəlz/

plural of “article” — nonfictional prose forming an independent part of a publication

From this reading He composed what we should call “articles,” in the form of dialogue and essays, nearly all of them of a satirically humorous character, but nearly all possessed of sound common sense and practical purpose.

AthensnounUS /ˈæθənz/

the capital and largest city of Greece; named after Athena (its patron goddess)

From this reading Lucian wrote in Syria and in Athens during the later part of the second century of our era.

beforeprepositionUS /bɪˈfɔːr/

earlier than; in front of

From this reading Yet before we come to illustrate in some detail the effect of all this wealth of original thought and splendid style on English, we must mention two famous writers in the later or “post-classical” period of Greek literature.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading He composed what we should call “articles,” in the form of dialogue and essays, nearly all of them of a satirically humorous character, but nearly all possessed of sound common sense and practical purpose.

callverbUS /kɔːl/

assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to

From this reading He composed what we should call “articles,” in the form of dialogue and essays, nearly all of them of a satirically humorous character, but nearly all possessed of sound common sense and practical purpose.

centurynounUS /ˈsentʃəri/

a period of 100 years

From this reading Lucian wrote in Syria and in Athens during the later part of the second century of our era.

characternounUS /ˈkerɪktər/

an imaginary person represented in a work of fiction (play or film or story)

From this reading He composed what we should call “articles,” in the form of dialogue and essays, nearly all of them of a satirically humorous character, but nearly all possessed of sound common sense and practical purpose.

comeverbUS /kʌm/

move toward, travel toward something or somebody or approach something or somebody

From this reading Yet before we come to illustrate in some detail the effect of all this wealth of original thought and splendid style on English, we must mention two famous writers in the later or “post-classical” period of Greek literature.

commonadjectiveUS /ˈkɑːmən/

belonging to or participated in by a community as a whole; public

From this reading He composed what we should call “articles,” in the form of dialogue and essays, nearly all of them of a satirically humorous character, but nearly all possessed of sound common sense and practical purpose.

composedadjectiveUS /kəmˈpoʊzd/

serenely self-possessed and free from agitation especially in times of stress

From this reading He composed what we should call “articles,” in the form of dialogue and essays, nearly all of them of a satirically humorous character, but nearly all possessed of sound common sense and practical purpose.

countrynounUS /ˈkʌntri/

a politically organized body of people under a single government

From this reading These introduced new forms of prose writing which have had many imitators in every European country.

detailnounUS /dɪˈteɪl/

an isolated fact that is considered separately from the whole

From this reading Yet before we come to illustrate in some detail the effect of all this wealth of original thought and splendid style on English, we must mention two famous writers in the later or “post-classical” period of Greek literature.

dialoguenounUS /ˈdaɪəlɔːɡ/

a conversation between two persons

From this reading He composed what we should call “articles,” in the form of dialogue and essays, nearly all of them of a satirically humorous character, but nearly all possessed of sound common sense and practical purpose.

duringprepositionUS /ˈdʊrɪŋ/

all through a period, or at some point within it

From this reading Lucian wrote in Syria and in Athens during the later part of the second century of our era.

effectnounUS /ɪˈfekt/

a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon

From this reading Yet before we come to illustrate in some detail the effect of all this wealth of original thought and splendid style on English, we must mention two famous writers in the later or “post-classical” period of Greek literature.

EnglishnounUS /ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ/

an Indo-European language belonging to the West Germanic branch; the official language of Britain and the United States and most of the commonwealth countries

From this reading Yet before we come to illustrate in some detail the effect of all this wealth of original thought and splendid style on English, we must mention two famous writers in the later or “post-classical” period of Greek literature.

eranounUS /ˈerə/

a period marked by distinctive character or reckoned from a fixed point or event

From this reading Lucian wrote in Syria and in Athens during the later part of the second century of our era.

essaysnounUS /eˈseɪz/

plural of “essay” — an analytic or interpretive literary composition

From this reading He composed what we should call “articles,” in the form of dialogue and essays, nearly all of them of a satirically humorous character, but nearly all possessed of sound common sense and practical purpose.

EuropeannounUS /ˌjʊrəˈpiːən/

a native or inhabitant of Europe

From this reading These introduced new forms of prose writing which have had many imitators in every European country.

everydeterminerUS /ˈevəri/

all the members of a group, with none left out

From this reading These introduced new forms of prose writing which have had many imitators in every European country.

famousadjectiveUS /ˈfeɪməs/

widely known and esteemed

From this reading Yet before we come to illustrate in some detail the effect of all this wealth of original thought and splendid style on English, we must mention two famous writers in the later or “post-classical” period of Greek literature.

formnounUS /fɔːrm/

the phonological or orthographic sound or appearance of a word that can be used to describe or identify something

From this reading He composed what we should call “articles,” in the form of dialogue and essays, nearly all of them of a satirically humorous character, but nearly all possessed of sound common sense and practical purpose.

formsnounUS /fɔːrmz/

plural of “form” — the phonological or orthographic sound or appearance of a word that can be used to describe or identify something

From this reading These introduced new forms of prose writing which have had many imitators in every European country.

GreeknounUS /ɡriːk/

the Hellenic branch of the Indo-European family of languages

From this reading Yet before we come to illustrate in some detail the effect of all this wealth of original thought and splendid style on English, we must mention two famous writers in the later or “post-classical” period of Greek literature.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading These introduced new forms of prose writing which have had many imitators in every European country.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading These introduced new forms of prose writing which have had many imitators in every European country.

HepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading He composed what we should call “articles,” in the form of dialogue and essays, nearly all of them of a satirically humorous character, but nearly all possessed of sound common sense and practical purpose.

humorousadjectiveUS /ˈhjuːmərəs/

full of or characterized by humor

From this reading He composed what we should call “articles,” in the form of dialogue and essays, nearly all of them of a satirically humorous character, but nearly all possessed of sound common sense and practical purpose.

illustrateverbUS /ˈɪləstreɪt/

clarify by giving an example of

From this reading Yet before we come to illustrate in some detail the effect of all this wealth of original thought and splendid style on English, we must mention two famous writers in the later or “post-classical” period of Greek literature.

imitatorsnounUS /ˈɪmɪteɪtərz/

plural of “imitator” — someone who (fraudulently) assumes the appearance of another

From this reading These introduced new forms of prose writing which have had many imitators in every European country.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Yet before we come to illustrate in some detail the effect of all this wealth of original thought and splendid style on English, we must mention two famous writers in the later or “post-classical” period of Greek literature.

introducedverbUS /ˌɪntrəˈduːst/

past form of “introduce” — cause to come to know personally

From this reading These introduced new forms of prose writing which have had many imitators in every European country.

lateradverbUS /ˈleɪtər/

happening at a time subsequent to a reference time

From this reading Yet before we come to illustrate in some detail the effect of all this wealth of original thought and splendid style on English, we must mention two famous writers in the later or “post-classical” period of Greek literature.

literaturenounUS /ˈlɪtərətʃər/

creative writing of recognized artistic value

From this reading Yet before we come to illustrate in some detail the effect of all this wealth of original thought and splendid style on English, we must mention two famous writers in the later or “post-classical” period of Greek literature.

Lucian

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading They are Lucian and Plutarch.

manyadjectiveUS /ˈmeni/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “as” or “too” or “so” or “that”; amounting to a large but indefinite number

From this reading These introduced new forms of prose writing which have had many imitators in every European country.

mentionverbUS /ˈmenʃən/

make reference to

From this reading Yet before we come to illustrate in some detail the effect of all this wealth of original thought and splendid style on English, we must mention two famous writers in the later or “post-classical” period of Greek literature.

mustmodal verbUS /mʌst/

used to say something is necessary, or almost certainly true

From this reading Yet before we come to illustrate in some detail the effect of all this wealth of original thought and splendid style on English, we must mention two famous writers in the later or “post-classical” period of Greek literature.

nearlyadverbUS /ˈnɪrli/

(of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but

From this reading He composed what we should call “articles,” in the form of dialogue and essays, nearly all of them of a satirically humorous character, but nearly all possessed of sound common sense and practical purpose.

newadjectiveUS /nuː/

not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered

From this reading These introduced new forms of prose writing which have had many imitators in every European country.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading Yet before we come to illustrate in some detail the effect of all this wealth of original thought and splendid style on English, we must mention two famous writers in the later or “post-classical” period of Greek literature.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading Yet before we come to illustrate in some detail the effect of all this wealth of original thought and splendid style on English, we must mention two famous writers in the later or “post-classical” period of Greek literature.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading Yet before we come to illustrate in some detail the effect of all this wealth of original thought and splendid style on English, we must mention two famous writers in the later or “post-classical” period of Greek literature.

originaladjectiveUS /ərˈɪdʒənəl/

preceding all others in time or being as first made or performed

From this reading Yet before we come to illustrate in some detail the effect of all this wealth of original thought and splendid style on English, we must mention two famous writers in the later or “post-classical” period of Greek literature.

ourdeterminerUS /ˈaʊər/

belonging to the speaker and others

From this reading Lucian wrote in Syria and in Athens during the later part of the second century of our era.

partnounUS /pɑːrt/

something determined in relation to something that includes it

From this reading Lucian wrote in Syria and in Athens during the later part of the second century of our era.

periodnounUS /ˈpɪriəd/

an amount of time

From this reading Yet before we come to illustrate in some detail the effect of all this wealth of original thought and splendid style on English, we must mention two famous writers in the later or “post-classical” period of Greek literature.

Plutarchnoun

Greek biographer who wrote Parallel Lives (46?-120 AD)

From this reading They are Lucian and Plutarch.

possessedadjectiveUS /pəˈzest/

influenced or controlled by a powerful force such as a strong emotion

From this reading He composed what we should call “articles,” in the form of dialogue and essays, nearly all of them of a satirically humorous character, but nearly all possessed of sound common sense and practical purpose.

post-classical

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Yet before we come to illustrate in some detail the effect of all this wealth of original thought and splendid style on English, we must mention two famous writers in the later or “post-classical” period of Greek literature.

practicaladjectiveUS /ˈpræktəkəl/

concerned with actual use or practice

From this reading He composed what we should call “articles,” in the form of dialogue and essays, nearly all of them of a satirically humorous character, but nearly all possessed of sound common sense and practical purpose.

prosenounUS /proʊz/

ordinary writing as distinguished from verse

From this reading These introduced new forms of prose writing which have had many imitators in every European country.

purposenounUS /ˈpɜːrpəs/

an anticipated outcome that is intended or that guides your planned actions

From this reading He composed what we should call “articles,” in the form of dialogue and essays, nearly all of them of a satirically humorous character, but nearly all possessed of sound common sense and practical purpose.

satiricallyadverb

in a satirical manner

From this reading He composed what we should call “articles,” in the form of dialogue and essays, nearly all of them of a satirically humorous character, but nearly all possessed of sound common sense and practical purpose.

secondnounUS /ˈsekənd/

1/60 of a minute; the basic unit of time adopted under the Systeme International d'Unites

From this reading Lucian wrote in Syria and in Athens during the later part of the second century of our era.

sensenounUS /sens/

a general conscious awareness

From this reading He composed what we should call “articles,” in the form of dialogue and essays, nearly all of them of a satirically humorous character, but nearly all possessed of sound common sense and practical purpose.

shouldmodal verbUS /ʃʊd/

used to say what is right, expected, or advisable

From this reading He composed what we should call “articles,” in the form of dialogue and essays, nearly all of them of a satirically humorous character, but nearly all possessed of sound common sense and practical purpose.

someadjectiveUS /sʌm/

(quantifier) used with either mass nouns or plural count nouns to indicate an unspecified number or quantity

From this reading Yet before we come to illustrate in some detail the effect of all this wealth of original thought and splendid style on English, we must mention two famous writers in the later or “post-classical” period of Greek literature.

soundnounUS /saʊnd/

the particular auditory effect produced by a given cause

From this reading He composed what we should call “articles,” in the form of dialogue and essays, nearly all of them of a satirically humorous character, but nearly all possessed of sound common sense and practical purpose.

splendidadjectiveUS /ˈsplendɪd/

having great beauty and splendor

From this reading Yet before we come to illustrate in some detail the effect of all this wealth of original thought and splendid style on English, we must mention two famous writers in the later or “post-classical” period of Greek literature.

stylenounUS /staɪl/

how something is done or how it happens

From this reading Yet before we come to illustrate in some detail the effect of all this wealth of original thought and splendid style on English, we must mention two famous writers in the later or “post-classical” period of Greek literature.

SyrianounUS /ˈsɪriə/

an Asian republic in the Middle East at the east end of the Mediterranean; site of some of the world's most ancient centers of civilization

From this reading Lucian wrote in Syria and in Athens during the later part of the second century of our era.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading Yet before we come to illustrate in some detail the effect of all this wealth of original thought and splendid style on English, we must mention two famous writers in the later or “post-classical” period of Greek literature.

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading He composed what we should call “articles,” in the form of dialogue and essays, nearly all of them of a satirically humorous character, but nearly all possessed of sound common sense and practical purpose.

ThesedeterminerUS /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading These introduced new forms of prose writing which have had many imitators in every European country.

TheypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading They are Lucian and Plutarch.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading Yet before we come to illustrate in some detail the effect of all this wealth of original thought and splendid style on English, we must mention two famous writers in the later or “post-classical” period of Greek literature.

thoughtnounUS /θɔːt/

the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about

From this reading Yet before we come to illustrate in some detail the effect of all this wealth of original thought and splendid style on English, we must mention two famous writers in the later or “post-classical” period of Greek literature.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Yet before we come to illustrate in some detail the effect of all this wealth of original thought and splendid style on English, we must mention two famous writers in the later or “post-classical” period of Greek literature.

twonounUS /tuː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one or a numeral representing this number

From this reading Yet before we come to illustrate in some detail the effect of all this wealth of original thought and splendid style on English, we must mention two famous writers in the later or “post-classical” period of Greek literature.

wepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading Yet before we come to illustrate in some detail the effect of all this wealth of original thought and splendid style on English, we must mention two famous writers in the later or “post-classical” period of Greek literature.

wealthnounUS /welθ/

the state of being rich and affluent; having a plentiful supply of material goods and money

From this reading Yet before we come to illustrate in some detail the effect of all this wealth of original thought and splendid style on English, we must mention two famous writers in the later or “post-classical” period of Greek literature.

whatpronounUS /wʌt/

used to ask for information about something

From this reading He composed what we should call “articles,” in the form of dialogue and essays, nearly all of them of a satirically humorous character, but nearly all possessed of sound common sense and practical purpose.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading These introduced new forms of prose writing which have had many imitators in every European country.

writersnounUS /ˈraɪtərz/

plural of “writer” — writes (books or stories or articles or the like) professionally (for pay)

From this reading Yet before we come to illustrate in some detail the effect of all this wealth of original thought and splendid style on English, we must mention two famous writers in the later or “post-classical” period of Greek literature.

writingnounUS /ˈraɪtɪŋ/

the act of creating written works

From this reading These introduced new forms of prose writing which have had many imitators in every European country.

wroteverbUS /roʊt/

inflected form of “write” — produce a literary work

From this reading Lucian wrote in Syria and in Athens during the later part of the second century of our era.

YetconjunctionUS /jet/

but in spite of that

From this reading Yet before we come to illustrate in some detail the effect of all this wealth of original thought and splendid style on English, we must mention two famous writers in the later or “post-classical” period of Greek literature.

Chapter 2 of The foreign debt of English literature by T. G. (Thomas George) Tucker holds 406 sentences, grouped into 82 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 2 of The foreign debt of English literature contain?

Chapter 2 holds 406 sentences of The foreign debt of English literature, unabridged, divided into 82 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 2 of The foreign debt of English literature by T. G. (Thomas George) Tucker exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 406 sentences, grouped into 82 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 2 of The foreign debt of English literature?

Work through the 82 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 82 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

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Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

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