Learn English through classic literature • Five-line readings • Clear US narration
VELMORA ACADEMY
Academy of Archival Languages & Memory Studies
Menu Close
The Fortunes of Nigel
The Fortunes of Nigel

Chapter XXVIII · Chapter 28

Chapter 28 of The Fortunes of Nigel is here in full — 161 sentences across 33 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for The Fortunes of Nigel
Context Illustration Reading 1/32 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
Ye towers of Julius!
London's lasting shame; With many a foul and midnight murder fed!
_Gray._ Such is the exclamation of Gray.
Bandello, long before him, has said something like it; and the same sentiment must, in some shape or other, have frequently occurred to those, who, remembering the fate of other captives in that memorable state-prison, may have had but too much reason to anticipate their own.
The dark and low arch, which seemed, like the entrance to Dante's Hell, to forbid hope of regress--the muttered sounds of the warders, and petty formalities observed in opening and shutting the grated wicket--the cold and constrained salutation of the Lieutenant of the fortress, who showed his prisoner that distant and measured respect which authority pays as a tax to decorum, all struck upon Nigel's heart, impressing on him the cruel consciousness of captivity.
0:00 / 0:00
Speed 0.75x
AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The Fortunes of Nigel

Chapter XXVIII · Chapter 28

Chapter 28 of The Fortunes of Nigel is here in full — 161 sentences across 33 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/32 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
Ye towers of Julius!
Line 2
London's lasting shame; With many a foul and midnight murder fed!
/ˈlʌndənz ˈlæstɪŋ ʃeɪm wɪð ˈmeni ə faʊl ənd ˈmɪdnaɪt ˈmɜːrdər fed/
Line 3
_Gray._ Such is the exclamation of Gray.
/ɡreɪ sʌtʃ ɪz ðə ˌekskləˈmeɪʃən ʌv ɡreɪ/
Line 4
Bandello, long before him, has said something like it; and the same sentiment must, in some shape or other, have frequently occurred to those, who, remembering the fate of other captives in that memorable state-prison, may have had but too much reason to anticipate their own.
Line 5
The dark and low arch, which seemed, like the entrance to Dante's Hell, to forbid hope of regress--the muttered sounds of the warders, and petty formalities observed in opening and shutting the grated wicket--the cold and constrained salutation of the Lieutenant of the fortress, who showed his prisoner that distant and measured respect which authority pays as a tax to decorum, all struck upon Nigel's heart, impressing on him the cruel consciousness of captivity.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

Dante's noun US /ˈdæntiz/

possessive form of “dante” — an Italian poet famous for writing the Divine Comedy that describes a journey through Hell and purgatory and paradise guided by Virgil and his idealized Beatrice (1265-1321)

From this reading “The dark and low arch, which seemed, like the entrance to Dante's Hell, to forbid hope of regress--the muttered sounds of the warders, and petty formalities observed in opening and shutting the grated wicket--the cold and constrained salutation of the Lieutenant of the fortress, who showed his prisoner that distant and measured respect which authority pays as a tax to decorum, all struck upon Nigel's heart, impressing on him the cruel consciousness of captivity.”

formalities noun US /fɔːrˈmælətiz/

a requirement of etiquette or custom

From this reading “The dark and low arch, which seemed, like the entrance to Dante's Hell, to forbid hope of regress--the muttered sounds of the warders, and petty formalities observed in opening and shutting the grated wicket--the cold and constrained salutation of the Lieutenant of the fortress, who showed his prisoner that distant and measured respect which authority pays as a tax to decorum, all struck upon Nigel's heart, impressing on him the cruel consciousness of captivity.”

grated verb US /ˈɡreɪtɪd/

past form of “grate” — furnish with a grate

From this reading “The dark and low arch, which seemed, like the entrance to Dante's Hell, to forbid hope of regress--the muttered sounds of the warders, and petty formalities observed in opening and shutting the grated wicket--the cold and constrained salutation of the Lieutenant of the fortress, who showed his prisoner that distant and measured respect which authority pays as a tax to decorum, all struck upon Nigel's heart, impressing on him the cruel consciousness of captivity.”

impressing verb US /ˌɪmˈpresɪŋ/

-ing form of “impress” — have an emotional or cognitive impact upon

From this reading “The dark and low arch, which seemed, like the entrance to Dante's Hell, to forbid hope of regress--the muttered sounds of the warders, and petty formalities observed in opening and shutting the grated wicket--the cold and constrained salutation of the Lieutenant of the fortress, who showed his prisoner that distant and measured respect which authority pays as a tax to decorum, all struck upon Nigel's heart, impressing on him the cruel consciousness of captivity.”

London's noun US /ˈlʌndənz/

possessive form of “london” — the capital and largest city of England; located on the Thames in southeastern England; financial and industrial and cultural center

From this reading “London's lasting shame; With many a foul and midnight murder fed!”

regress verb US /ˈriːɡres/

go back to a statistical means

From this reading “The dark and low arch, which seemed, like the entrance to Dante's Hell, to forbid hope of regress--the muttered sounds of the warders, and petty formalities observed in opening and shutting the grated wicket--the cold and constrained salutation of the Lieutenant of the fortress, who showed his prisoner that distant and measured respect which authority pays as a tax to decorum, all struck upon Nigel's heart, impressing on him the cruel consciousness of captivity.”

warders noun US /ˈwɔːrdərz/

plural of “warder” — a person who works in a prison and is in charge of prisoners

From this reading “The dark and low arch, which seemed, like the entrance to Dante's Hell, to forbid hope of regress--the muttered sounds of the warders, and petty formalities observed in opening and shutting the grated wicket--the cold and constrained salutation of the Lieutenant of the fortress, who showed his prisoner that distant and measured respect which authority pays as a tax to decorum, all struck upon Nigel's heart, impressing on him the cruel consciousness of captivity.”

wicket noun US /ˈwɪkət/

cricket equipment consisting of a set of three stumps topped by crosspieces; used in playing cricket

From this reading “The dark and low arch, which seemed, like the entrance to Dante's Hell, to forbid hope of regress--the muttered sounds of the warders, and petty formalities observed in opening and shutting the grated wicket--the cold and constrained salutation of the Lieutenant of the fortress, who showed his prisoner that distant and measured respect which authority pays as a tax to decorum, all struck upon Nigel's heart, impressing on him the cruel consciousness of captivity.”

All words in this reading · 105

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading London's lasting shame; With many a foul and midnight murder fed!

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading The dark and low arch, which seemed, like the entrance to Dante's Hell, to forbid hope of regress--the muttered sounds of the warders, and petty formalities observed in opening and shutting the grated wicket--the cold and constrained salutation of the Lieutenant of the fortress, who showed his prisoner that distant and measured respect which authority pays as a tax to decorum, all struck upon Nigel's heart, impressing on him the cruel consciousness of captivity.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading London's lasting shame; With many a foul and midnight murder fed!

anticipateverbUS /ænˈtɪsəpeɪt/

regard something as probable or likely

From this reading Bandello, long before him, has said something like it; and the same sentiment must, in some shape or other, have frequently occurred to those, who, remembering the fate of other captives in that memorable state-prison, may have had but too much reason to anticipate their own.

archnounUS /ɑːrtʃ/

a curved shape in the vertical plane that spans an opening

From this reading The dark and low arch, which seemed, like the entrance to Dante's Hell, to forbid hope of regress--the muttered sounds of the warders, and petty formalities observed in opening and shutting the grated wicket--the cold and constrained salutation of the Lieutenant of the fortress, who showed his prisoner that distant and measured respect which authority pays as a tax to decorum, all struck upon Nigel's heart, impressing on him the cruel consciousness of captivity.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading The dark and low arch, which seemed, like the entrance to Dante's Hell, to forbid hope of regress--the muttered sounds of the warders, and petty formalities observed in opening and shutting the grated wicket--the cold and constrained salutation of the Lieutenant of the fortress, who showed his prisoner that distant and measured respect which authority pays as a tax to decorum, all struck upon Nigel's heart, impressing on him the cruel consciousness of captivity.

authoritynounUS /əˈθɔːrəti/

the power or right to give orders or make decisions

From this reading The dark and low arch, which seemed, like the entrance to Dante's Hell, to forbid hope of regress--the muttered sounds of the warders, and petty formalities observed in opening and shutting the grated wicket--the cold and constrained salutation of the Lieutenant of the fortress, who showed his prisoner that distant and measured respect which authority pays as a tax to decorum, all struck upon Nigel's heart, impressing on him the cruel consciousness of captivity.

Bandello

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Bandello, long before him, has said something like it; and the same sentiment must, in some shape or other, have frequently occurred to those, who, remembering the fate of other captives in that memorable state-prison, may have had but too much reason to anticipate their own.

beforeprepositionUS /bɪˈfɔːr/

earlier than; in front of

From this reading Bandello, long before him, has said something like it; and the same sentiment must, in some shape or other, have frequently occurred to those, who, remembering the fate of other captives in that memorable state-prison, may have had but too much reason to anticipate their own.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading Bandello, long before him, has said something like it; and the same sentiment must, in some shape or other, have frequently occurred to those, who, remembering the fate of other captives in that memorable state-prison, may have had but too much reason to anticipate their own.

captivesnounUS /ˈkæptɪvz/

plural of “captive” — a person who is confined; especially a prisoner of war

From this reading Bandello, long before him, has said something like it; and the same sentiment must, in some shape or other, have frequently occurred to those, who, remembering the fate of other captives in that memorable state-prison, may have had but too much reason to anticipate their own.

captivitynounUS /kæpˈtɪvəti/

the state of being imprisoned

From this reading The dark and low arch, which seemed, like the entrance to Dante's Hell, to forbid hope of regress--the muttered sounds of the warders, and petty formalities observed in opening and shutting the grated wicket--the cold and constrained salutation of the Lieutenant of the fortress, who showed his prisoner that distant and measured respect which authority pays as a tax to decorum, all struck upon Nigel's heart, impressing on him the cruel consciousness of captivity.

coldadjectiveUS /koʊld/

having a low or inadequate temperature or feeling a sensation of coldness or having been made cold by e.g. ice or refrigeration

From this reading The dark and low arch, which seemed, like the entrance to Dante's Hell, to forbid hope of regress--the muttered sounds of the warders, and petty formalities observed in opening and shutting the grated wicket--the cold and constrained salutation of the Lieutenant of the fortress, who showed his prisoner that distant and measured respect which authority pays as a tax to decorum, all struck upon Nigel's heart, impressing on him the cruel consciousness of captivity.

consciousnessnounUS /ˈkɑːnʃəsnəs/

an alert cognitive state in which you are aware of yourself and your situation

From this reading The dark and low arch, which seemed, like the entrance to Dante's Hell, to forbid hope of regress--the muttered sounds of the warders, and petty formalities observed in opening and shutting the grated wicket--the cold and constrained salutation of the Lieutenant of the fortress, who showed his prisoner that distant and measured respect which authority pays as a tax to decorum, all struck upon Nigel's heart, impressing on him the cruel consciousness of captivity.

constrainedadjectiveUS /kənˈstreɪnd/

lacking spontaneity; not natural

From this reading The dark and low arch, which seemed, like the entrance to Dante's Hell, to forbid hope of regress--the muttered sounds of the warders, and petty formalities observed in opening and shutting the grated wicket--the cold and constrained salutation of the Lieutenant of the fortress, who showed his prisoner that distant and measured respect which authority pays as a tax to decorum, all struck upon Nigel's heart, impressing on him the cruel consciousness of captivity.

crueladjectiveUS /ˈkruːəl/

(of persons or their actions) able or disposed to inflict pain or suffering

From this reading The dark and low arch, which seemed, like the entrance to Dante's Hell, to forbid hope of regress--the muttered sounds of the warders, and petty formalities observed in opening and shutting the grated wicket--the cold and constrained salutation of the Lieutenant of the fortress, who showed his prisoner that distant and measured respect which authority pays as a tax to decorum, all struck upon Nigel's heart, impressing on him the cruel consciousness of captivity.

Dante'snounUS /ˈdæntiz/

possessive form of “dante” — an Italian poet famous for writing the Divine Comedy that describes a journey through Hell and purgatory and paradise guided by Virgil and his idealized Beatrice (1265-1321)

From this reading The dark and low arch, which seemed, like the entrance to Dante's Hell, to forbid hope of regress--the muttered sounds of the warders, and petty formalities observed in opening and shutting the grated wicket--the cold and constrained salutation of the Lieutenant of the fortress, who showed his prisoner that distant and measured respect which authority pays as a tax to decorum, all struck upon Nigel's heart, impressing on him the cruel consciousness of captivity.

darknounUS /dɑːrk/

absence of light or illumination

From this reading The dark and low arch, which seemed, like the entrance to Dante's Hell, to forbid hope of regress--the muttered sounds of the warders, and petty formalities observed in opening and shutting the grated wicket--the cold and constrained salutation of the Lieutenant of the fortress, who showed his prisoner that distant and measured respect which authority pays as a tax to decorum, all struck upon Nigel's heart, impressing on him the cruel consciousness of captivity.

decorumnounUS /dɪˈkɔːrəm/

propriety in manners and conduct

From this reading The dark and low arch, which seemed, like the entrance to Dante's Hell, to forbid hope of regress--the muttered sounds of the warders, and petty formalities observed in opening and shutting the grated wicket--the cold and constrained salutation of the Lieutenant of the fortress, who showed his prisoner that distant and measured respect which authority pays as a tax to decorum, all struck upon Nigel's heart, impressing on him the cruel consciousness of captivity.

distantadjectiveUS /ˈdɪstənt/

separated in space or coming from or going to a distance

From this reading The dark and low arch, which seemed, like the entrance to Dante's Hell, to forbid hope of regress--the muttered sounds of the warders, and petty formalities observed in opening and shutting the grated wicket--the cold and constrained salutation of the Lieutenant of the fortress, who showed his prisoner that distant and measured respect which authority pays as a tax to decorum, all struck upon Nigel's heart, impressing on him the cruel consciousness of captivity.

entrancenounUS /ˈentrəns/

something that provides access (to get in or get out)

From this reading The dark and low arch, which seemed, like the entrance to Dante's Hell, to forbid hope of regress--the muttered sounds of the warders, and petty formalities observed in opening and shutting the grated wicket--the cold and constrained salutation of the Lieutenant of the fortress, who showed his prisoner that distant and measured respect which authority pays as a tax to decorum, all struck upon Nigel's heart, impressing on him the cruel consciousness of captivity.

exclamationnounUS /ˌekskləˈmeɪʃən/

an abrupt excited utterance

From this reading _Gray._ Such is the exclamation of Gray.

fatenounUS /feɪt/

an event (or a course of events) that will inevitably happen in the future

From this reading Bandello, long before him, has said something like it; and the same sentiment must, in some shape or other, have frequently occurred to those, who, remembering the fate of other captives in that memorable state-prison, may have had but too much reason to anticipate their own.

fednounUS /fed/

any federal law-enforcement officer

From this reading London's lasting shame; With many a foul and midnight murder fed!

forbidverbUS /fərˈbɪd/

command against

From this reading The dark and low arch, which seemed, like the entrance to Dante's Hell, to forbid hope of regress--the muttered sounds of the warders, and petty formalities observed in opening and shutting the grated wicket--the cold and constrained salutation of the Lieutenant of the fortress, who showed his prisoner that distant and measured respect which authority pays as a tax to decorum, all struck upon Nigel's heart, impressing on him the cruel consciousness of captivity.

formalitiesnounUS /fɔːrˈmælətiz/

a requirement of etiquette or custom

From this reading The dark and low arch, which seemed, like the entrance to Dante's Hell, to forbid hope of regress--the muttered sounds of the warders, and petty formalities observed in opening and shutting the grated wicket--the cold and constrained salutation of the Lieutenant of the fortress, who showed his prisoner that distant and measured respect which authority pays as a tax to decorum, all struck upon Nigel's heart, impressing on him the cruel consciousness of captivity.

fortressnounUS /ˈfɔːrtrəs/

a fortified defensive structure

From this reading The dark and low arch, which seemed, like the entrance to Dante's Hell, to forbid hope of regress--the muttered sounds of the warders, and petty formalities observed in opening and shutting the grated wicket--the cold and constrained salutation of the Lieutenant of the fortress, who showed his prisoner that distant and measured respect which authority pays as a tax to decorum, all struck upon Nigel's heart, impressing on him the cruel consciousness of captivity.

fouladjectiveUS /faʊl/

highly offensive; arousing aversion or disgust

From this reading London's lasting shame; With many a foul and midnight murder fed!

frequentlyadverbUS /ˈfriːkwəntli/

many times at short intervals

From this reading Bandello, long before him, has said something like it; and the same sentiment must, in some shape or other, have frequently occurred to those, who, remembering the fate of other captives in that memorable state-prison, may have had but too much reason to anticipate their own.

gratedverbUS /ˈɡreɪtɪd/

past form of “grate” — furnish with a grate

From this reading The dark and low arch, which seemed, like the entrance to Dante's Hell, to forbid hope of regress--the muttered sounds of the warders, and petty formalities observed in opening and shutting the grated wicket--the cold and constrained salutation of the Lieutenant of the fortress, who showed his prisoner that distant and measured respect which authority pays as a tax to decorum, all struck upon Nigel's heart, impressing on him the cruel consciousness of captivity.

GraynounUS /ɡreɪ/

a neutral achromatic color midway between white and black

From this reading _Gray._ Such is the exclamation of Gray.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading Bandello, long before him, has said something like it; and the same sentiment must, in some shape or other, have frequently occurred to those, who, remembering the fate of other captives in that memorable state-prison, may have had but too much reason to anticipate their own.

hasauxiliary verbUS /hæz/

the form of “have” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Bandello, long before him, has said something like it; and the same sentiment must, in some shape or other, have frequently occurred to those, who, remembering the fate of other captives in that memorable state-prison, may have had but too much reason to anticipate their own.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading Bandello, long before him, has said something like it; and the same sentiment must, in some shape or other, have frequently occurred to those, who, remembering the fate of other captives in that memorable state-prison, may have had but too much reason to anticipate their own.

heartnounUS /hɑːrt/

the locus of feelings and intuitions

From this reading The dark and low arch, which seemed, like the entrance to Dante's Hell, to forbid hope of regress--the muttered sounds of the warders, and petty formalities observed in opening and shutting the grated wicket--the cold and constrained salutation of the Lieutenant of the fortress, who showed his prisoner that distant and measured respect which authority pays as a tax to decorum, all struck upon Nigel's heart, impressing on him the cruel consciousness of captivity.

HellnounUS /hel/

any place of pain and turmoil

From this reading The dark and low arch, which seemed, like the entrance to Dante's Hell, to forbid hope of regress--the muttered sounds of the warders, and petty formalities observed in opening and shutting the grated wicket--the cold and constrained salutation of the Lieutenant of the fortress, who showed his prisoner that distant and measured respect which authority pays as a tax to decorum, all struck upon Nigel's heart, impressing on him the cruel consciousness of captivity.

himpronounUS /hɪm/

the male already mentioned, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading Bandello, long before him, has said something like it; and the same sentiment must, in some shape or other, have frequently occurred to those, who, remembering the fate of other captives in that memorable state-prison, may have had but too much reason to anticipate their own.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading The dark and low arch, which seemed, like the entrance to Dante's Hell, to forbid hope of regress--the muttered sounds of the warders, and petty formalities observed in opening and shutting the grated wicket--the cold and constrained salutation of the Lieutenant of the fortress, who showed his prisoner that distant and measured respect which authority pays as a tax to decorum, all struck upon Nigel's heart, impressing on him the cruel consciousness of captivity.

hopenounUS /hoʊp/

a specific instance of feeling hopeful

From this reading The dark and low arch, which seemed, like the entrance to Dante's Hell, to forbid hope of regress--the muttered sounds of the warders, and petty formalities observed in opening and shutting the grated wicket--the cold and constrained salutation of the Lieutenant of the fortress, who showed his prisoner that distant and measured respect which authority pays as a tax to decorum, all struck upon Nigel's heart, impressing on him the cruel consciousness of captivity.

impressingverbUS /ˌɪmˈpresɪŋ/

-ing form of “impress” — have an emotional or cognitive impact upon

From this reading The dark and low arch, which seemed, like the entrance to Dante's Hell, to forbid hope of regress--the muttered sounds of the warders, and petty formalities observed in opening and shutting the grated wicket--the cold and constrained salutation of the Lieutenant of the fortress, who showed his prisoner that distant and measured respect which authority pays as a tax to decorum, all struck upon Nigel's heart, impressing on him the cruel consciousness of captivity.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Bandello, long before him, has said something like it; and the same sentiment must, in some shape or other, have frequently occurred to those, who, remembering the fate of other captives in that memorable state-prison, may have had but too much reason to anticipate their own.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading _Gray._ Such is the exclamation of Gray.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading Bandello, long before him, has said something like it; and the same sentiment must, in some shape or other, have frequently occurred to those, who, remembering the fate of other captives in that memorable state-prison, may have had but too much reason to anticipate their own.

Julius

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Ye towers of Julius!

lastingadjectiveUS /ˈlæstɪŋ/

continuing or enduring without marked change in status or condition or place

From this reading London's lasting shame; With many a foul and midnight murder fed!

LieutenantnounUS /luːˈtenənt/

a commissioned military officer

From this reading The dark and low arch, which seemed, like the entrance to Dante's Hell, to forbid hope of regress--the muttered sounds of the warders, and petty formalities observed in opening and shutting the grated wicket--the cold and constrained salutation of the Lieutenant of the fortress, who showed his prisoner that distant and measured respect which authority pays as a tax to decorum, all struck upon Nigel's heart, impressing on him the cruel consciousness of captivity.

likeverbUS /laɪk/

prefer or wish to do something

From this reading Bandello, long before him, has said something like it; and the same sentiment must, in some shape or other, have frequently occurred to those, who, remembering the fate of other captives in that memorable state-prison, may have had but too much reason to anticipate their own.

London'snounUS /ˈlʌndənz/

possessive form of “london” — the capital and largest city of England; located on the Thames in southeastern England; financial and industrial and cultural center

From this reading London's lasting shame; With many a foul and midnight murder fed!

longadjectiveUS /lɔːŋ/

primarily temporal sense; being or indicating a relatively great or greater than average duration or passage of time or a duration as specified

From this reading Bandello, long before him, has said something like it; and the same sentiment must, in some shape or other, have frequently occurred to those, who, remembering the fate of other captives in that memorable state-prison, may have had but too much reason to anticipate their own.

lowadjectiveUS /loʊ/

less than normal in degree or intensity or amount

From this reading The dark and low arch, which seemed, like the entrance to Dante's Hell, to forbid hope of regress--the muttered sounds of the warders, and petty formalities observed in opening and shutting the grated wicket--the cold and constrained salutation of the Lieutenant of the fortress, who showed his prisoner that distant and measured respect which authority pays as a tax to decorum, all struck upon Nigel's heart, impressing on him the cruel consciousness of captivity.

manyadjectiveUS /ˈmeni/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “as” or “too” or “so” or “that”; amounting to a large but indefinite number

From this reading London's lasting shame; With many a foul and midnight murder fed!

maymodal verbUS /meɪ/

used to say something is possible, or to give permission

From this reading Bandello, long before him, has said something like it; and the same sentiment must, in some shape or other, have frequently occurred to those, who, remembering the fate of other captives in that memorable state-prison, may have had but too much reason to anticipate their own.

measuredadjectiveUS /ˈmeʒərd/

having notes of fixed rhythmic value

From this reading The dark and low arch, which seemed, like the entrance to Dante's Hell, to forbid hope of regress--the muttered sounds of the warders, and petty formalities observed in opening and shutting the grated wicket--the cold and constrained salutation of the Lieutenant of the fortress, who showed his prisoner that distant and measured respect which authority pays as a tax to decorum, all struck upon Nigel's heart, impressing on him the cruel consciousness of captivity.

memorableadjectiveUS /ˈmemərəbəl/

worth remembering

From this reading Bandello, long before him, has said something like it; and the same sentiment must, in some shape or other, have frequently occurred to those, who, remembering the fate of other captives in that memorable state-prison, may have had but too much reason to anticipate their own.

midnightnounUS /ˈmɪdnaɪt/

12 o'clock at night; the middle of the night

From this reading London's lasting shame; With many a foul and midnight murder fed!

muchadverbUS /mʌtʃ/

to a great degree or extent

From this reading Bandello, long before him, has said something like it; and the same sentiment must, in some shape or other, have frequently occurred to those, who, remembering the fate of other captives in that memorable state-prison, may have had but too much reason to anticipate their own.

murderverbUS /ˈmɜːrdər/

kill intentionally and with premeditation

From this reading London's lasting shame; With many a foul and midnight murder fed!

mustmodal verbUS /mʌst/

used to say something is necessary, or almost certainly true

From this reading Bandello, long before him, has said something like it; and the same sentiment must, in some shape or other, have frequently occurred to those, who, remembering the fate of other captives in that memorable state-prison, may have had but too much reason to anticipate their own.

mutteredverbUS /ˈmʌtərd/

past form of “mutter” — talk indistinctly; usually in a low voice

From this reading The dark and low arch, which seemed, like the entrance to Dante's Hell, to forbid hope of regress--the muttered sounds of the warders, and petty formalities observed in opening and shutting the grated wicket--the cold and constrained salutation of the Lieutenant of the fortress, who showed his prisoner that distant and measured respect which authority pays as a tax to decorum, all struck upon Nigel's heart, impressing on him the cruel consciousness of captivity.

Nigel's

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The dark and low arch, which seemed, like the entrance to Dante's Hell, to forbid hope of regress--the muttered sounds of the warders, and petty formalities observed in opening and shutting the grated wicket--the cold and constrained salutation of the Lieutenant of the fortress, who showed his prisoner that distant and measured respect which authority pays as a tax to decorum, all struck upon Nigel's heart, impressing on him the cruel consciousness of captivity.

observedadjectiveUS /əbˈzɜːrvd/

discovered or determined by scientific observation

From this reading The dark and low arch, which seemed, like the entrance to Dante's Hell, to forbid hope of regress--the muttered sounds of the warders, and petty formalities observed in opening and shutting the grated wicket--the cold and constrained salutation of the Lieutenant of the fortress, who showed his prisoner that distant and measured respect which authority pays as a tax to decorum, all struck upon Nigel's heart, impressing on him the cruel consciousness of captivity.

occurredverbUS /əˈkɜːrd/

inflected form of “occur” — come to pass

From this reading Bandello, long before him, has said something like it; and the same sentiment must, in some shape or other, have frequently occurred to those, who, remembering the fate of other captives in that memorable state-prison, may have had but too much reason to anticipate their own.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading Ye towers of Julius!

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading The dark and low arch, which seemed, like the entrance to Dante's Hell, to forbid hope of regress--the muttered sounds of the warders, and petty formalities observed in opening and shutting the grated wicket--the cold and constrained salutation of the Lieutenant of the fortress, who showed his prisoner that distant and measured respect which authority pays as a tax to decorum, all struck upon Nigel's heart, impressing on him the cruel consciousness of captivity.

openingnounUS /ˈoʊpənɪŋ/

an open or empty space in or between things

From this reading The dark and low arch, which seemed, like the entrance to Dante's Hell, to forbid hope of regress--the muttered sounds of the warders, and petty formalities observed in opening and shutting the grated wicket--the cold and constrained salutation of the Lieutenant of the fortress, who showed his prisoner that distant and measured respect which authority pays as a tax to decorum, all struck upon Nigel's heart, impressing on him the cruel consciousness of captivity.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading Bandello, long before him, has said something like it; and the same sentiment must, in some shape or other, have frequently occurred to those, who, remembering the fate of other captives in that memorable state-prison, may have had but too much reason to anticipate their own.

otheradjectiveUS /ˈʌðər/

not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied

From this reading Bandello, long before him, has said something like it; and the same sentiment must, in some shape or other, have frequently occurred to those, who, remembering the fate of other captives in that memorable state-prison, may have had but too much reason to anticipate their own.

ownverbUS /oʊn/

have ownership or possession of

From this reading Bandello, long before him, has said something like it; and the same sentiment must, in some shape or other, have frequently occurred to those, who, remembering the fate of other captives in that memorable state-prison, may have had but too much reason to anticipate their own.

paysnounUS /peɪz/

plural of “pay” — something that remunerates

From this reading The dark and low arch, which seemed, like the entrance to Dante's Hell, to forbid hope of regress--the muttered sounds of the warders, and petty formalities observed in opening and shutting the grated wicket--the cold and constrained salutation of the Lieutenant of the fortress, who showed his prisoner that distant and measured respect which authority pays as a tax to decorum, all struck upon Nigel's heart, impressing on him the cruel consciousness of captivity.

pettyadjectiveUS /ˈpetiː/

inferior in rank or status

From this reading The dark and low arch, which seemed, like the entrance to Dante's Hell, to forbid hope of regress--the muttered sounds of the warders, and petty formalities observed in opening and shutting the grated wicket--the cold and constrained salutation of the Lieutenant of the fortress, who showed his prisoner that distant and measured respect which authority pays as a tax to decorum, all struck upon Nigel's heart, impressing on him the cruel consciousness of captivity.

prisonernounUS /ˈprɪzənər/

a person who is confined; especially a prisoner of war

From this reading The dark and low arch, which seemed, like the entrance to Dante's Hell, to forbid hope of regress--the muttered sounds of the warders, and petty formalities observed in opening and shutting the grated wicket--the cold and constrained salutation of the Lieutenant of the fortress, who showed his prisoner that distant and measured respect which authority pays as a tax to decorum, all struck upon Nigel's heart, impressing on him the cruel consciousness of captivity.

reasonnounUS /ˈriːzən/

a rational motive for a belief or action

From this reading Bandello, long before him, has said something like it; and the same sentiment must, in some shape or other, have frequently occurred to those, who, remembering the fate of other captives in that memorable state-prison, may have had but too much reason to anticipate their own.

regressverbUS /ˈriːɡres/

go back to a statistical means

From this reading The dark and low arch, which seemed, like the entrance to Dante's Hell, to forbid hope of regress--the muttered sounds of the warders, and petty formalities observed in opening and shutting the grated wicket--the cold and constrained salutation of the Lieutenant of the fortress, who showed his prisoner that distant and measured respect which authority pays as a tax to decorum, all struck upon Nigel's heart, impressing on him the cruel consciousness of captivity.

rememberingnounUS /rɪˈmembərɪŋ/

the cognitive processes whereby past experience is remembered

From this reading Bandello, long before him, has said something like it; and the same sentiment must, in some shape or other, have frequently occurred to those, who, remembering the fate of other captives in that memorable state-prison, may have had but too much reason to anticipate their own.

respectnounUS /rɪˈspekt/

(usually preceded by “in”) a detail or point

From this reading The dark and low arch, which seemed, like the entrance to Dante's Hell, to forbid hope of regress--the muttered sounds of the warders, and petty formalities observed in opening and shutting the grated wicket--the cold and constrained salutation of the Lieutenant of the fortress, who showed his prisoner that distant and measured respect which authority pays as a tax to decorum, all struck upon Nigel's heart, impressing on him the cruel consciousness of captivity.

saidadjectiveUS /sed/

being the one previously mentioned or spoken of

From this reading Bandello, long before him, has said something like it; and the same sentiment must, in some shape or other, have frequently occurred to those, who, remembering the fate of other captives in that memorable state-prison, may have had but too much reason to anticipate their own.

salutationnoun

an act of honor or courteous recognition

From this reading The dark and low arch, which seemed, like the entrance to Dante's Hell, to forbid hope of regress--the muttered sounds of the warders, and petty formalities observed in opening and shutting the grated wicket--the cold and constrained salutation of the Lieutenant of the fortress, who showed his prisoner that distant and measured respect which authority pays as a tax to decorum, all struck upon Nigel's heart, impressing on him the cruel consciousness of captivity.

sameadjectiveUS /seɪm/

Identical; not different.

From this reading Bandello, long before him, has said something like it; and the same sentiment must, in some shape or other, have frequently occurred to those, who, remembering the fate of other captives in that memorable state-prison, may have had but too much reason to anticipate their own.

seemedverbUS /siːmd/

past form of “seem” — give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect

From this reading The dark and low arch, which seemed, like the entrance to Dante's Hell, to forbid hope of regress--the muttered sounds of the warders, and petty formalities observed in opening and shutting the grated wicket--the cold and constrained salutation of the Lieutenant of the fortress, who showed his prisoner that distant and measured respect which authority pays as a tax to decorum, all struck upon Nigel's heart, impressing on him the cruel consciousness of captivity.

sentimentnounUS /ˈsentəmənt/

tender, romantic, or nostalgic feeling or emotion

From this reading Bandello, long before him, has said something like it; and the same sentiment must, in some shape or other, have frequently occurred to those, who, remembering the fate of other captives in that memorable state-prison, may have had but too much reason to anticipate their own.

shamenounUS /ʃeɪm/

a painful emotion resulting from an awareness of inadequacy or guilt

From this reading London's lasting shame; With many a foul and midnight murder fed!

shapenounUS /ʃeɪp/

any spatial attributes (especially as defined by outline)

From this reading Bandello, long before him, has said something like it; and the same sentiment must, in some shape or other, have frequently occurred to those, who, remembering the fate of other captives in that memorable state-prison, may have had but too much reason to anticipate their own.

showedverbUS /ʃoʊd/

past form of “show” — give an exhibition of to an interested audience

From this reading The dark and low arch, which seemed, like the entrance to Dante's Hell, to forbid hope of regress--the muttered sounds of the warders, and petty formalities observed in opening and shutting the grated wicket--the cold and constrained salutation of the Lieutenant of the fortress, who showed his prisoner that distant and measured respect which authority pays as a tax to decorum, all struck upon Nigel's heart, impressing on him the cruel consciousness of captivity.

shuttingnounUS /ˈʃʌtɪŋ/

the act of closing something

From this reading The dark and low arch, which seemed, like the entrance to Dante's Hell, to forbid hope of regress--the muttered sounds of the warders, and petty formalities observed in opening and shutting the grated wicket--the cold and constrained salutation of the Lieutenant of the fortress, who showed his prisoner that distant and measured respect which authority pays as a tax to decorum, all struck upon Nigel's heart, impressing on him the cruel consciousness of captivity.

someadjectiveUS /sʌm/

(quantifier) used with either mass nouns or plural count nouns to indicate an unspecified number or quantity

From this reading Bandello, long before him, has said something like it; and the same sentiment must, in some shape or other, have frequently occurred to those, who, remembering the fate of other captives in that memorable state-prison, may have had but too much reason to anticipate their own.

somethingpronounUS /ˈsʌmθɪŋ/

a thing, without saying which

From this reading Bandello, long before him, has said something like it; and the same sentiment must, in some shape or other, have frequently occurred to those, who, remembering the fate of other captives in that memorable state-prison, may have had but too much reason to anticipate their own.

soundsnounUS /saʊndz/

plural of “sound” — the particular auditory effect produced by a given cause

From this reading The dark and low arch, which seemed, like the entrance to Dante's Hell, to forbid hope of regress--the muttered sounds of the warders, and petty formalities observed in opening and shutting the grated wicket--the cold and constrained salutation of the Lieutenant of the fortress, who showed his prisoner that distant and measured respect which authority pays as a tax to decorum, all struck upon Nigel's heart, impressing on him the cruel consciousness of captivity.

state-prison

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Bandello, long before him, has said something like it; and the same sentiment must, in some shape or other, have frequently occurred to those, who, remembering the fate of other captives in that memorable state-prison, may have had but too much reason to anticipate their own.

struckadjectiveUS /strʌk/

(used in combination) affected by something overwhelming

From this reading The dark and low arch, which seemed, like the entrance to Dante's Hell, to forbid hope of regress--the muttered sounds of the warders, and petty formalities observed in opening and shutting the grated wicket--the cold and constrained salutation of the Lieutenant of the fortress, who showed his prisoner that distant and measured respect which authority pays as a tax to decorum, all struck upon Nigel's heart, impressing on him the cruel consciousness of captivity.

SuchdeterminerUS /sʌtʃ/

of the kind already mentioned

From this reading _Gray._ Such is the exclamation of Gray.

taxverbUS /tæks/

levy a tax on

From this reading The dark and low arch, which seemed, like the entrance to Dante's Hell, to forbid hope of regress--the muttered sounds of the warders, and petty formalities observed in opening and shutting the grated wicket--the cold and constrained salutation of the Lieutenant of the fortress, who showed his prisoner that distant and measured respect which authority pays as a tax to decorum, all struck upon Nigel's heart, impressing on him the cruel consciousness of captivity.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading Bandello, long before him, has said something like it; and the same sentiment must, in some shape or other, have frequently occurred to those, who, remembering the fate of other captives in that memorable state-prison, may have had but too much reason to anticipate their own.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading _Gray._ Such is the exclamation of Gray.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading Bandello, long before him, has said something like it; and the same sentiment must, in some shape or other, have frequently occurred to those, who, remembering the fate of other captives in that memorable state-prison, may have had but too much reason to anticipate their own.

thosedeterminerUS /ðoʊz/

the plural of “that”: the people or things further away, or already known

From this reading Bandello, long before him, has said something like it; and the same sentiment must, in some shape or other, have frequently occurred to those, who, remembering the fate of other captives in that memorable state-prison, may have had but too much reason to anticipate their own.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Bandello, long before him, has said something like it; and the same sentiment must, in some shape or other, have frequently occurred to those, who, remembering the fate of other captives in that memorable state-prison, may have had but too much reason to anticipate their own.

tooadverbUS /tuː/

to a degree exceeding normal or proper limits

From this reading Bandello, long before him, has said something like it; and the same sentiment must, in some shape or other, have frequently occurred to those, who, remembering the fate of other captives in that memorable state-prison, may have had but too much reason to anticipate their own.

towersnounUS /ˈtaʊərz/

plural of “tower” — a structure taller than its diameter; can stand alone or be attached to a larger building

From this reading Ye towers of Julius!

uponprepositionUS /əˈpɑːn/

a formal word for “on”

From this reading The dark and low arch, which seemed, like the entrance to Dante's Hell, to forbid hope of regress--the muttered sounds of the warders, and petty formalities observed in opening and shutting the grated wicket--the cold and constrained salutation of the Lieutenant of the fortress, who showed his prisoner that distant and measured respect which authority pays as a tax to decorum, all struck upon Nigel's heart, impressing on him the cruel consciousness of captivity.

wardersnounUS /ˈwɔːrdərz/

plural of “warder” — a person who works in a prison and is in charge of prisoners

From this reading The dark and low arch, which seemed, like the entrance to Dante's Hell, to forbid hope of regress--the muttered sounds of the warders, and petty formalities observed in opening and shutting the grated wicket--the cold and constrained salutation of the Lieutenant of the fortress, who showed his prisoner that distant and measured respect which authority pays as a tax to decorum, all struck upon Nigel's heart, impressing on him the cruel consciousness of captivity.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading The dark and low arch, which seemed, like the entrance to Dante's Hell, to forbid hope of regress--the muttered sounds of the warders, and petty formalities observed in opening and shutting the grated wicket--the cold and constrained salutation of the Lieutenant of the fortress, who showed his prisoner that distant and measured respect which authority pays as a tax to decorum, all struck upon Nigel's heart, impressing on him the cruel consciousness of captivity.

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading Bandello, long before him, has said something like it; and the same sentiment must, in some shape or other, have frequently occurred to those, who, remembering the fate of other captives in that memorable state-prison, may have had but too much reason to anticipate their own.

wicketnounUS /ˈwɪkət/

cricket equipment consisting of a set of three stumps topped by crosspieces; used in playing cricket

From this reading The dark and low arch, which seemed, like the entrance to Dante's Hell, to forbid hope of regress--the muttered sounds of the warders, and petty formalities observed in opening and shutting the grated wicket--the cold and constrained salutation of the Lieutenant of the fortress, who showed his prisoner that distant and measured respect which authority pays as a tax to decorum, all struck upon Nigel's heart, impressing on him the cruel consciousness of captivity.

WithprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading London's lasting shame; With many a foul and midnight murder fed!

YepronounUS /jiː/

an old word for “you”, speaking to more than one person

From this reading Ye towers of Julius!

Chapter 28 of The Fortunes of Nigel by Walter Scott holds 161 sentences, grouped into 33 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 28 of The Fortunes of Nigel contain?

Chapter 28 holds 161 sentences of The Fortunes of Nigel, unabridged, divided into 33 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 28 of The Fortunes of Nigel by Walter Scott exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 161 sentences, grouped into 33 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 28 of The Fortunes of Nigel?

Work through the 33 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 33 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 28 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 28 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading The Fortunes of Nigel

Common questions about reading The Fortunes of Nigel by Walter Scott on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of The Fortunes of Nigel?

Yes. All 5935 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #5950 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of The Fortunes of Nigel is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #5950, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does The Fortunes of Nigel take to read?

About 494 minutes of reading across 1187 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read The Fortunes of Nigel section by section

How to work through The Fortunes of Nigel section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 37 chapters of The Fortunes of Nigel to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in The Fortunes of Nigel

Words and structures a reader meets early in The Fortunes of Nigel, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

English
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Fortunes of Nigel; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Agreed
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Fortunes of Nigel; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Saunders
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Fortunes of Nigel; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Hastes
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Fortunes of Nigel; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.