Complete classic literature • Five-line readings • Clear US narration
VELMORA ACADEMY
Academy of Archival Languages & Memory Studies
Menu Close
The Foundling
The Foundling

Chapter XX

Chapter 20 of The Foundling is here in full — 72 sentences across 15 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for The Foundling
Context Illustration Reading 1/14 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
And set up false witnesses, which said, this man ceaseth not to speak blasphemous words against this holy place and the law.”
In my last to you I have only objected to the mere obsolete and unmeaning phrasethe moral law a believer’s rule of life.
I beg you to bear in mind, I do not say it is not a rule, but I maintain it is an insufficient rule of conduct for a believer under the gospel dispensation.
If it had been a sufficient rule, why all the laws of Christ given as set forth in the preceptive parts of the New Testament?
The doctrine of the gospel are the rules of our faith, and the precepts delivered to the churches, the rules of our conduct: this is a truth which cannot be overthrownfor asserting the above, it is surprising the enmity of the advocates of the law of Moses, as they call themselves, manifest against those who differ from them; yea, they would persecute them to bonds and to death.
0:00 / 0:00
Speed 0.75x
AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The Foundling

Chapter XX

Chapter 20 of The Foundling is here in full — 72 sentences across 15 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/14 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
And set up false witnesses, which said, this man ceaseth not to speak blasphemous words against this holy place and the law.”
Line 2
In my last to you I have only objected to the mere obsolete and unmeaning phrasethe moral law a believer’s rule of life.
Line 3
I beg you to bear in mind, I do not say it is not a rule, but I maintain it is an insufficient rule of conduct for a believer under the gospel dispensation.
/aɪ beɡ juː tuː ber ɪn maɪnd aɪ duː nɑːt seɪ ɪt ɪz nɑːt ə ruːl bʌt aɪ meɪnˈteɪn ɪt ɪz æn ˌɪnsəˈfɪʃənt ruːl ʌv ˈkɑːndəkt fɔːr ə bəˈliːvər ˈʌndər ðə ˈɡɑːspəl ˌdɪspənˈseɪʃən/
Line 4
If it had been a sufficient rule, why all the laws of Christ given as set forth in the preceptive parts of the New Testament?
Line 5
The doctrine of the gospel are the rules of our faith, and the precepts delivered to the churches, the rules of our conduct: this is a truth which cannot be overthrownfor asserting the above, it is surprising the enmity of the advocates of the law of Moses, as they call themselves, manifest against those who differ from them; yea, they would persecute them to bonds and to death.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

advocates noun US /ˈædvəkəts/

plural of “advocate” — a person who pleads for a cause or propounds an idea

From this reading “The doctrine of the gospel are the rules of our faith, and the precepts delivered to the churches, the rules of our conduct: this is a truth which cannot be overthrown—for asserting the above, it is surprising the enmity of the advocates of the law of Moses, as they call themselves, manifest against those who differ from them; yea, they would persecute them to bonds and to death.”

asserting adjective US /əˈsɜːrtɪŋ/

relating to the use of or having the nature of a declaration

From this reading “The doctrine of the gospel are the rules of our faith, and the precepts delivered to the churches, the rules of our conduct: this is a truth which cannot be overthrown—for asserting the above, it is surprising the enmity of the advocates of the law of Moses, as they call themselves, manifest against those who differ from them; yea, they would persecute them to bonds and to death.”

blasphemous adjective US /ˈblæsfəməs/

grossly irreverent toward what is held to be sacred

From this reading ““And set up false witnesses, which said, this man ceaseth not to speak blasphemous words against this holy place and the law.””

dispensation noun US /ˌdɪspənˈseɪʃən/

an exemption from some rule or obligation

From this reading “I beg you to bear in mind, I do not say it is not a rule, but I maintain it is an insufficient rule of conduct for a believer under the gospel dispensation.”

obsolete adjective US /ˈɑːbsəliːt/

no longer in use

From this reading “In my last to you I have only objected to the mere obsolete and unmeaning phrase—the moral law a believer’s rule of life.”

overthrown verb US /ˌoʊvərˈθroʊn/

inflected form of “overthrow” — cause the downfall of; of rulers

From this reading “The doctrine of the gospel are the rules of our faith, and the precepts delivered to the churches, the rules of our conduct: this is a truth which cannot be overthrown—for asserting the above, it is surprising the enmity of the advocates of the law of Moses, as they call themselves, manifest against those who differ from them; yea, they would persecute them to bonds and to death.”

persecute verb US /ˈpɜːrsəkjuːt/

cause to suffer

From this reading “The doctrine of the gospel are the rules of our faith, and the precepts delivered to the churches, the rules of our conduct: this is a truth which cannot be overthrown—for asserting the above, it is surprising the enmity of the advocates of the law of Moses, as they call themselves, manifest against those who differ from them; yea, they would persecute them to bonds and to death.”

precepts noun US /ˈpriːsepts/

plural of “precept” — rule of personal conduct

From this reading “The doctrine of the gospel are the rules of our faith, and the precepts delivered to the churches, the rules of our conduct: this is a truth which cannot be overthrown—for asserting the above, it is surprising the enmity of the advocates of the law of Moses, as they call themselves, manifest against those who differ from them; yea, they would persecute them to bonds and to death.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

set forth verb + particle

state

In this reading “If it had been a sufficient rule, why all the laws of Christ given as set forth in the preceptive parts of the New Testament?”

false witnesses adjective + noun counted as “false witness”

a person who deliberately gives false testimony

In this reading ““And set up false witnesses, which said, this man ceaseth not to speak blasphemous words against this holy place and the law.””

differ from verb + particle

In this reading “The doctrine of the gospel are the rules of our faith, and the precepts delivered to the churches, the rules of our conduct: this is a truth which cannot be overthrown—for asserting the above, it is surprising the enmity of the advocates of the law of Moses, as they call themselves, manifest against those who differ from them; yea, they would persecute them to bonds and to death.”

moral law adjective + noun

In this reading “In my last to you I have only objected to the mere obsolete and unmeaning phrase—the moral law a believer’s rule of life.”

holy place adjective + noun

a sacred place of pilgrimage

In this reading ““And set up false witnesses, which said, this man ceaseth not to speak blasphemous words against this holy place and the law.””

set up verb + adjective

set up or found

In this reading ““And set up false witnesses, which said, this man ceaseth not to speak blasphemous words against this holy place and the law.””

All words in this reading · 102

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading In my last to you I have only objected to the mere obsolete and unmeaning phrase—the moral law a believer’s rule of life.

aboveprepositionUS /əˈbʌv/

higher than, or over, something

From this reading The doctrine of the gospel are the rules of our faith, and the precepts delivered to the churches, the rules of our conduct: this is a truth which cannot be overthrown—for asserting the above, it is surprising the enmity of the advocates of the law of Moses, as they call themselves, manifest against those who differ from them; yea, they would persecute them to bonds and to death.

advocatesnounUS /ˈædvəkəts/

plural of “advocate” — a person who pleads for a cause or propounds an idea

From this reading The doctrine of the gospel are the rules of our faith, and the precepts delivered to the churches, the rules of our conduct: this is a truth which cannot be overthrown—for asserting the above, it is surprising the enmity of the advocates of the law of Moses, as they call themselves, manifest against those who differ from them; yea, they would persecute them to bonds and to death.

againstprepositionUS /əˈɡenst/

touching and pressing; in opposition to

From this reading “And set up false witnesses, which said, this man ceaseth not to speak blasphemous words against this holy place and the law.”

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading If it had been a sufficient rule, why all the laws of Christ given as set forth in the preceptive parts of the New Testament?

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading I beg you to bear in mind, I do not say it is not a rule, but I maintain it is an insufficient rule of conduct for a believer under the gospel dispensation.

AndconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading “And set up false witnesses, which said, this man ceaseth not to speak blasphemous words against this holy place and the law.”

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading The doctrine of the gospel are the rules of our faith, and the precepts delivered to the churches, the rules of our conduct: this is a truth which cannot be overthrown—for asserting the above, it is surprising the enmity of the advocates of the law of Moses, as they call themselves, manifest against those who differ from them; yea, they would persecute them to bonds and to death.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading If it had been a sufficient rule, why all the laws of Christ given as set forth in the preceptive parts of the New Testament?

assertingadjectiveUS /əˈsɜːrtɪŋ/

relating to the use of or having the nature of a declaration

From this reading The doctrine of the gospel are the rules of our faith, and the precepts delivered to the churches, the rules of our conduct: this is a truth which cannot be overthrown—for asserting the above, it is surprising the enmity of the advocates of the law of Moses, as they call themselves, manifest against those who differ from them; yea, they would persecute them to bonds and to death.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading The doctrine of the gospel are the rules of our faith, and the precepts delivered to the churches, the rules of our conduct: this is a truth which cannot be overthrown—for asserting the above, it is surprising the enmity of the advocates of the law of Moses, as they call themselves, manifest against those who differ from them; yea, they would persecute them to bonds and to death.

bearverbUS /ber/

have

From this reading I beg you to bear in mind, I do not say it is not a rule, but I maintain it is an insufficient rule of conduct for a believer under the gospel dispensation.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading If it had been a sufficient rule, why all the laws of Christ given as set forth in the preceptive parts of the New Testament?

begverbUS /beɡ/

call upon in supplication; entreat

From this reading I beg you to bear in mind, I do not say it is not a rule, but I maintain it is an insufficient rule of conduct for a believer under the gospel dispensation.

believernounUS /bəˈliːvər/

a supporter who accepts something as true

From this reading I beg you to bear in mind, I do not say it is not a rule, but I maintain it is an insufficient rule of conduct for a believer under the gospel dispensation.

believer's

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In my last to you I have only objected to the mere obsolete and unmeaning phrase—the moral law a believer’s rule of life.

blasphemousadjectiveUS /ˈblæsfəməs/

grossly irreverent toward what is held to be sacred

From this reading “And set up false witnesses, which said, this man ceaseth not to speak blasphemous words against this holy place and the law.”

bondsnounUS /bɑːndz/

plural of “bond” — an electrical force linking atoms

From this reading The doctrine of the gospel are the rules of our faith, and the precepts delivered to the churches, the rules of our conduct: this is a truth which cannot be overthrown—for asserting the above, it is surprising the enmity of the advocates of the law of Moses, as they call themselves, manifest against those who differ from them; yea, they would persecute them to bonds and to death.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading I beg you to bear in mind, I do not say it is not a rule, but I maintain it is an insufficient rule of conduct for a believer under the gospel dispensation.

callverbUS /kɔːl/

assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to

From this reading The doctrine of the gospel are the rules of our faith, and the precepts delivered to the churches, the rules of our conduct: this is a truth which cannot be overthrown—for asserting the above, it is surprising the enmity of the advocates of the law of Moses, as they call themselves, manifest against those who differ from them; yea, they would persecute them to bonds and to death.

cannot

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The doctrine of the gospel are the rules of our faith, and the precepts delivered to the churches, the rules of our conduct: this is a truth which cannot be overthrown—for asserting the above, it is surprising the enmity of the advocates of the law of Moses, as they call themselves, manifest against those who differ from them; yea, they would persecute them to bonds and to death.

ceaseth

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading “And set up false witnesses, which said, this man ceaseth not to speak blasphemous words against this holy place and the law.”

ChristnounUS /kraɪst/

a teacher and prophet born in Bethlehem and active in Nazareth; his life and sermons form the basis for Christianity (circa 4 BC - AD 29)

From this reading If it had been a sufficient rule, why all the laws of Christ given as set forth in the preceptive parts of the New Testament?

churchesnounUS /ˈtʃɜːrtʃɪz/

plural of “church” — one of the groups of Christians who have their own beliefs and forms of worship

From this reading The doctrine of the gospel are the rules of our faith, and the precepts delivered to the churches, the rules of our conduct: this is a truth which cannot be overthrown—for asserting the above, it is surprising the enmity of the advocates of the law of Moses, as they call themselves, manifest against those who differ from them; yea, they would persecute them to bonds and to death.

conductverbUS /ˈkɑːndəkt/

direct the course of; manage or control

From this reading I beg you to bear in mind, I do not say it is not a rule, but I maintain it is an insufficient rule of conduct for a believer under the gospel dispensation.

deathnounUS /deθ/

the event of dying or departure from life

From this reading The doctrine of the gospel are the rules of our faith, and the precepts delivered to the churches, the rules of our conduct: this is a truth which cannot be overthrown—for asserting the above, it is surprising the enmity of the advocates of the law of Moses, as they call themselves, manifest against those who differ from them; yea, they would persecute them to bonds and to death.

deliveredverbUS /dɪˈlɪvərd/

past form of “deliver” — deliver (a speech, oration, or idea)

From this reading The doctrine of the gospel are the rules of our faith, and the precepts delivered to the churches, the rules of our conduct: this is a truth which cannot be overthrown—for asserting the above, it is surprising the enmity of the advocates of the law of Moses, as they call themselves, manifest against those who differ from them; yea, they would persecute them to bonds and to death.

differverbUS /ˈdɪfər/

be different

From this reading The doctrine of the gospel are the rules of our faith, and the precepts delivered to the churches, the rules of our conduct: this is a truth which cannot be overthrown—for asserting the above, it is surprising the enmity of the advocates of the law of Moses, as they call themselves, manifest against those who differ from them; yea, they would persecute them to bonds and to death.

dispensationnounUS /ˌdɪspənˈseɪʃən/

an exemption from some rule or obligation

From this reading I beg you to bear in mind, I do not say it is not a rule, but I maintain it is an insufficient rule of conduct for a believer under the gospel dispensation.

doauxiliary verbUS /duː/

used to form questions and negatives, and to give emphasis

From this reading I beg you to bear in mind, I do not say it is not a rule, but I maintain it is an insufficient rule of conduct for a believer under the gospel dispensation.

doctrinenounUS /ˈdɑːktrən/

a belief (or system of beliefs) accepted as authoritative by some group or school

From this reading The doctrine of the gospel are the rules of our faith, and the precepts delivered to the churches, the rules of our conduct: this is a truth which cannot be overthrown—for asserting the above, it is surprising the enmity of the advocates of the law of Moses, as they call themselves, manifest against those who differ from them; yea, they would persecute them to bonds and to death.

enmitynounUS /ˈenməti/

a state of deep-seated ill-will

From this reading The doctrine of the gospel are the rules of our faith, and the precepts delivered to the churches, the rules of our conduct: this is a truth which cannot be overthrown—for asserting the above, it is surprising the enmity of the advocates of the law of Moses, as they call themselves, manifest against those who differ from them; yea, they would persecute them to bonds and to death.

faithnounUS /feɪθ/

a strong belief in a supernatural power or powers that control human destiny

From this reading The doctrine of the gospel are the rules of our faith, and the precepts delivered to the churches, the rules of our conduct: this is a truth which cannot be overthrown—for asserting the above, it is surprising the enmity of the advocates of the law of Moses, as they call themselves, manifest against those who differ from them; yea, they would persecute them to bonds and to death.

falseadjectiveUS /fɔːls/

not in accordance with the fact or reality or actuality

From this reading “And set up false witnesses, which said, this man ceaseth not to speak blasphemous words against this holy place and the law.”

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading I beg you to bear in mind, I do not say it is not a rule, but I maintain it is an insufficient rule of conduct for a believer under the gospel dispensation.

forthadverbUS /fɔːrθ/

from a particular thing or place or position (“forth” is obsolete)

From this reading If it had been a sufficient rule, why all the laws of Christ given as set forth in the preceptive parts of the New Testament?

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading The doctrine of the gospel are the rules of our faith, and the precepts delivered to the churches, the rules of our conduct: this is a truth which cannot be overthrown—for asserting the above, it is surprising the enmity of the advocates of the law of Moses, as they call themselves, manifest against those who differ from them; yea, they would persecute them to bonds and to death.

givenadjectiveUS /ˈɡɪvən/

acknowledged as a supposition

From this reading If it had been a sufficient rule, why all the laws of Christ given as set forth in the preceptive parts of the New Testament?

gospelnounUS /ˈɡɑːspəl/

the four books in the New Testament (Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John) that tell the story of Christ's life and teachings

From this reading I beg you to bear in mind, I do not say it is not a rule, but I maintain it is an insufficient rule of conduct for a believer under the gospel dispensation.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading If it had been a sufficient rule, why all the laws of Christ given as set forth in the preceptive parts of the New Testament?

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading In my last to you I have only objected to the mere obsolete and unmeaning phrase—the moral law a believer’s rule of life.

holynounUS /ˈhoʊli/

a sacred place of pilgrimage

From this reading “And set up false witnesses, which said, this man ceaseth not to speak blasphemous words against this holy place and the law.”

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading In my last to you I have only objected to the mere obsolete and unmeaning phrase—the moral law a believer’s rule of life.

IfconjunctionUS /ɪf/

on condition that; in the event that

From this reading If it had been a sufficient rule, why all the laws of Christ given as set forth in the preceptive parts of the New Testament?

InprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading In my last to you I have only objected to the mere obsolete and unmeaning phrase—the moral law a believer’s rule of life.

insufficientadjectiveUS /ˌɪnsəˈfɪʃənt/

of a quantity not able to fulfill a need or requirement

From this reading I beg you to bear in mind, I do not say it is not a rule, but I maintain it is an insufficient rule of conduct for a believer under the gospel dispensation.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading I beg you to bear in mind, I do not say it is not a rule, but I maintain it is an insufficient rule of conduct for a believer under the gospel dispensation.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading I beg you to bear in mind, I do not say it is not a rule, but I maintain it is an insufficient rule of conduct for a believer under the gospel dispensation.

lastadjectiveUS /læst/

immediately past

From this reading In my last to you I have only objected to the mere obsolete and unmeaning phrase—the moral law a believer’s rule of life.

lawnounUS /lɔː/

the collection of rules imposed by authority

From this reading “And set up false witnesses, which said, this man ceaseth not to speak blasphemous words against this holy place and the law.”

lawsnounUS /lɔːz/

the first of three divisions of the Hebrew Scriptures comprising the first five books of the Hebrew Bible considered as a unit

From this reading If it had been a sufficient rule, why all the laws of Christ given as set forth in the preceptive parts of the New Testament?

lifenounUS /laɪf/

a characteristic state or mode of living

From this reading In my last to you I have only objected to the mere obsolete and unmeaning phrase—the moral law a believer’s rule of life.

maintainverbUS /meɪnˈteɪn/

cause to continue in a certain state, position, or activity; e.g., “keep clean”

From this reading I beg you to bear in mind, I do not say it is not a rule, but I maintain it is an insufficient rule of conduct for a believer under the gospel dispensation.

mannounUS /mæn/

an adult person who is male (as opposed to a woman)

From this reading “And set up false witnesses, which said, this man ceaseth not to speak blasphemous words against this holy place and the law.”

manifestverbUS /ˈmænəfest/

provide evidence for; stand as proof of; show by one's behavior, attitude, or external attributes

From this reading The doctrine of the gospel are the rules of our faith, and the precepts delivered to the churches, the rules of our conduct: this is a truth which cannot be overthrown—for asserting the above, it is surprising the enmity of the advocates of the law of Moses, as they call themselves, manifest against those who differ from them; yea, they would persecute them to bonds and to death.

mereadjectiveUS /mɪr/

being nothing more than specified

From this reading In my last to you I have only objected to the mere obsolete and unmeaning phrase—the moral law a believer’s rule of life.

mindnounUS /maɪnd/

The element of a person that enables awareness and thought.

From this reading I beg you to bear in mind, I do not say it is not a rule, but I maintain it is an insufficient rule of conduct for a believer under the gospel dispensation.

moraladjectiveUS /ˈmɔːrəl/

concerned with principles of right and wrong or conforming to standards of behavior and character based on those principles

From this reading In my last to you I have only objected to the mere obsolete and unmeaning phrase—the moral law a believer’s rule of life.

MosesnounUS /ˈmoʊzəs/

(Old Testament) the Hebrew prophet who led the Israelites from Egypt across the Red sea on a journey known as the Exodus; Moses received the Ten Commandments from God on Mount Sinai

From this reading The doctrine of the gospel are the rules of our faith, and the precepts delivered to the churches, the rules of our conduct: this is a truth which cannot be overthrown—for asserting the above, it is surprising the enmity of the advocates of the law of Moses, as they call themselves, manifest against those who differ from them; yea, they would persecute them to bonds and to death.

mydeterminerUS /maɪ/

belonging to the person speaking

From this reading In my last to you I have only objected to the mere obsolete and unmeaning phrase—the moral law a believer’s rule of life.

NewadjectiveUS /nuː/

not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered

From this reading If it had been a sufficient rule, why all the laws of Christ given as set forth in the preceptive parts of the New Testament?

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading “And set up false witnesses, which said, this man ceaseth not to speak blasphemous words against this holy place and the law.”

objectedverbUS /əbˈdʒektəd/

past form of “object” — express or raise an objection or protest or criticism or express dissent

From this reading In my last to you I have only objected to the mere obsolete and unmeaning phrase—the moral law a believer’s rule of life.

obsoleteadjectiveUS /ˈɑːbsəliːt/

no longer in use

From this reading In my last to you I have only objected to the mere obsolete and unmeaning phrase—the moral law a believer’s rule of life.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading In my last to you I have only objected to the mere obsolete and unmeaning phrase—the moral law a believer’s rule of life.

onlyadverbUS /ˈoʊnli/

and nothing more

From this reading In my last to you I have only objected to the mere obsolete and unmeaning phrase—the moral law a believer’s rule of life.

ourdeterminerUS /ˈaʊər/

belonging to the speaker and others

From this reading The doctrine of the gospel are the rules of our faith, and the precepts delivered to the churches, the rules of our conduct: this is a truth which cannot be overthrown—for asserting the above, it is surprising the enmity of the advocates of the law of Moses, as they call themselves, manifest against those who differ from them; yea, they would persecute them to bonds and to death.

overthrownverbUS /ˌoʊvərˈθroʊn/

inflected form of “overthrow” — cause the downfall of; of rulers

From this reading The doctrine of the gospel are the rules of our faith, and the precepts delivered to the churches, the rules of our conduct: this is a truth which cannot be overthrown—for asserting the above, it is surprising the enmity of the advocates of the law of Moses, as they call themselves, manifest against those who differ from them; yea, they would persecute them to bonds and to death.

partsnounUS /pɑːrts/

the local environment

From this reading If it had been a sufficient rule, why all the laws of Christ given as set forth in the preceptive parts of the New Testament?

persecuteverbUS /ˈpɜːrsəkjuːt/

cause to suffer

From this reading The doctrine of the gospel are the rules of our faith, and the precepts delivered to the churches, the rules of our conduct: this is a truth which cannot be overthrown—for asserting the above, it is surprising the enmity of the advocates of the law of Moses, as they call themselves, manifest against those who differ from them; yea, they would persecute them to bonds and to death.

phrasenounUS /freɪz/

an expression consisting of one or more words forming a grammatical constituent of a sentence

From this reading In my last to you I have only objected to the mere obsolete and unmeaning phrase—the moral law a believer’s rule of life.

placenounUS /pleɪs/

a point located with respect to surface features of some region

From this reading “And set up false witnesses, which said, this man ceaseth not to speak blasphemous words against this holy place and the law.”

preceptive

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading If it had been a sufficient rule, why all the laws of Christ given as set forth in the preceptive parts of the New Testament?

preceptsnounUS /ˈpriːsepts/

plural of “precept” — rule of personal conduct

From this reading The doctrine of the gospel are the rules of our faith, and the precepts delivered to the churches, the rules of our conduct: this is a truth which cannot be overthrown—for asserting the above, it is surprising the enmity of the advocates of the law of Moses, as they call themselves, manifest against those who differ from them; yea, they would persecute them to bonds and to death.

rulenounUS /ruːl/

a principle or condition that customarily governs behavior

From this reading In my last to you I have only objected to the mere obsolete and unmeaning phrase—the moral law a believer’s rule of life.

rulesnounUS /ruːlz/

plural of “rule” — a principle or condition that customarily governs behavior

From this reading The doctrine of the gospel are the rules of our faith, and the precepts delivered to the churches, the rules of our conduct: this is a truth which cannot be overthrown—for asserting the above, it is surprising the enmity of the advocates of the law of Moses, as they call themselves, manifest against those who differ from them; yea, they would persecute them to bonds and to death.

saidadjectiveUS /sed/

being the one previously mentioned or spoken of

From this reading “And set up false witnesses, which said, this man ceaseth not to speak blasphemous words against this holy place and the law.”

sayverbUS /seɪ/

express in words

From this reading I beg you to bear in mind, I do not say it is not a rule, but I maintain it is an insufficient rule of conduct for a believer under the gospel dispensation.

setverbUS /set/

put into a certain place or abstract location

From this reading “And set up false witnesses, which said, this man ceaseth not to speak blasphemous words against this holy place and the law.”

speakverbUS /spiːk/

express in speech

From this reading “And set up false witnesses, which said, this man ceaseth not to speak blasphemous words against this holy place and the law.”

sufficientadjectiveUS /səˈfɪʃənt/

of a quantity that can fulfill a need or requirement but without being abundant

From this reading If it had been a sufficient rule, why all the laws of Christ given as set forth in the preceptive parts of the New Testament?

surprisingadjectiveUS /sərˈpraɪzɪŋ/

causing surprise or wonder or amazement

From this reading The doctrine of the gospel are the rules of our faith, and the precepts delivered to the churches, the rules of our conduct: this is a truth which cannot be overthrown—for asserting the above, it is surprising the enmity of the advocates of the law of Moses, as they call themselves, manifest against those who differ from them; yea, they would persecute them to bonds and to death.

TestamentnounUS /ˈtestəmənt/

a profession of belief

From this reading If it had been a sufficient rule, why all the laws of Christ given as set forth in the preceptive parts of the New Testament?

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading “And set up false witnesses, which said, this man ceaseth not to speak blasphemous words against this holy place and the law.”

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading The doctrine of the gospel are the rules of our faith, and the precepts delivered to the churches, the rules of our conduct: this is a truth which cannot be overthrown—for asserting the above, it is surprising the enmity of the advocates of the law of Moses, as they call themselves, manifest against those who differ from them; yea, they would persecute them to bonds and to death.

themselvespronounUS /ðemˈselvz/

used when the people doing the action are also its object

From this reading The doctrine of the gospel are the rules of our faith, and the precepts delivered to the churches, the rules of our conduct: this is a truth which cannot be overthrown—for asserting the above, it is surprising the enmity of the advocates of the law of Moses, as they call themselves, manifest against those who differ from them; yea, they would persecute them to bonds and to death.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading The doctrine of the gospel are the rules of our faith, and the precepts delivered to the churches, the rules of our conduct: this is a truth which cannot be overthrown—for asserting the above, it is surprising the enmity of the advocates of the law of Moses, as they call themselves, manifest against those who differ from them; yea, they would persecute them to bonds and to death.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading “And set up false witnesses, which said, this man ceaseth not to speak blasphemous words against this holy place and the law.”

thosedeterminerUS /ðoʊz/

the plural of “that”: the people or things further away, or already known

From this reading The doctrine of the gospel are the rules of our faith, and the precepts delivered to the churches, the rules of our conduct: this is a truth which cannot be overthrown—for asserting the above, it is surprising the enmity of the advocates of the law of Moses, as they call themselves, manifest against those who differ from them; yea, they would persecute them to bonds and to death.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading “And set up false witnesses, which said, this man ceaseth not to speak blasphemous words against this holy place and the law.”

truthnounUS /truːθ/

a fact that has been verified

From this reading The doctrine of the gospel are the rules of our faith, and the precepts delivered to the churches, the rules of our conduct: this is a truth which cannot be overthrown—for asserting the above, it is surprising the enmity of the advocates of the law of Moses, as they call themselves, manifest against those who differ from them; yea, they would persecute them to bonds and to death.

underprepositionUS /ˈʌndər/

below or beneath something; less than

From this reading I beg you to bear in mind, I do not say it is not a rule, but I maintain it is an insufficient rule of conduct for a believer under the gospel dispensation.

unmeaningadjective

without meaning

From this reading In my last to you I have only objected to the mere obsolete and unmeaning phrase—the moral law a believer’s rule of life.

upadjectiveUS /ʌp/

being or moving higher in position or greater in some value; being above a former position or level

From this reading “And set up false witnesses, which said, this man ceaseth not to speak blasphemous words against this holy place and the law.”

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading “And set up false witnesses, which said, this man ceaseth not to speak blasphemous words against this holy place and the law.”

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading The doctrine of the gospel are the rules of our faith, and the precepts delivered to the churches, the rules of our conduct: this is a truth which cannot be overthrown—for asserting the above, it is surprising the enmity of the advocates of the law of Moses, as they call themselves, manifest against those who differ from them; yea, they would persecute them to bonds and to death.

whynounUS /waɪ/

the cause or intention underlying an action or situation, especially in the phrase “the whys and wherefores”

From this reading If it had been a sufficient rule, why all the laws of Christ given as set forth in the preceptive parts of the New Testament?

witnessesnounUS /ˈwɪtnəsəz/

plural of “witness” — someone who sees an event and reports what happened

From this reading “And set up false witnesses, which said, this man ceaseth not to speak blasphemous words against this holy place and the law.”

wordsnounUS /wɜːrdz/

the words that are spoken

From this reading “And set up false witnesses, which said, this man ceaseth not to speak blasphemous words against this holy place and the law.”

wouldmodal verbUS /wʊd/

used for something imagined, polite, or habitual in the past

From this reading The doctrine of the gospel are the rules of our faith, and the precepts delivered to the churches, the rules of our conduct: this is a truth which cannot be overthrown—for asserting the above, it is surprising the enmity of the advocates of the law of Moses, as they call themselves, manifest against those who differ from them; yea, they would persecute them to bonds and to death.

yeaexclamationUS /jeɪ/

an old word for “yes”

From this reading The doctrine of the gospel are the rules of our faith, and the precepts delivered to the churches, the rules of our conduct: this is a truth which cannot be overthrown—for asserting the above, it is surprising the enmity of the advocates of the law of Moses, as they call themselves, manifest against those who differ from them; yea, they would persecute them to bonds and to death.

youpronounUS /juː/

the person or people being spoken to

From this reading In my last to you I have only objected to the mere obsolete and unmeaning phrase—the moral law a believer’s rule of life.

Chapter 20 of The Foundling by J. (John) Church holds 72 sentences, grouped into 15 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 20 of The Foundling contain?

Chapter 20 holds 72 sentences of The Foundling, unabridged, divided into 15 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 20 of The Foundling by J. (John) Church exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 72 sentences, grouped into 15 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 20 of The Foundling?

Work through the 15 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 15 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 20 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 20 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading The Foundling

Common questions about reading The Foundling by J. (John) Church on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of The Foundling?

Yes. All 2445 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #58039 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of The Foundling is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #58039, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does The Foundling take to read?

About 203 minutes of reading across 489 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read The Foundling section by section

How to work through The Foundling section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 39 chapters of The Foundling to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in The Foundling

Words and structures a reader meets early in The Foundling, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Foundling
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Foundling; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Child
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Foundling; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Providence
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Foundling; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Parts
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Foundling; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.