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The Fourth Estate, Vol. 1
The Fourth Estate, Vol. 1

Chapter II

Chapter 2 of The Fourth Estate, Vol. 1 is here in full — 98 sentences across 20 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for The Fourth Estate, Vol. 1
Context Illustration Reading 1/19 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
THE CURTAIN RISES Sarrio, the well-known town on the Cantabrian coast, boasted some years ago of a theatre neither bright, light, nor commodious, but quite good enough to afford entertainment to the pacific, industrious residents during the long winter evenings.
It was built, as such places usually are, in the form of a horseshoe, and it consisted of two floors besides the ground floor.
On the first were the boxes--goodness knows why they were so called, for they were nothing but a few benches stuffed with goat's hair and upholstered with scarlet flannel, placed behind a balustrade.
To take one of these places, a push had to be given to the back, which raised the seat with a spring, and once the person was in it readjusted itself, and he was as comfortable as a human being can be on an instrument of torture.
On the second floor all the rabble vociferated, scuffled, and pushed, irrespective of social distinctions between the well-to-do seaman, the poor mussel-picker from the rocks and pier, and Amalia, the respected dealer, and the sellers in the streets.
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AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The Fourth Estate, Vol. 1

Chapter II

Chapter 2 of The Fourth Estate, Vol. 1 is here in full — 98 sentences across 20 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/19 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
THE CURTAIN RISES Sarrio, the well-known town on the Cantabrian coast, boasted some years ago of a theatre neither bright, light, nor commodious, but quite good enough to afford entertainment to the pacific, industrious residents during the long winter evenings.
Line 2
It was built, as such places usually are, in the form of a horseshoe, and it consisted of two floors besides the ground floor.
/ɪt wɑːz bɪlt æz sʌtʃ ˈpleɪsəz ˈjuːʒəwəli ɑːr ɪn ðə fɔːrm ʌv ə ˈhɔːrsʃuː ənd ɪt kənˈsɪstəd ʌv tuː flɔːrz bɪˈsaɪdz ðə ɡraʊnd flɔːr/
Line 3
On the first were the boxes--goodness knows why they were so called, for they were nothing but a few benches stuffed with goat's hair and upholstered with scarlet flannel, placed behind a balustrade.
Line 4
To take one of these places, a push had to be given to the back, which raised the seat with a spring, and once the person was in it readjusted itself, and he was as comfortable as a human being can be on an instrument of torture.
/tuː teɪk wʌn ʌv ðiːz ˈpleɪsəz ə pʊʃ hæd tuː biː ˈɡɪvən tuː ðə bæk wɪtʃ reɪzd ðə siːt wɪð ə sprɪŋ ənd wʌns ðə ˈpɜːrsən wɑːz ɪn ɪt ˌriːəˈdʒʌstɪd ˌɪtˈself ənd hiː wɑːz æz ˈkʌmfərtəbəl æz ə ˈhjuːmən ˈbiːɪŋ kæn biː ɑːn æn ˈɪnstrəmənt ʌv ˈtɔːrtʃər/
Line 5
On the second floor all the rabble vociferated, scuffled, and pushed, irrespective of social distinctions between the well-to-do seaman, the poor mussel-picker from the rocks and pier, and Amalia, the respected dealer, and the sellers in the streets.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

goat's noun US /ɡoʊts/

possessive form of “goat” — any of numerous agile ruminants related to sheep but having a beard and straight horns

From this reading “On the first were the boxes--goodness knows why they were so called, for they were nothing but a few benches stuffed with goat's hair and upholstered with scarlet flannel, placed behind a balustrade.”

horseshoe noun US /ˈhɔːrsʃuː/

game equipment consisting of an open ring of iron used in playing horseshoes

From this reading “It was built, as such places usually are, in the form of a horseshoe, and it consisted of two floors besides the ground floor.”

irrespective adverb US /ˌɪrəˈspektɪv/

in spite of everything; without regard to drawbacks

From this reading “On the second floor all the rabble vociferated, scuffled, and pushed, irrespective of social distinctions between the well-to-do seaman, the poor mussel-picker from the rocks and pier, and Amalia, the respected dealer, and the sellers in the streets.”

readjusted verb US /ˌriːəˈdʒʌstɪd/

past form of “readjust” — adjust anew

From this reading “To take one of these places, a push had to be given to the back, which raised the seat with a spring, and once the person was in it readjusted itself, and he was as comfortable as a human being can be on an instrument of torture.”

scuffled verb US /ˈskʌfəld/

past form of “scuffle” — walk by dragging one's feet

From this reading “On the second floor all the rabble vociferated, scuffled, and pushed, irrespective of social distinctions between the well-to-do seaman, the poor mussel-picker from the rocks and pier, and Amalia, the respected dealer, and the sellers in the streets.”

sellers noun US /ˈselərz/

English comic actor (1925-1980)

From this reading “On the second floor all the rabble vociferated, scuffled, and pushed, irrespective of social distinctions between the well-to-do seaman, the poor mussel-picker from the rocks and pier, and Amalia, the respected dealer, and the sellers in the streets.”

upholstered verb US /əˈpoʊlstərd/

past form of “upholster” — provide furniture with padding, springs, webbing, and covers

From this reading “On the first were the boxes--goodness knows why they were so called, for they were nothing but a few benches stuffed with goat's hair and upholstered with scarlet flannel, placed behind a balustrade.”

vociferated verb US /vəˈsɪfəreɪtɪd/

past form of “vociferate” — utter in a very loud voice

From this reading “On the second floor all the rabble vociferated, scuffled, and pushed, irrespective of social distinctions between the well-to-do seaman, the poor mussel-picker from the rocks and pier, and Amalia, the respected dealer, and the sellers in the streets.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

social distinctions adjective + noun counted as “social distinction”

In this reading “On the second floor all the rabble vociferated, scuffled, and pushed, irrespective of social distinctions between the well-to-do seaman, the poor mussel-picker from the rocks and pier, and Amalia, the respected dealer, and the sellers in the streets.”

ground floor noun + noun

the floor of a building that is at or nearest to the level of the ground around the building

In this reading “It was built, as such places usually are, in the form of a horseshoe, and it consisted of two floors besides the ground floor.”

second floor noun + noun

In this reading “On the second floor all the rabble vociferated, scuffled, and pushed, irrespective of social distinctions between the well-to-do seaman, the poor mussel-picker from the rocks and pier, and Amalia, the respected dealer, and the sellers in the streets.”

winter evenings noun + noun counted as “winter evening”

In this reading “THE CURTAIN RISES Sarrio, the well-known town on the Cantabrian coast, boasted some years ago of a theatre neither bright, light, nor commodious, but quite good enough to afford entertainment to the pacific, industrious residents during the long winter evenings.”

good enough adjective + noun

adequately good for the circumstances

In this reading “THE CURTAIN RISES Sarrio, the well-known town on the Cantabrian coast, boasted some years ago of a theatre neither bright, light, nor commodious, but quite good enough to afford entertainment to the pacific, industrious residents during the long winter evenings.”

consisted of verb + particle counted as “consist of”

In this reading “It was built, as such places usually are, in the form of a horseshoe, and it consisted of two floors besides the ground floor.”

long winter adjective + noun

In this reading “THE CURTAIN RISES Sarrio, the well-known town on the Cantabrian coast, boasted some years ago of a theatre neither bright, light, nor commodious, but quite good enough to afford entertainment to the pacific, industrious residents during the long winter evenings.”

some years adjective + noun

In this reading “THE CURTAIN RISES Sarrio, the well-known town on the Cantabrian coast, boasted some years ago of a theatre neither bright, light, nor commodious, but quite good enough to afford entertainment to the pacific, industrious residents during the long winter evenings.”

All words in this reading · 122

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading THE CURTAIN RISES Sarrio, the well-known town on the Cantabrian coast, boasted some years ago of a theatre neither bright, light, nor commodious, but quite good enough to afford entertainment to the pacific, industrious residents during the long winter evenings.

affordverbUS /əˈfɔːrd/

be able to spare or give up

From this reading THE CURTAIN RISES Sarrio, the well-known town on the Cantabrian coast, boasted some years ago of a theatre neither bright, light, nor commodious, but quite good enough to afford entertainment to the pacific, industrious residents during the long winter evenings.

agoadverbUS /əˈɡoʊ/

in the past

From this reading THE CURTAIN RISES Sarrio, the well-known town on the Cantabrian coast, boasted some years ago of a theatre neither bright, light, nor commodious, but quite good enough to afford entertainment to the pacific, industrious residents during the long winter evenings.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading On the second floor all the rabble vociferated, scuffled, and pushed, irrespective of social distinctions between the well-to-do seaman, the poor mussel-picker from the rocks and pier, and Amalia, the respected dealer, and the sellers in the streets.

Amalia

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading On the second floor all the rabble vociferated, scuffled, and pushed, irrespective of social distinctions between the well-to-do seaman, the poor mussel-picker from the rocks and pier, and Amalia, the respected dealer, and the sellers in the streets.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading To take one of these places, a push had to be given to the back, which raised the seat with a spring, and once the person was in it readjusted itself, and he was as comfortable as a human being can be on an instrument of torture.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading It was built, as such places usually are, in the form of a horseshoe, and it consisted of two floors besides the ground floor.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading It was built, as such places usually are, in the form of a horseshoe, and it consisted of two floors besides the ground floor.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading It was built, as such places usually are, in the form of a horseshoe, and it consisted of two floors besides the ground floor.

backadverbUS /bæk/

in or to or toward a former location

From this reading To take one of these places, a push had to be given to the back, which raised the seat with a spring, and once the person was in it readjusted itself, and he was as comfortable as a human being can be on an instrument of torture.

balustradenoun

a railing at the side of a staircase or balcony to prevent people from falling

From this reading On the first were the boxes--goodness knows why they were so called, for they were nothing but a few benches stuffed with goat's hair and upholstered with scarlet flannel, placed behind a balustrade.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading To take one of these places, a push had to be given to the back, which raised the seat with a spring, and once the person was in it readjusted itself, and he was as comfortable as a human being can be on an instrument of torture.

behindprepositionUS /bɪˈhaɪnd/

at or toward the back of something

From this reading On the first were the boxes--goodness knows why they were so called, for they were nothing but a few benches stuffed with goat's hair and upholstered with scarlet flannel, placed behind a balustrade.

beingauxiliary verbUS /ˈbiːɪŋ/

the -ing form of “be”

From this reading To take one of these places, a push had to be given to the back, which raised the seat with a spring, and once the person was in it readjusted itself, and he was as comfortable as a human being can be on an instrument of torture.

benchesnounUS /ˈbentʃɪz/

plural of “bench” — a long seat for more than one person

From this reading On the first were the boxes--goodness knows why they were so called, for they were nothing but a few benches stuffed with goat's hair and upholstered with scarlet flannel, placed behind a balustrade.

besidesprepositionUS /bɪˈsaɪdz/

in addition to; as well as

From this reading It was built, as such places usually are, in the form of a horseshoe, and it consisted of two floors besides the ground floor.

betweenprepositionUS /bɪˈtwiːn/

in the space, time, or range separating two things

From this reading On the second floor all the rabble vociferated, scuffled, and pushed, irrespective of social distinctions between the well-to-do seaman, the poor mussel-picker from the rocks and pier, and Amalia, the respected dealer, and the sellers in the streets.

boastedverbUS /ˈboʊstəd/

past form of “boast” — show off

From this reading THE CURTAIN RISES Sarrio, the well-known town on the Cantabrian coast, boasted some years ago of a theatre neither bright, light, nor commodious, but quite good enough to afford entertainment to the pacific, industrious residents during the long winter evenings.

boxesnounUS /ˈbɑːksəz/

plural of “box” — a (usually rectangular) container; may have a lid

From this reading On the first were the boxes--goodness knows why they were so called, for they were nothing but a few benches stuffed with goat's hair and upholstered with scarlet flannel, placed behind a balustrade.

brightadjectiveUS /braɪt/

emitting or reflecting light readily or in large amounts

From this reading THE CURTAIN RISES Sarrio, the well-known town on the Cantabrian coast, boasted some years ago of a theatre neither bright, light, nor commodious, but quite good enough to afford entertainment to the pacific, industrious residents during the long winter evenings.

builtadjectiveUS /bɪlt/

(used of soaps or cleaning agents) having a substance (an abrasive or filler) added to increase effectiveness

From this reading It was built, as such places usually are, in the form of a horseshoe, and it consisted of two floors besides the ground floor.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading THE CURTAIN RISES Sarrio, the well-known town on the Cantabrian coast, boasted some years ago of a theatre neither bright, light, nor commodious, but quite good enough to afford entertainment to the pacific, industrious residents during the long winter evenings.

calledverbUS /kɔːld/

past form of “call” — assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to

From this reading On the first were the boxes--goodness knows why they were so called, for they were nothing but a few benches stuffed with goat's hair and upholstered with scarlet flannel, placed behind a balustrade.

canmodal verbUS /kæn/

to be able to, or to be allowed to

From this reading To take one of these places, a push had to be given to the back, which raised the seat with a spring, and once the person was in it readjusted itself, and he was as comfortable as a human being can be on an instrument of torture.

Cantabrian

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading THE CURTAIN RISES Sarrio, the well-known town on the Cantabrian coast, boasted some years ago of a theatre neither bright, light, nor commodious, but quite good enough to afford entertainment to the pacific, industrious residents during the long winter evenings.

coastnounUS /koʊst/

the shore of a sea or ocean

From this reading THE CURTAIN RISES Sarrio, the well-known town on the Cantabrian coast, boasted some years ago of a theatre neither bright, light, nor commodious, but quite good enough to afford entertainment to the pacific, industrious residents during the long winter evenings.

comfortableadjectiveUS /ˈkʌmfərtəbəl/

providing or experiencing physical well-being or relief (“comfy” is informal)

From this reading To take one of these places, a push had to be given to the back, which raised the seat with a spring, and once the person was in it readjusted itself, and he was as comfortable as a human being can be on an instrument of torture.

commodiousadjectiveUS /kəˈmoʊdiəs/

large and roomy (“convenient” is archaic in this sense)

From this reading THE CURTAIN RISES Sarrio, the well-known town on the Cantabrian coast, boasted some years ago of a theatre neither bright, light, nor commodious, but quite good enough to afford entertainment to the pacific, industrious residents during the long winter evenings.

consistedverbUS /kənˈsɪstəd/

past form of “consist” — originate

From this reading It was built, as such places usually are, in the form of a horseshoe, and it consisted of two floors besides the ground floor.

CURTAINnounUS /ˈkɜːrtən/

hanging cloth used as a blind (especially for a window)

From this reading THE CURTAIN RISES Sarrio, the well-known town on the Cantabrian coast, boasted some years ago of a theatre neither bright, light, nor commodious, but quite good enough to afford entertainment to the pacific, industrious residents during the long winter evenings.

dealernounUS /ˈdiːlər/

someone who purchases and maintains an inventory of goods to be sold

From this reading On the second floor all the rabble vociferated, scuffled, and pushed, irrespective of social distinctions between the well-to-do seaman, the poor mussel-picker from the rocks and pier, and Amalia, the respected dealer, and the sellers in the streets.

distinctionsnounUS /dɪˈstɪŋkʃənz/

plural of “distinction” — a discrimination between things as different and distinct on the basis of their characteristics or attributes

From this reading On the second floor all the rabble vociferated, scuffled, and pushed, irrespective of social distinctions between the well-to-do seaman, the poor mussel-picker from the rocks and pier, and Amalia, the respected dealer, and the sellers in the streets.

duringprepositionUS /ˈdʊrɪŋ/

all through a period, or at some point within it

From this reading THE CURTAIN RISES Sarrio, the well-known town on the Cantabrian coast, boasted some years ago of a theatre neither bright, light, nor commodious, but quite good enough to afford entertainment to the pacific, industrious residents during the long winter evenings.

enoughnounUS /ɪˈnʌf/

an adequate quantity; a quantity that is large enough to achieve a purpose

From this reading THE CURTAIN RISES Sarrio, the well-known town on the Cantabrian coast, boasted some years ago of a theatre neither bright, light, nor commodious, but quite good enough to afford entertainment to the pacific, industrious residents during the long winter evenings.

entertainmentnounUS /ˌentərˈteɪnmənt/

an activity that is diverting and that holds the attention

From this reading THE CURTAIN RISES Sarrio, the well-known town on the Cantabrian coast, boasted some years ago of a theatre neither bright, light, nor commodious, but quite good enough to afford entertainment to the pacific, industrious residents during the long winter evenings.

eveningsnounUS /ˈiːvnɪŋz/

plural of “evening” — the latter part of the day (the period of decreasing daylight from late afternoon until nightfall)

From this reading THE CURTAIN RISES Sarrio, the well-known town on the Cantabrian coast, boasted some years ago of a theatre neither bright, light, nor commodious, but quite good enough to afford entertainment to the pacific, industrious residents during the long winter evenings.

fewadjectiveUS /fjuː/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “a”; a small but indefinite number

From this reading On the first were the boxes--goodness knows why they were so called, for they were nothing but a few benches stuffed with goat's hair and upholstered with scarlet flannel, placed behind a balustrade.

firstadjectiveUS /fɜːrst/

preceding all others in time or space or degree

From this reading On the first were the boxes--goodness knows why they were so called, for they were nothing but a few benches stuffed with goat's hair and upholstered with scarlet flannel, placed behind a balustrade.

flannelnounUS /ˈflænəl/

a soft light woolen fabric; used for clothing

From this reading On the first were the boxes--goodness knows why they were so called, for they were nothing but a few benches stuffed with goat's hair and upholstered with scarlet flannel, placed behind a balustrade.

floornounUS /flɔːr/

the inside lower horizontal surface (as of a room, hallway, tent, or other structure)

From this reading It was built, as such places usually are, in the form of a horseshoe, and it consisted of two floors besides the ground floor.

floorsnounUS /flɔːrz/

plural of “floor” — the inside lower horizontal surface (as of a room, hallway, tent, or other structure)

From this reading It was built, as such places usually are, in the form of a horseshoe, and it consisted of two floors besides the ground floor.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading On the first were the boxes--goodness knows why they were so called, for they were nothing but a few benches stuffed with goat's hair and upholstered with scarlet flannel, placed behind a balustrade.

formnounUS /fɔːrm/

the phonological or orthographic sound or appearance of a word that can be used to describe or identify something

From this reading It was built, as such places usually are, in the form of a horseshoe, and it consisted of two floors besides the ground floor.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading On the second floor all the rabble vociferated, scuffled, and pushed, irrespective of social distinctions between the well-to-do seaman, the poor mussel-picker from the rocks and pier, and Amalia, the respected dealer, and the sellers in the streets.

givenadjectiveUS /ˈɡɪvən/

acknowledged as a supposition

From this reading To take one of these places, a push had to be given to the back, which raised the seat with a spring, and once the person was in it readjusted itself, and he was as comfortable as a human being can be on an instrument of torture.

goat'snounUS /ɡoʊts/

possessive form of “goat” — any of numerous agile ruminants related to sheep but having a beard and straight horns

From this reading On the first were the boxes--goodness knows why they were so called, for they were nothing but a few benches stuffed with goat's hair and upholstered with scarlet flannel, placed behind a balustrade.

goodadjectiveUS /ɡʊd/

having desirable or positive qualities especially those suitable for a thing specified

From this reading THE CURTAIN RISES Sarrio, the well-known town on the Cantabrian coast, boasted some years ago of a theatre neither bright, light, nor commodious, but quite good enough to afford entertainment to the pacific, industrious residents during the long winter evenings.

goodnessnounUS /ˈɡʊdnəs/

that which is pleasing or valuable or useful

From this reading On the first were the boxes--goodness knows why they were so called, for they were nothing but a few benches stuffed with goat's hair and upholstered with scarlet flannel, placed behind a balustrade.

groundnounUS /ɡraʊnd/

the solid part of the earth's surface

From this reading It was built, as such places usually are, in the form of a horseshoe, and it consisted of two floors besides the ground floor.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading To take one of these places, a push had to be given to the back, which raised the seat with a spring, and once the person was in it readjusted itself, and he was as comfortable as a human being can be on an instrument of torture.

hairnounUS /her/

a covering for the body (or parts of it) consisting of a dense growth of threadlike structures (as on the human head); helps to prevent heat loss

From this reading On the first were the boxes--goodness knows why they were so called, for they were nothing but a few benches stuffed with goat's hair and upholstered with scarlet flannel, placed behind a balustrade.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading To take one of these places, a push had to be given to the back, which raised the seat with a spring, and once the person was in it readjusted itself, and he was as comfortable as a human being can be on an instrument of torture.

horseshoenounUS /ˈhɔːrsʃuː/

game equipment consisting of an open ring of iron used in playing horseshoes

From this reading It was built, as such places usually are, in the form of a horseshoe, and it consisted of two floors besides the ground floor.

humanadjectiveUS /ˈhjuːmən/

characteristic of humanity

From this reading To take one of these places, a push had to be given to the back, which raised the seat with a spring, and once the person was in it readjusted itself, and he was as comfortable as a human being can be on an instrument of torture.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading It was built, as such places usually are, in the form of a horseshoe, and it consisted of two floors besides the ground floor.

industriousadjectiveUS /ˌɪnˈdʌstriəs/

characterized by hard work and perseverance

From this reading THE CURTAIN RISES Sarrio, the well-known town on the Cantabrian coast, boasted some years ago of a theatre neither bright, light, nor commodious, but quite good enough to afford entertainment to the pacific, industrious residents during the long winter evenings.

instrumentnounUS /ˈɪnstrəmənt/

a device that requires skill for proper use

From this reading To take one of these places, a push had to be given to the back, which raised the seat with a spring, and once the person was in it readjusted itself, and he was as comfortable as a human being can be on an instrument of torture.

irrespectiveadverbUS /ˌɪrəˈspektɪv/

in spite of everything; without regard to drawbacks

From this reading On the second floor all the rabble vociferated, scuffled, and pushed, irrespective of social distinctions between the well-to-do seaman, the poor mussel-picker from the rocks and pier, and Amalia, the respected dealer, and the sellers in the streets.

ItpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading It was built, as such places usually are, in the form of a horseshoe, and it consisted of two floors besides the ground floor.

itselfpronounUS /ˌɪtˈself/

used when the thing doing the action is also its object

From this reading To take one of these places, a push had to be given to the back, which raised the seat with a spring, and once the person was in it readjusted itself, and he was as comfortable as a human being can be on an instrument of torture.

knowsnounUS /noʊz/

plural of “know” — the fact of being aware of information that is known to few people

From this reading On the first were the boxes--goodness knows why they were so called, for they were nothing but a few benches stuffed with goat's hair and upholstered with scarlet flannel, placed behind a balustrade.

lightadjectiveUS /laɪt/

of comparatively little physical weight or density

From this reading THE CURTAIN RISES Sarrio, the well-known town on the Cantabrian coast, boasted some years ago of a theatre neither bright, light, nor commodious, but quite good enough to afford entertainment to the pacific, industrious residents during the long winter evenings.

longadjectiveUS /lɔːŋ/

primarily temporal sense; being or indicating a relatively great or greater than average duration or passage of time or a duration as specified

From this reading THE CURTAIN RISES Sarrio, the well-known town on the Cantabrian coast, boasted some years ago of a theatre neither bright, light, nor commodious, but quite good enough to afford entertainment to the pacific, industrious residents during the long winter evenings.

mussel-picker

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading On the second floor all the rabble vociferated, scuffled, and pushed, irrespective of social distinctions between the well-to-do seaman, the poor mussel-picker from the rocks and pier, and Amalia, the respected dealer, and the sellers in the streets.

neitherdeterminerUS /ˈniːðər/

not one and not the other of two

From this reading THE CURTAIN RISES Sarrio, the well-known town on the Cantabrian coast, boasted some years ago of a theatre neither bright, light, nor commodious, but quite good enough to afford entertainment to the pacific, industrious residents during the long winter evenings.

norconjunctionUS /nɔːr/

and not; used after a negative to add a second negative

From this reading THE CURTAIN RISES Sarrio, the well-known town on the Cantabrian coast, boasted some years ago of a theatre neither bright, light, nor commodious, but quite good enough to afford entertainment to the pacific, industrious residents during the long winter evenings.

nothingpronounUS /ˈnʌθɪŋ/

not one thing; not anything

From this reading On the first were the boxes--goodness knows why they were so called, for they were nothing but a few benches stuffed with goat's hair and upholstered with scarlet flannel, placed behind a balustrade.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading THE CURTAIN RISES Sarrio, the well-known town on the Cantabrian coast, boasted some years ago of a theatre neither bright, light, nor commodious, but quite good enough to afford entertainment to the pacific, industrious residents during the long winter evenings.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading THE CURTAIN RISES Sarrio, the well-known town on the Cantabrian coast, boasted some years ago of a theatre neither bright, light, nor commodious, but quite good enough to afford entertainment to the pacific, industrious residents during the long winter evenings.

onceadverbUS /wʌns/

on one occasion

From this reading To take one of these places, a push had to be given to the back, which raised the seat with a spring, and once the person was in it readjusted itself, and he was as comfortable as a human being can be on an instrument of torture.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading To take one of these places, a push had to be given to the back, which raised the seat with a spring, and once the person was in it readjusted itself, and he was as comfortable as a human being can be on an instrument of torture.

pacificnounUS /pəˈsɪfɪk/

the largest ocean in the world

From this reading THE CURTAIN RISES Sarrio, the well-known town on the Cantabrian coast, boasted some years ago of a theatre neither bright, light, nor commodious, but quite good enough to afford entertainment to the pacific, industrious residents during the long winter evenings.

personnounUS /ˈpɜːrsən/

a human being

From this reading To take one of these places, a push had to be given to the back, which raised the seat with a spring, and once the person was in it readjusted itself, and he was as comfortable as a human being can be on an instrument of torture.

piernounUS /pɪr/

a platform built out from the shore into the water and supported by piles; provides access to ships and boats

From this reading On the second floor all the rabble vociferated, scuffled, and pushed, irrespective of social distinctions between the well-to-do seaman, the poor mussel-picker from the rocks and pier, and Amalia, the respected dealer, and the sellers in the streets.

placedadjectiveUS /pleɪst/

situated in a particular spot or position

From this reading On the first were the boxes--goodness knows why they were so called, for they were nothing but a few benches stuffed with goat's hair and upholstered with scarlet flannel, placed behind a balustrade.

placesnounUS /ˈpleɪsəz/

plural of “place” — a point located with respect to surface features of some region

From this reading It was built, as such places usually are, in the form of a horseshoe, and it consisted of two floors besides the ground floor.

pooradjectiveUS /puːr/

deserving or inciting pity

From this reading On the second floor all the rabble vociferated, scuffled, and pushed, irrespective of social distinctions between the well-to-do seaman, the poor mussel-picker from the rocks and pier, and Amalia, the respected dealer, and the sellers in the streets.

pushverbUS /pʊʃ/

move with force

From this reading To take one of these places, a push had to be given to the back, which raised the seat with a spring, and once the person was in it readjusted itself, and he was as comfortable as a human being can be on an instrument of torture.

pushedverbUS /pʊʃt/

past form of “push” — move with force

From this reading On the second floor all the rabble vociferated, scuffled, and pushed, irrespective of social distinctions between the well-to-do seaman, the poor mussel-picker from the rocks and pier, and Amalia, the respected dealer, and the sellers in the streets.

quiteadverbUS /kwaɪt/

to a degree (not used with a negative)

From this reading THE CURTAIN RISES Sarrio, the well-known town on the Cantabrian coast, boasted some years ago of a theatre neither bright, light, nor commodious, but quite good enough to afford entertainment to the pacific, industrious residents during the long winter evenings.

rabblenounUS /ˈræbəl/

a disorderly crowd of people

From this reading On the second floor all the rabble vociferated, scuffled, and pushed, irrespective of social distinctions between the well-to-do seaman, the poor mussel-picker from the rocks and pier, and Amalia, the respected dealer, and the sellers in the streets.

raisedadjectiveUS /reɪzd/

located or moved above the surround or above the normal position

From this reading To take one of these places, a push had to be given to the back, which raised the seat with a spring, and once the person was in it readjusted itself, and he was as comfortable as a human being can be on an instrument of torture.

readjustedverbUS /ˌriːəˈdʒʌstɪd/

past form of “readjust” — adjust anew

From this reading To take one of these places, a push had to be given to the back, which raised the seat with a spring, and once the person was in it readjusted itself, and he was as comfortable as a human being can be on an instrument of torture.

residentsnounUS /ˈrezɪdənts/

plural of “resident” — someone who lives at a particular place for a prolonged period or who was born there

From this reading THE CURTAIN RISES Sarrio, the well-known town on the Cantabrian coast, boasted some years ago of a theatre neither bright, light, nor commodious, but quite good enough to afford entertainment to the pacific, industrious residents during the long winter evenings.

respectedadjectiveUS /rɪˈspektɪd/

receiving deferential regard

From this reading On the second floor all the rabble vociferated, scuffled, and pushed, irrespective of social distinctions between the well-to-do seaman, the poor mussel-picker from the rocks and pier, and Amalia, the respected dealer, and the sellers in the streets.

RISESnounUS /ˈraɪzəz/

plural of “rise” — a growth in strength or number or importance

From this reading THE CURTAIN RISES Sarrio, the well-known town on the Cantabrian coast, boasted some years ago of a theatre neither bright, light, nor commodious, but quite good enough to afford entertainment to the pacific, industrious residents during the long winter evenings.

rocksnounUS /rɑːks/

plural of “rock” — a lump or mass of hard consolidated mineral matter

From this reading On the second floor all the rabble vociferated, scuffled, and pushed, irrespective of social distinctions between the well-to-do seaman, the poor mussel-picker from the rocks and pier, and Amalia, the respected dealer, and the sellers in the streets.

Sarrio

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading THE CURTAIN RISES Sarrio, the well-known town on the Cantabrian coast, boasted some years ago of a theatre neither bright, light, nor commodious, but quite good enough to afford entertainment to the pacific, industrious residents during the long winter evenings.

scarletnounUS /ˈskɑːrlət/

a variable color that is vivid red but sometimes with an orange tinge

From this reading On the first were the boxes--goodness knows why they were so called, for they were nothing but a few benches stuffed with goat's hair and upholstered with scarlet flannel, placed behind a balustrade.

scuffledverbUS /ˈskʌfəld/

past form of “scuffle” — walk by dragging one's feet

From this reading On the second floor all the rabble vociferated, scuffled, and pushed, irrespective of social distinctions between the well-to-do seaman, the poor mussel-picker from the rocks and pier, and Amalia, the respected dealer, and the sellers in the streets.

seamannounUS /ˈsiːmən/

a man who serves as a sailor

From this reading On the second floor all the rabble vociferated, scuffled, and pushed, irrespective of social distinctions between the well-to-do seaman, the poor mussel-picker from the rocks and pier, and Amalia, the respected dealer, and the sellers in the streets.

seatnounUS /siːt/

a space reserved for sitting (as in a theater or on a train or airplane)

From this reading To take one of these places, a push had to be given to the back, which raised the seat with a spring, and once the person was in it readjusted itself, and he was as comfortable as a human being can be on an instrument of torture.

secondnounUS /ˈsekənd/

1/60 of a minute; the basic unit of time adopted under the Systeme International d'Unites

From this reading On the second floor all the rabble vociferated, scuffled, and pushed, irrespective of social distinctions between the well-to-do seaman, the poor mussel-picker from the rocks and pier, and Amalia, the respected dealer, and the sellers in the streets.

sellersnounUS /ˈselərz/

English comic actor (1925-1980)

From this reading On the second floor all the rabble vociferated, scuffled, and pushed, irrespective of social distinctions between the well-to-do seaman, the poor mussel-picker from the rocks and pier, and Amalia, the respected dealer, and the sellers in the streets.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading On the first were the boxes--goodness knows why they were so called, for they were nothing but a few benches stuffed with goat's hair and upholstered with scarlet flannel, placed behind a balustrade.

socialadjectiveUS /ˈsoʊʃəl/

relating to human society and its members

From this reading On the second floor all the rabble vociferated, scuffled, and pushed, irrespective of social distinctions between the well-to-do seaman, the poor mussel-picker from the rocks and pier, and Amalia, the respected dealer, and the sellers in the streets.

someadjectiveUS /sʌm/

(quantifier) used with either mass nouns or plural count nouns to indicate an unspecified number or quantity

From this reading THE CURTAIN RISES Sarrio, the well-known town on the Cantabrian coast, boasted some years ago of a theatre neither bright, light, nor commodious, but quite good enough to afford entertainment to the pacific, industrious residents during the long winter evenings.

springnounUS /sprɪŋ/

the season of growth

From this reading To take one of these places, a push had to be given to the back, which raised the seat with a spring, and once the person was in it readjusted itself, and he was as comfortable as a human being can be on an instrument of torture.

streetsnounUS /striːts/

plural of “street” — a thoroughfare (usually including sidewalks) that is lined with buildings

From this reading On the second floor all the rabble vociferated, scuffled, and pushed, irrespective of social distinctions between the well-to-do seaman, the poor mussel-picker from the rocks and pier, and Amalia, the respected dealer, and the sellers in the streets.

stuffedadjectiveUS /stʌft/

filled with something

From this reading On the first were the boxes--goodness knows why they were so called, for they were nothing but a few benches stuffed with goat's hair and upholstered with scarlet flannel, placed behind a balustrade.

suchdeterminerUS /sʌtʃ/

of the kind already mentioned

From this reading It was built, as such places usually are, in the form of a horseshoe, and it consisted of two floors besides the ground floor.

takeverbUS /teɪk/

carry out

From this reading To take one of these places, a push had to be given to the back, which raised the seat with a spring, and once the person was in it readjusted itself, and he was as comfortable as a human being can be on an instrument of torture.

THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading THE CURTAIN RISES Sarrio, the well-known town on the Cantabrian coast, boasted some years ago of a theatre neither bright, light, nor commodious, but quite good enough to afford entertainment to the pacific, industrious residents during the long winter evenings.

theatrenounUS /ˈθiːətər/

a building where theatrical performances or motion-picture shows can be presented

From this reading THE CURTAIN RISES Sarrio, the well-known town on the Cantabrian coast, boasted some years ago of a theatre neither bright, light, nor commodious, but quite good enough to afford entertainment to the pacific, industrious residents during the long winter evenings.

thesedeterminerUS /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading To take one of these places, a push had to be given to the back, which raised the seat with a spring, and once the person was in it readjusted itself, and he was as comfortable as a human being can be on an instrument of torture.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading On the first were the boxes--goodness knows why they were so called, for they were nothing but a few benches stuffed with goat's hair and upholstered with scarlet flannel, placed behind a balustrade.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading THE CURTAIN RISES Sarrio, the well-known town on the Cantabrian coast, boasted some years ago of a theatre neither bright, light, nor commodious, but quite good enough to afford entertainment to the pacific, industrious residents during the long winter evenings.

tortureverbUS /ˈtɔːrtʃər/

torment emotionally or mentally

From this reading To take one of these places, a push had to be given to the back, which raised the seat with a spring, and once the person was in it readjusted itself, and he was as comfortable as a human being can be on an instrument of torture.

townnounUS /taʊn/

an urban area with a fixed boundary that is smaller than a city

From this reading THE CURTAIN RISES Sarrio, the well-known town on the Cantabrian coast, boasted some years ago of a theatre neither bright, light, nor commodious, but quite good enough to afford entertainment to the pacific, industrious residents during the long winter evenings.

twonounUS /tuː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one or a numeral representing this number

From this reading It was built, as such places usually are, in the form of a horseshoe, and it consisted of two floors besides the ground floor.

upholsteredverbUS /əˈpoʊlstərd/

past form of “upholster” — provide furniture with padding, springs, webbing, and covers

From this reading On the first were the boxes--goodness knows why they were so called, for they were nothing but a few benches stuffed with goat's hair and upholstered with scarlet flannel, placed behind a balustrade.

usuallyadverbUS /ˈjuːʒəwəli/

under normal conditions

From this reading It was built, as such places usually are, in the form of a horseshoe, and it consisted of two floors besides the ground floor.

vociferatedverbUS /vəˈsɪfəreɪtɪd/

past form of “vociferate” — utter in a very loud voice

From this reading On the second floor all the rabble vociferated, scuffled, and pushed, irrespective of social distinctions between the well-to-do seaman, the poor mussel-picker from the rocks and pier, and Amalia, the respected dealer, and the sellers in the streets.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading It was built, as such places usually are, in the form of a horseshoe, and it consisted of two floors besides the ground floor.

well-knownadjectiveUS /ˈwelˈnoʊn/

widely or fully known

From this reading THE CURTAIN RISES Sarrio, the well-known town on the Cantabrian coast, boasted some years ago of a theatre neither bright, light, nor commodious, but quite good enough to afford entertainment to the pacific, industrious residents during the long winter evenings.

well-to-doadjective

in fortunate circumstances financially; moderately rich

From this reading On the second floor all the rabble vociferated, scuffled, and pushed, irrespective of social distinctions between the well-to-do seaman, the poor mussel-picker from the rocks and pier, and Amalia, the respected dealer, and the sellers in the streets.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading On the first were the boxes--goodness knows why they were so called, for they were nothing but a few benches stuffed with goat's hair and upholstered with scarlet flannel, placed behind a balustrade.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading To take one of these places, a push had to be given to the back, which raised the seat with a spring, and once the person was in it readjusted itself, and he was as comfortable as a human being can be on an instrument of torture.

whynounUS /waɪ/

the cause or intention underlying an action or situation, especially in the phrase “the whys and wherefores”

From this reading On the first were the boxes--goodness knows why they were so called, for they were nothing but a few benches stuffed with goat's hair and upholstered with scarlet flannel, placed behind a balustrade.

winternounUS /ˈwɪntər/

the coldest season of the year; in the northern hemisphere it extends from the winter solstice to the vernal equinox

From this reading THE CURTAIN RISES Sarrio, the well-known town on the Cantabrian coast, boasted some years ago of a theatre neither bright, light, nor commodious, but quite good enough to afford entertainment to the pacific, industrious residents during the long winter evenings.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading On the first were the boxes--goodness knows why they were so called, for they were nothing but a few benches stuffed with goat's hair and upholstered with scarlet flannel, placed behind a balustrade.

yearsnounUS /jɪrz/

a late time of life

From this reading THE CURTAIN RISES Sarrio, the well-known town on the Cantabrian coast, boasted some years ago of a theatre neither bright, light, nor commodious, but quite good enough to afford entertainment to the pacific, industrious residents during the long winter evenings.

Chapter 2 of The Fourth Estate, Vol. 1 by Armando Palacio Valdés holds 98 sentences, grouped into 20 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 2 of The Fourth Estate, Vol. 1 contain?

Chapter 2 holds 98 sentences of The Fourth Estate, Vol. 1, unabridged, divided into 20 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 2 of The Fourth Estate, Vol. 1 by Armando Palacio Valdés exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 98 sentences, grouped into 20 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 2 of The Fourth Estate, Vol. 1?

Work through the 20 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 20 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 2 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 2 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading The Fourth Estate, Vol. 1

Common questions about reading The Fourth Estate, Vol. 1 by Armando Palacio Valdés on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of The Fourth Estate, Vol. 1?

Yes. All 3632 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #38393 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of The Fourth Estate, Vol. 1 is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #38393, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does The Fourth Estate, Vol. 1 take to read?

About 302 minutes of reading across 727 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read The Fourth Estate, Vol. 1 section by section

How to work through The Fourth Estate, Vol. 1 section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 17 chapters of The Fourth Estate, Vol. 1 to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in The Fourth Estate, Vol. 1

Words and structures a reader meets early in The Fourth Estate, Vol. 1, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Early
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Fourth Estate, Vol. 1; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Writings
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Fourth Estate, Vol. 1; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Distinguished
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Fourth Estate, Vol. 1; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Native
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Fourth Estate, Vol. 1; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.