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The Fourth Generation
The Fourth Generation

Chapter XVI

Chapter 16 of The Fourth Generation is here in full — 213 sentences across 43 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/42 · 5 lines
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BARLOW BROTHERS The theory of consequence”--Leonard was arranging his thoughts on paper for better clearness--“while it answers most of the difficulties connected with hereditary trouble, breaks down, it must be confessed, in some cases.
Given, for instance, a case in which a boy is carefully educated, has no bad examples before him, shows no signs of vice, and is ignorant of the family misfortunes.
If that boy becomes a spendthrift and a prodigal, or worse, when there has never before been such a thing in the family, how can we connect the case with the faults or vices of a grandfather altogether unlike his own, and unknown to him?
I should be inclined rather to ascribe the case to some influences of the past, not to be discovered, due to some maternal ancestry.
A man, for instance, may be so completely unlike any other member of the family that we must search for the cause of his early life in the line of his mother or his grandmother.”
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The Fourth Generation

Chapter XVI

Chapter 16 of The Fourth Generation is here in full — 213 sentences across 43 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/42 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
BARLOW BROTHERS” “The theory of consequence”--Leonard was arranging his thoughts on paper for better clearness--“while it answers most of the difficulties connected with hereditary trouble, breaks down, it must be confessed, in some cases.
Line 2
Given, for instance, a case in which a boy is carefully educated, has no bad examples before him, shows no signs of vice, and is ignorant of the family misfortunes.
/ˈɡɪvən fɔːr ˈɪnstəns ə keɪs ɪn wɪtʃ ə bɔɪ ɪz ˈkerfəli ˈedʒəkeɪtɪd hæz noʊ bæd ɪɡˈzæmpəlz bɪˈfɔːr hɪm ʃoʊz noʊ saɪnz ʌv vaɪs ənd ɪz ˈɪɡnərənt ʌv ðə ˈfæməli mɪˈsfɔːrtʃənz/
Line 3
If that boy becomes a spendthrift and a prodigal, or worse, when there has never before been such a thing in the family, how can we connect the case with the faults or vices of a grandfather altogether unlike his own, and unknown to him?
Line 4
I should be inclined rather to ascribe the case to some influences of the past, not to be discovered, due to some maternal ancestry.
/aɪ ʃʊd biː ˌɪnˈklaɪnd ˈræðər tuː əˈskraɪb ðə keɪs tuː sʌm ˈɪnfluːənsɪz ʌv ðə pæst nɑːt tuː biː dɪˈskʌvərd duː tuː sʌm məˈtɜːrnəl ˈænsestri/
Line 5
A man, for instance, may be so completely unlike any other member of the family that we must search for the cause of his early life in the line of his mother or his grandmother.”
/ə mæn fɔːr ˈɪnstəns meɪ biː soʊ kəmˈpliːtli ənˈlaɪk ˈeni ˈʌðər ˈmembər ʌv ðə ˈfæməli ðæt wiː mʌst sɜːrtʃ fɔːr ðə kɑːz ʌv hɪz ˈɜːrli laɪf ɪn ðə laɪn ʌv hɪz ˈmʌðər ɔːr hɪz ˈɡrændmʌðər/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

ancestry noun US /ˈænsestri/

the descendants of one individual

From this reading “I should be inclined rather to ascribe the case to some influences of the past, not to be discovered, due to some maternal ancestry.”

ascribe verb US /əˈskraɪb/

attribute or credit to

From this reading “I should be inclined rather to ascribe the case to some influences of the past, not to be discovered, due to some maternal ancestry.”

clearness noun US /ˈklɪrnəs/

free from obscurity and easy to understand; the comprehensibility of clear expression

From this reading ““BARLOW BROTHERS” “The theory of consequence”--Leonard was arranging his thoughts on paper for better clearness--“while it answers most of the difficulties connected with hereditary trouble, breaks down, it must be confessed, in some cases.”

connect verb US /kəˈnekt/

connect, fasten, or put together two or more pieces

From this reading “If that boy becomes a spendthrift and a prodigal, or worse, when there has never before been such a thing in the family, how can we connect the case with the faults or vices of a grandfather altogether unlike his own, and unknown to him?”

hereditary adjective US /hərˈedəteri/

occurring among members of a family usually by heredity

From this reading ““BARLOW BROTHERS” “The theory of consequence”--Leonard was arranging his thoughts on paper for better clearness--“while it answers most of the difficulties connected with hereditary trouble, breaks down, it must be confessed, in some cases.”

maternal adjective US /məˈtɜːrnəl/

characteristic of a mother

From this reading “I should be inclined rather to ascribe the case to some influences of the past, not to be discovered, due to some maternal ancestry.”

prodigal noun US /ˈprɑːdɪɡəl/

a recklessly extravagant consumer

From this reading “If that boy becomes a spendthrift and a prodigal, or worse, when there has never before been such a thing in the family, how can we connect the case with the faults or vices of a grandfather altogether unlike his own, and unknown to him?”

spendthrift noun US /ˈspendθrɪft/

someone who spends money prodigally

From this reading “If that boy becomes a spendthrift and a prodigal, or worse, when there has never before been such a thing in the family, how can we connect the case with the faults or vices of a grandfather altogether unlike his own, and unknown to him?”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

altogether unlike adverb + adjective

In this reading “If that boy becomes a spendthrift and a prodigal, or worse, when there has never before been such a thing in the family, how can we connect the case with the faults or vices of a grandfather altogether unlike his own, and unknown to him?”

bad examples adjective + noun counted as “bad example”

In this reading “Given, for instance, a case in which a boy is carefully educated, has no bad examples before him, shows no signs of vice, and is ignorant of the family misfortunes.”

for instance preposition + noun

as an example

In this reading “Given, for instance, a case in which a boy is carefully educated, has no bad examples before him, shows no signs of vice, and is ignorant of the family misfortunes.”

other member adjective + noun

In this reading “A man, for instance, may be so completely unlike any other member of the family that we must search for the cause of his early life in the line of his mother or his grandmother.””

breaks down verb + adjective counted as “break down”

make ineffective

In this reading ““BARLOW BROTHERS” “The theory of consequence”--Leonard was arranging his thoughts on paper for better clearness--“while it answers most of the difficulties connected with hereditary trouble, breaks down, it must be confessed, in some cases.”

search for verb + particle

In this reading “A man, for instance, may be so completely unlike any other member of the family that we must search for the cause of his early life in the line of his mother or his grandmother.””

early life adjective + noun

In this reading “A man, for instance, may be so completely unlike any other member of the family that we must search for the cause of his early life in the line of his mother or his grandmother.””

All words in this reading · 106

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Given, for instance, a case in which a boy is carefully educated, has no bad examples before him, shows no signs of vice, and is ignorant of the family misfortunes.

altogetheradverbUS /ˌɔːltəˈɡeðər/

to a complete degree or to the full or entire extent (“whole” is often used informally for “wholly”)

From this reading If that boy becomes a spendthrift and a prodigal, or worse, when there has never before been such a thing in the family, how can we connect the case with the faults or vices of a grandfather altogether unlike his own, and unknown to him?

ancestrynounUS /ˈænsestri/

the descendants of one individual

From this reading I should be inclined rather to ascribe the case to some influences of the past, not to be discovered, due to some maternal ancestry.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Given, for instance, a case in which a boy is carefully educated, has no bad examples before him, shows no signs of vice, and is ignorant of the family misfortunes.

answersnounUS /ˈænsərz/

plural of “answer” — a statement (either spoken or written) that is made to reply to a question or request or criticism or accusation

From this reading “BARLOW BROTHERS” “The theory of consequence”--Leonard was arranging his thoughts on paper for better clearness--“while it answers most of the difficulties connected with hereditary trouble, breaks down, it must be confessed, in some cases.

anyadjectiveUS /ˈeni/

one or some or every or all without specification

From this reading A man, for instance, may be so completely unlike any other member of the family that we must search for the cause of his early life in the line of his mother or his grandmother.”

arrangingnounUS /ərˈeɪndʒɪŋ/

the act of arranging and adapting a piece of music

From this reading “BARLOW BROTHERS” “The theory of consequence”--Leonard was arranging his thoughts on paper for better clearness--“while it answers most of the difficulties connected with hereditary trouble, breaks down, it must be confessed, in some cases.

ascribeverbUS /əˈskraɪb/

attribute or credit to

From this reading I should be inclined rather to ascribe the case to some influences of the past, not to be discovered, due to some maternal ancestry.

badadjectiveUS /bæd/

having undesirable or negative qualities

From this reading Given, for instance, a case in which a boy is carefully educated, has no bad examples before him, shows no signs of vice, and is ignorant of the family misfortunes.

BARLOW

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading “BARLOW BROTHERS” “The theory of consequence”--Leonard was arranging his thoughts on paper for better clearness--“while it answers most of the difficulties connected with hereditary trouble, breaks down, it must be confessed, in some cases.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading “BARLOW BROTHERS” “The theory of consequence”--Leonard was arranging his thoughts on paper for better clearness--“while it answers most of the difficulties connected with hereditary trouble, breaks down, it must be confessed, in some cases.

becomesverbUS /bɪˈkʌmz/

third-person singular of “become” — enter or assume a certain state or condition

From this reading If that boy becomes a spendthrift and a prodigal, or worse, when there has never before been such a thing in the family, how can we connect the case with the faults or vices of a grandfather altogether unlike his own, and unknown to him?

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading If that boy becomes a spendthrift and a prodigal, or worse, when there has never before been such a thing in the family, how can we connect the case with the faults or vices of a grandfather altogether unlike his own, and unknown to him?

beforeprepositionUS /bɪˈfɔːr/

earlier than; in front of

From this reading Given, for instance, a case in which a boy is carefully educated, has no bad examples before him, shows no signs of vice, and is ignorant of the family misfortunes.

betteradjectiveUS /ˈbetər/

(comparative of “good”) superior to another (of the same class or set or kind) in excellence or quality or desirability or suitability; more highly skilled than another

From this reading “BARLOW BROTHERS” “The theory of consequence”--Leonard was arranging his thoughts on paper for better clearness--“while it answers most of the difficulties connected with hereditary trouble, breaks down, it must be confessed, in some cases.

boynounUS /bɔɪ/

a youthful male person

From this reading Given, for instance, a case in which a boy is carefully educated, has no bad examples before him, shows no signs of vice, and is ignorant of the family misfortunes.

breaksnounUS /breɪks/

plural of “break” — some abrupt occurrence that interrupts an ongoing activity

From this reading “BARLOW BROTHERS” “The theory of consequence”--Leonard was arranging his thoughts on paper for better clearness--“while it answers most of the difficulties connected with hereditary trouble, breaks down, it must be confessed, in some cases.

BROTHERSnounUS /ˈbrʌðərz/

plural of “brother” — a male with the same parents as someone else

From this reading “BARLOW BROTHERS” “The theory of consequence”--Leonard was arranging his thoughts on paper for better clearness--“while it answers most of the difficulties connected with hereditary trouble, breaks down, it must be confessed, in some cases.

canmodal verbUS /kæn/

to be able to, or to be allowed to

From this reading If that boy becomes a spendthrift and a prodigal, or worse, when there has never before been such a thing in the family, how can we connect the case with the faults or vices of a grandfather altogether unlike his own, and unknown to him?

carefullyadverbUS /ˈkerfəli/

taking care or paying attention

From this reading Given, for instance, a case in which a boy is carefully educated, has no bad examples before him, shows no signs of vice, and is ignorant of the family misfortunes.

casenounUS /keɪs/

an occurrence of something

From this reading Given, for instance, a case in which a boy is carefully educated, has no bad examples before him, shows no signs of vice, and is ignorant of the family misfortunes.

casesnounUS /ˈkeɪsəz/

plural of “case” — an occurrence of something

From this reading “BARLOW BROTHERS” “The theory of consequence”--Leonard was arranging his thoughts on paper for better clearness--“while it answers most of the difficulties connected with hereditary trouble, breaks down, it must be confessed, in some cases.

causenounUS /kɑːz/

events that provide the generative force that is the origin of something

From this reading A man, for instance, may be so completely unlike any other member of the family that we must search for the cause of his early life in the line of his mother or his grandmother.”

clearnessnounUS /ˈklɪrnəs/

free from obscurity and easy to understand; the comprehensibility of clear expression

From this reading “BARLOW BROTHERS” “The theory of consequence”--Leonard was arranging his thoughts on paper for better clearness--“while it answers most of the difficulties connected with hereditary trouble, breaks down, it must be confessed, in some cases.

completelyadverbUS /kəmˈpliːtli/

to a complete degree or to the full or entire extent (“whole” is often used informally for “wholly”)

From this reading A man, for instance, may be so completely unlike any other member of the family that we must search for the cause of his early life in the line of his mother or his grandmother.”

confessedverbUS /kənˈfest/

past form of “confess” — confess to a punishable or reprehensible deed, usually under pressure

From this reading “BARLOW BROTHERS” “The theory of consequence”--Leonard was arranging his thoughts on paper for better clearness--“while it answers most of the difficulties connected with hereditary trouble, breaks down, it must be confessed, in some cases.

connectverbUS /kəˈnekt/

connect, fasten, or put together two or more pieces

From this reading If that boy becomes a spendthrift and a prodigal, or worse, when there has never before been such a thing in the family, how can we connect the case with the faults or vices of a grandfather altogether unlike his own, and unknown to him?

connectedadjectiveUS /kəˈnektɪd/

being joined in close association

From this reading “BARLOW BROTHERS” “The theory of consequence”--Leonard was arranging his thoughts on paper for better clearness--“while it answers most of the difficulties connected with hereditary trouble, breaks down, it must be confessed, in some cases.

consequencenounUS /ˈkɑːnsəkwəns/

a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon

From this reading “BARLOW BROTHERS” “The theory of consequence”--Leonard was arranging his thoughts on paper for better clearness--“while it answers most of the difficulties connected with hereditary trouble, breaks down, it must be confessed, in some cases.

difficultiesnounUS /ˈdɪfəkəltiz/

plural of “difficulty” — an effort that is inconvenient

From this reading “BARLOW BROTHERS” “The theory of consequence”--Leonard was arranging his thoughts on paper for better clearness--“while it answers most of the difficulties connected with hereditary trouble, breaks down, it must be confessed, in some cases.

discoveredadjectiveUS /dɪˈskʌvərd/

discovered or determined by scientific observation

From this reading I should be inclined rather to ascribe the case to some influences of the past, not to be discovered, due to some maternal ancestry.

downadjectiveUS /daʊn/

being or moving lower in position or less in some value

From this reading “BARLOW BROTHERS” “The theory of consequence”--Leonard was arranging his thoughts on paper for better clearness--“while it answers most of the difficulties connected with hereditary trouble, breaks down, it must be confessed, in some cases.

dueadjectiveUS /duː/

owed and payable immediately or on demand

From this reading I should be inclined rather to ascribe the case to some influences of the past, not to be discovered, due to some maternal ancestry.

earlyadjectiveUS /ˈɜːrli/

at or near the beginning of a period of time or course of events or before the usual or expected time

From this reading A man, for instance, may be so completely unlike any other member of the family that we must search for the cause of his early life in the line of his mother or his grandmother.”

educatedadjectiveUS /ˈedʒəkeɪtɪd/

possessing an education (especially having more than average knowledge)

From this reading Given, for instance, a case in which a boy is carefully educated, has no bad examples before him, shows no signs of vice, and is ignorant of the family misfortunes.

examplesnounUS /ɪɡˈzæmpəlz/

plural of “example” — an item of information that is typical of a class or group

From this reading Given, for instance, a case in which a boy is carefully educated, has no bad examples before him, shows no signs of vice, and is ignorant of the family misfortunes.

familynounUS /ˈfæməli/

a social unit living together

From this reading Given, for instance, a case in which a boy is carefully educated, has no bad examples before him, shows no signs of vice, and is ignorant of the family misfortunes.

faultsnounUS /fɔːlts/

plural of “fault” — a wrong action attributable to bad judgment or ignorance or inattention

From this reading If that boy becomes a spendthrift and a prodigal, or worse, when there has never before been such a thing in the family, how can we connect the case with the faults or vices of a grandfather altogether unlike his own, and unknown to him?

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading “BARLOW BROTHERS” “The theory of consequence”--Leonard was arranging his thoughts on paper for better clearness--“while it answers most of the difficulties connected with hereditary trouble, breaks down, it must be confessed, in some cases.

GivenadjectiveUS /ˈɡɪvən/

acknowledged as a supposition

From this reading Given, for instance, a case in which a boy is carefully educated, has no bad examples before him, shows no signs of vice, and is ignorant of the family misfortunes.

grandfathernounUS /ˈɡrændfɑːðər/

the father of your father or mother

From this reading If that boy becomes a spendthrift and a prodigal, or worse, when there has never before been such a thing in the family, how can we connect the case with the faults or vices of a grandfather altogether unlike his own, and unknown to him?

grandmothernounUS /ˈɡrændmʌðər/

the mother of your father or mother

From this reading A man, for instance, may be so completely unlike any other member of the family that we must search for the cause of his early life in the line of his mother or his grandmother.”

hasauxiliary verbUS /hæz/

the form of “have” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Given, for instance, a case in which a boy is carefully educated, has no bad examples before him, shows no signs of vice, and is ignorant of the family misfortunes.

hereditaryadjectiveUS /hərˈedəteri/

occurring among members of a family usually by heredity

From this reading “BARLOW BROTHERS” “The theory of consequence”--Leonard was arranging his thoughts on paper for better clearness--“while it answers most of the difficulties connected with hereditary trouble, breaks down, it must be confessed, in some cases.

himpronounUS /hɪm/

the male already mentioned, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading Given, for instance, a case in which a boy is carefully educated, has no bad examples before him, shows no signs of vice, and is ignorant of the family misfortunes.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading “BARLOW BROTHERS” “The theory of consequence”--Leonard was arranging his thoughts on paper for better clearness--“while it answers most of the difficulties connected with hereditary trouble, breaks down, it must be confessed, in some cases.

how

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading If that boy becomes a spendthrift and a prodigal, or worse, when there has never before been such a thing in the family, how can we connect the case with the faults or vices of a grandfather altogether unlike his own, and unknown to him?

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading I should be inclined rather to ascribe the case to some influences of the past, not to be discovered, due to some maternal ancestry.

IfconjunctionUS /ɪf/

on condition that; in the event that

From this reading If that boy becomes a spendthrift and a prodigal, or worse, when there has never before been such a thing in the family, how can we connect the case with the faults or vices of a grandfather altogether unlike his own, and unknown to him?

ignorantadjectiveUS /ˈɪɡnərənt/

uneducated in general; lacking knowledge or sophistication

From this reading Given, for instance, a case in which a boy is carefully educated, has no bad examples before him, shows no signs of vice, and is ignorant of the family misfortunes.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading “BARLOW BROTHERS” “The theory of consequence”--Leonard was arranging his thoughts on paper for better clearness--“while it answers most of the difficulties connected with hereditary trouble, breaks down, it must be confessed, in some cases.

inclinedadjectiveUS /ˌɪnˈklaɪnd/

(often followed by “to”) having a preference, disposition, or tendency

From this reading I should be inclined rather to ascribe the case to some influences of the past, not to be discovered, due to some maternal ancestry.

influencesnounUS /ˈɪnfluːənsɪz/

plural of “influence” — a power to affect persons or events especially power based on prestige etc

From this reading I should be inclined rather to ascribe the case to some influences of the past, not to be discovered, due to some maternal ancestry.

instancenounUS /ˈɪnstəns/

an occurrence of something

From this reading Given, for instance, a case in which a boy is carefully educated, has no bad examples before him, shows no signs of vice, and is ignorant of the family misfortunes.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Given, for instance, a case in which a boy is carefully educated, has no bad examples before him, shows no signs of vice, and is ignorant of the family misfortunes.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading “BARLOW BROTHERS” “The theory of consequence”--Leonard was arranging his thoughts on paper for better clearness--“while it answers most of the difficulties connected with hereditary trouble, breaks down, it must be confessed, in some cases.

LeonardnounUS /ˈlenərd/

United States writer of thrillers (born in 1925)

From this reading “BARLOW BROTHERS” “The theory of consequence”--Leonard was arranging his thoughts on paper for better clearness--“while it answers most of the difficulties connected with hereditary trouble, breaks down, it must be confessed, in some cases.

lifenounUS /laɪf/

a characteristic state or mode of living

From this reading A man, for instance, may be so completely unlike any other member of the family that we must search for the cause of his early life in the line of his mother or his grandmother.”

linenounUS /laɪn/

a formation of people or things one beside another

From this reading A man, for instance, may be so completely unlike any other member of the family that we must search for the cause of his early life in the line of his mother or his grandmother.”

mannounUS /mæn/

an adult person who is male (as opposed to a woman)

From this reading A man, for instance, may be so completely unlike any other member of the family that we must search for the cause of his early life in the line of his mother or his grandmother.”

maternaladjectiveUS /məˈtɜːrnəl/

characteristic of a mother

From this reading I should be inclined rather to ascribe the case to some influences of the past, not to be discovered, due to some maternal ancestry.

maymodal verbUS /meɪ/

used to say something is possible, or to give permission

From this reading A man, for instance, may be so completely unlike any other member of the family that we must search for the cause of his early life in the line of his mother or his grandmother.”

membernounUS /ˈmembər/

one of the persons who compose a social group (especially individuals who have joined and participate in a group organization)

From this reading A man, for instance, may be so completely unlike any other member of the family that we must search for the cause of his early life in the line of his mother or his grandmother.”

misfortunesnounUS /mɪˈsfɔːrtʃənz/

plural of “misfortune” — unnecessary and unforeseen trouble resulting from an unfortunate event

From this reading Given, for instance, a case in which a boy is carefully educated, has no bad examples before him, shows no signs of vice, and is ignorant of the family misfortunes.

mostadverbUS /moʊst/

used to form the superlative

From this reading “BARLOW BROTHERS” “The theory of consequence”--Leonard was arranging his thoughts on paper for better clearness--“while it answers most of the difficulties connected with hereditary trouble, breaks down, it must be confessed, in some cases.

mothernounUS /ˈmʌðər/

a woman who has given birth to a child (also used as a term of address to your mother)

From this reading A man, for instance, may be so completely unlike any other member of the family that we must search for the cause of his early life in the line of his mother or his grandmother.”

mustmodal verbUS /mʌst/

used to say something is necessary, or almost certainly true

From this reading “BARLOW BROTHERS” “The theory of consequence”--Leonard was arranging his thoughts on paper for better clearness--“while it answers most of the difficulties connected with hereditary trouble, breaks down, it must be confessed, in some cases.

neveradverbUS /ˈnevər/

not ever; at no time in the past or future

From this reading If that boy becomes a spendthrift and a prodigal, or worse, when there has never before been such a thing in the family, how can we connect the case with the faults or vices of a grandfather altogether unlike his own, and unknown to him?

nodeterminerUS /noʊ/

not any; not one

From this reading Given, for instance, a case in which a boy is carefully educated, has no bad examples before him, shows no signs of vice, and is ignorant of the family misfortunes.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading I should be inclined rather to ascribe the case to some influences of the past, not to be discovered, due to some maternal ancestry.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading “BARLOW BROTHERS” “The theory of consequence”--Leonard was arranging his thoughts on paper for better clearness--“while it answers most of the difficulties connected with hereditary trouble, breaks down, it must be confessed, in some cases.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading “BARLOW BROTHERS” “The theory of consequence”--Leonard was arranging his thoughts on paper for better clearness--“while it answers most of the difficulties connected with hereditary trouble, breaks down, it must be confessed, in some cases.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading If that boy becomes a spendthrift and a prodigal, or worse, when there has never before been such a thing in the family, how can we connect the case with the faults or vices of a grandfather altogether unlike his own, and unknown to him?

otheradjectiveUS /ˈʌðər/

not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied

From this reading A man, for instance, may be so completely unlike any other member of the family that we must search for the cause of his early life in the line of his mother or his grandmother.”

ownverbUS /oʊn/

have ownership or possession of

From this reading If that boy becomes a spendthrift and a prodigal, or worse, when there has never before been such a thing in the family, how can we connect the case with the faults or vices of a grandfather altogether unlike his own, and unknown to him?

papernounUS /ˈpeɪpər/

a material made of cellulose pulp derived mainly from wood or rags or certain grasses

From this reading “BARLOW BROTHERS” “The theory of consequence”--Leonard was arranging his thoughts on paper for better clearness--“while it answers most of the difficulties connected with hereditary trouble, breaks down, it must be confessed, in some cases.

pastnounUS /pæst/

the time that has elapsed

From this reading I should be inclined rather to ascribe the case to some influences of the past, not to be discovered, due to some maternal ancestry.

prodigalnounUS /ˈprɑːdɪɡəl/

a recklessly extravagant consumer

From this reading If that boy becomes a spendthrift and a prodigal, or worse, when there has never before been such a thing in the family, how can we connect the case with the faults or vices of a grandfather altogether unlike his own, and unknown to him?

ratheradverbUS /ˈræðər/

on the contrary

From this reading I should be inclined rather to ascribe the case to some influences of the past, not to be discovered, due to some maternal ancestry.

searchverbUS /sɜːrtʃ/

try to locate or discover, or try to establish the existence of

From this reading A man, for instance, may be so completely unlike any other member of the family that we must search for the cause of his early life in the line of his mother or his grandmother.”

shouldmodal verbUS /ʃʊd/

used to say what is right, expected, or advisable

From this reading I should be inclined rather to ascribe the case to some influences of the past, not to be discovered, due to some maternal ancestry.

showsnounUS /ʃoʊz/

plural of “show” — the act of publicly exhibiting or entertaining

From this reading Given, for instance, a case in which a boy is carefully educated, has no bad examples before him, shows no signs of vice, and is ignorant of the family misfortunes.

signsnounUS /saɪnz/

plural of “sign” — a perceptible indication of something not immediately apparent (as a visible clue that something has happened)

From this reading Given, for instance, a case in which a boy is carefully educated, has no bad examples before him, shows no signs of vice, and is ignorant of the family misfortunes.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading A man, for instance, may be so completely unlike any other member of the family that we must search for the cause of his early life in the line of his mother or his grandmother.”

someadjectiveUS /sʌm/

(quantifier) used with either mass nouns or plural count nouns to indicate an unspecified number or quantity

From this reading “BARLOW BROTHERS” “The theory of consequence”--Leonard was arranging his thoughts on paper for better clearness--“while it answers most of the difficulties connected with hereditary trouble, breaks down, it must be confessed, in some cases.

spendthriftnounUS /ˈspendθrɪft/

someone who spends money prodigally

From this reading If that boy becomes a spendthrift and a prodigal, or worse, when there has never before been such a thing in the family, how can we connect the case with the faults or vices of a grandfather altogether unlike his own, and unknown to him?

suchdeterminerUS /sʌtʃ/

of the kind already mentioned

From this reading If that boy becomes a spendthrift and a prodigal, or worse, when there has never before been such a thing in the family, how can we connect the case with the faults or vices of a grandfather altogether unlike his own, and unknown to him?

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading If that boy becomes a spendthrift and a prodigal, or worse, when there has never before been such a thing in the family, how can we connect the case with the faults or vices of a grandfather altogether unlike his own, and unknown to him?

ThedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading “BARLOW BROTHERS” “The theory of consequence”--Leonard was arranging his thoughts on paper for better clearness--“while it answers most of the difficulties connected with hereditary trouble, breaks down, it must be confessed, in some cases.

theorynounUS /ˈθɪri/

a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world; an organized system of accepted knowledge that applies in a variety of circumstances to explain a specific set of phenomena

From this reading “BARLOW BROTHERS” “The theory of consequence”--Leonard was arranging his thoughts on paper for better clearness--“while it answers most of the difficulties connected with hereditary trouble, breaks down, it must be confessed, in some cases.

thereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading If that boy becomes a spendthrift and a prodigal, or worse, when there has never before been such a thing in the family, how can we connect the case with the faults or vices of a grandfather altogether unlike his own, and unknown to him?

thingnounUS /θɪŋ/

a special situation

From this reading If that boy becomes a spendthrift and a prodigal, or worse, when there has never before been such a thing in the family, how can we connect the case with the faults or vices of a grandfather altogether unlike his own, and unknown to him?

thoughtsnounUS /θɔːts/

plural of “thought” — the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about

From this reading “BARLOW BROTHERS” “The theory of consequence”--Leonard was arranging his thoughts on paper for better clearness--“while it answers most of the difficulties connected with hereditary trouble, breaks down, it must be confessed, in some cases.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading If that boy becomes a spendthrift and a prodigal, or worse, when there has never before been such a thing in the family, how can we connect the case with the faults or vices of a grandfather altogether unlike his own, and unknown to him?

troublenounUS /ˈtrʌbəl/

a source of difficulty

From this reading “BARLOW BROTHERS” “The theory of consequence”--Leonard was arranging his thoughts on paper for better clearness--“while it answers most of the difficulties connected with hereditary trouble, breaks down, it must be confessed, in some cases.

unknownadjectiveUS /ənˈnoʊn/

not known

From this reading If that boy becomes a spendthrift and a prodigal, or worse, when there has never before been such a thing in the family, how can we connect the case with the faults or vices of a grandfather altogether unlike his own, and unknown to him?

unlikeadjectiveUS /ənˈlaɪk/

marked by dissimilarity

From this reading If that boy becomes a spendthrift and a prodigal, or worse, when there has never before been such a thing in the family, how can we connect the case with the faults or vices of a grandfather altogether unlike his own, and unknown to him?

vicenounUS /vaɪs/

moral weakness

From this reading Given, for instance, a case in which a boy is carefully educated, has no bad examples before him, shows no signs of vice, and is ignorant of the family misfortunes.

vicesnounUS /ˈvaɪsəz/

plural of “vice” — moral weakness

From this reading If that boy becomes a spendthrift and a prodigal, or worse, when there has never before been such a thing in the family, how can we connect the case with the faults or vices of a grandfather altogether unlike his own, and unknown to him?

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading “BARLOW BROTHERS” “The theory of consequence”--Leonard was arranging his thoughts on paper for better clearness--“while it answers most of the difficulties connected with hereditary trouble, breaks down, it must be confessed, in some cases.

wepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading If that boy becomes a spendthrift and a prodigal, or worse, when there has never before been such a thing in the family, how can we connect the case with the faults or vices of a grandfather altogether unlike his own, and unknown to him?

whenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading If that boy becomes a spendthrift and a prodigal, or worse, when there has never before been such a thing in the family, how can we connect the case with the faults or vices of a grandfather altogether unlike his own, and unknown to him?

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading Given, for instance, a case in which a boy is carefully educated, has no bad examples before him, shows no signs of vice, and is ignorant of the family misfortunes.

whileconjunctionUS /waɪl/

during the time that

From this reading “BARLOW BROTHERS” “The theory of consequence”--Leonard was arranging his thoughts on paper for better clearness--“while it answers most of the difficulties connected with hereditary trouble, breaks down, it must be confessed, in some cases.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading “BARLOW BROTHERS” “The theory of consequence”--Leonard was arranging his thoughts on paper for better clearness--“while it answers most of the difficulties connected with hereditary trouble, breaks down, it must be confessed, in some cases.

worseadjectiveUS /wɜːrs/

(comparative of “bad”) inferior to another in quality or condition or desirability

From this reading If that boy becomes a spendthrift and a prodigal, or worse, when there has never before been such a thing in the family, how can we connect the case with the faults or vices of a grandfather altogether unlike his own, and unknown to him?

Chapter 16 of The Fourth Generation by Walter Besant holds 213 sentences, grouped into 43 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 16 of The Fourth Generation contain?

Chapter 16 holds 213 sentences of The Fourth Generation, unabridged, divided into 43 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 16 of The Fourth Generation by Walter Besant exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 213 sentences, grouped into 43 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 16 of The Fourth Generation?

Work through the 43 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 43 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 16 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 16 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading The Fourth Generation

Common questions about reading The Fourth Generation by Walter Besant on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of The Fourth Generation?

Yes. All 6592 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #50177 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of The Fourth Generation is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #50177, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does The Fourth Generation take to read?

About 549 minutes of reading across 1319 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read The Fourth Generation section by section

How to work through The Fourth Generation section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 22 chapters of The Fourth Generation to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in The Fourth Generation

Words and structures a reader meets early in The Fourth Generation, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Sorts
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Fourth Generation; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Conditions
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Fourth Generation; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Master
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Fourth Generation; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Craftsman
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Fourth Generation; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.