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The Gladiators. A Tale of Rome and Judæa
The Gladiators. A Tale of Rome and Judæa

Chapter IV

Chapter 4 of The Gladiators. A Tale of Rome and Judæa is here in full — 280 sentences across 56 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for The Gladiators. A Tale of Rome and Judæa
Context Illustration Reading 1/56 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
ROME [Initial M] Meanwhile the British slave, unconscious that he was already the object of Valeria’s interest and Myrrhina’s admiration, was threading his way through the crowded streets that adjoined the Forum, enjoying that vague sense of amusement with which a man surveys a scene of bustle and confusion that does not affect his immediate concerns.
Thanks to the favour of his master, his time was nearly at his own disposal, and he had ample leisure to observe the busiest scene in the known world, and to compare it, perhaps, with the peace and simplicity of those early days, which seemed now like the memories of a dream, so completely had they passed away.
The business of the Forum was over: the markets were disgorging their mingled stream of purveyors, purchasers, and idle lookerson.
The whole population of Rome was hurrying home to dinner, and a motley crowd it was.
The citizens themselves, the Plebeians, properly so called, scarcely formed one half of the swarming assemblage.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The Gladiators. A Tale of Rome and Judæa

Chapter IV

Chapter 4 of The Gladiators. A Tale of Rome and Judæa is here in full — 280 sentences across 56 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/56 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
ROME [Initial M] Meanwhile the British slave, unconscious that he was already the object of Valeria’s interest and Myrrhina’s admiration, was threading his way through the crowded streets that adjoined the Forum, enjoying that vague sense of amusement with which a man surveys a scene of bustle and confusion that does not affect his immediate concerns.
Line 2
Thanks to the favour of his master, his time was nearly at his own disposal, and he had ample leisure to observe the busiest scene in the known world, and to compare it, perhaps, with the peace and simplicity of those early days, which seemed now like the memories of a dream, so completely had they passed away.
/θæŋks tuː ðə ˈfeɪvər ʌv hɪz ˈmæstər hɪz taɪm wɑːz ˈnɪrli æt hɪz oʊn dɪˈspoʊzəl ənd hiː hæd ˈæmpəl ˈleʒər tuː əbˈzɜːrv ðə ˈbɪziəst siːn ɪn ðə noʊn wɜːrld ənd tuː kəmˈper ɪt pərˈhæps wɪð ðə piːs ənd sɪmˈplɪsəti ʌv ðoʊz ˈɜːrli deɪz wɪtʃ siːmd naʊ laɪk ðə ˈmɛm.ə.riz ʌv ə driːm soʊ kəmˈpliːtli hæd ðeɪ pæst əˈweɪ/
Line 3
The business of the Forum was over: the markets were disgorging their mingled stream of purveyors, purchasers, and idle lookerson.
Line 4
The whole population of Rome was hurrying home to dinner, and a motley crowd it was.
/ðə hoʊl ˌpɑːpjəˈleɪʃən ʌv roʊm wɑːz ˈhɜːriɪŋ hoʊm tuː ˈdɪnər ənd ə ˈmɑːtli kraʊd ɪt wɑːz/
Line 5
The citizens themselves, the Plebeians, properly so called, scarcely formed one half of the swarming assemblage.
/ðə ˈsɪtəzənz ðemˈselvz ðə pləˈbiːənz ˈprɑːpərli soʊ kɔːld ˈskersli fɔːrmd wʌn hæf ʌv ðə ˈswɔːrmɪŋ əˈsemblədʒ/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

busiest adjective US /ˈbɪziəst/

superlative of “busy” — actively or fully engaged or occupied

From this reading “Thanks to the favour of his master, his time was nearly at his own disposal, and he had ample leisure to observe the busiest scene in the known world, and to compare it, perhaps, with the peace and simplicity of those early days, which seemed now like the memories of a dream, so completely had they passed away.”

Forum noun US /ˈfɔːrəm/

a public meeting or assembly for open discussion

From this reading “ROME [Initial M] Meanwhile the British slave, unconscious that he was already the object of Valeria’s interest and Myrrhina’s admiration, was threading his way through the crowded streets that adjoined the Forum, enjoying that vague sense of amusement with which a man surveys a scene of bustle and confusion that does not affect his immediate concerns.”

markets noun US /ˈmɑːrkəts/

plural of “market” — the world of commercial activity where goods and services are bought and sold

From this reading “The business of the Forum was over: the markets were disgorging their mingled stream of purveyors, purchasers, and idle lookers‐on.”

Plebeians noun US /pləˈbiːənz/

plural of “plebeian” — one of the common people

From this reading “The citizens themselves, the Plebeians, properly so called, scarcely formed one half of the swarming assemblage.”

purchasers noun US /ˈpɜːrtʃəsərz/

plural of “purchaser” — a person who buys

From this reading “The business of the Forum was over: the markets were disgorging their mingled stream of purveyors, purchasers, and idle lookers‐on.”

purveyors noun US /pərˈveɪərz/

plural of “purveyor” — someone who supplies provisions (especially food)

From this reading “The business of the Forum was over: the markets were disgorging their mingled stream of purveyors, purchasers, and idle lookers‐on.”

surveys noun US /sərˈveɪz/

plural of “survey” — a detailed critical inspection

From this reading “ROME [Initial M] Meanwhile the British slave, unconscious that he was already the object of Valeria’s interest and Myrrhina’s admiration, was threading his way through the crowded streets that adjoined the Forum, enjoying that vague sense of amusement with which a man surveys a scene of bustle and confusion that does not affect his immediate concerns.”

threading verb US /ˈθredɪŋ/

-ing form of “thread” — to move or cause to move in a sinuous, spiral, or circular course

From this reading “ROME [Initial M] Meanwhile the British slave, unconscious that he was already the object of Valeria’s interest and Myrrhina’s admiration, was threading his way through the crowded streets that adjoined the Forum, enjoying that vague sense of amusement with which a man surveys a scene of bustle and confusion that does not affect his immediate concerns.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

ample leisure adjective + noun

In this reading “Thanks to the favour of his master, his time was nearly at his own disposal, and he had ample leisure to observe the busiest scene in the known world, and to compare it, perhaps, with the peace and simplicity of those early days, which seemed now like the memories of a dream, so completely had they passed away.”

whole population adjective + noun

In this reading “The whole population of Rome was hurrying home to dinner, and a motley crowd it was.”

vague sense adjective + noun

In this reading “ROME [Initial M] Meanwhile the British slave, unconscious that he was already the object of Valeria’s interest and Myrrhina’s admiration, was threading his way through the crowded streets that adjoined the Forum, enjoying that vague sense of amusement with which a man surveys a scene of bustle and confusion that does not affect his immediate concerns.”

crowded streets adjective + noun counted as “crowded street”

In this reading “ROME [Initial M] Meanwhile the British slave, unconscious that he was already the object of Valeria’s interest and Myrrhina’s admiration, was threading his way through the crowded streets that adjoined the Forum, enjoying that vague sense of amusement with which a man surveys a scene of bustle and confusion that does not affect his immediate concerns.”

early days adjective + noun

an early period of development

In this reading “Thanks to the favour of his master, his time was nearly at his own disposal, and he had ample leisure to observe the busiest scene in the known world, and to compare it, perhaps, with the peace and simplicity of those early days, which seemed now like the memories of a dream, so completely had they passed away.”

own disposal verb + noun

In this reading “Thanks to the favour of his master, his time was nearly at his own disposal, and he had ample leisure to observe the busiest scene in the known world, and to compare it, perhaps, with the peace and simplicity of those early days, which seemed now like the memories of a dream, so completely had they passed away.”

passed away verb + particle counted as “pass away”

pass from physical life and lose all bodily attributes and functions necessary to sustain life

In this reading “Thanks to the favour of his master, his time was nearly at his own disposal, and he had ample leisure to observe the busiest scene in the known world, and to compare it, perhaps, with the peace and simplicity of those early days, which seemed now like the memories of a dream, so completely had they passed away.”

busiest scene verb + noun counted as “busy scene”

In this reading “Thanks to the favour of his master, his time was nearly at his own disposal, and he had ample leisure to observe the busiest scene in the known world, and to compare it, perhaps, with the peace and simplicity of those early days, which seemed now like the memories of a dream, so completely had they passed away.”

All words in this reading · 110

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading ROME [Initial M] Meanwhile the British slave, unconscious that he was already the object of Valeria’s interest and Myrrhina’s admiration, was threading his way through the crowded streets that adjoined the Forum, enjoying that vague sense of amusement with which a man surveys a scene of bustle and confusion that does not affect his immediate concerns.

adjoined

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading ROME [Initial M] Meanwhile the British slave, unconscious that he was already the object of Valeria’s interest and Myrrhina’s admiration, was threading his way through the crowded streets that adjoined the Forum, enjoying that vague sense of amusement with which a man surveys a scene of bustle and confusion that does not affect his immediate concerns.

admirationnounUS /ˌædmərˈeɪʃən/

a feeling of delighted approval and liking

From this reading ROME [Initial M] Meanwhile the British slave, unconscious that he was already the object of Valeria’s interest and Myrrhina’s admiration, was threading his way through the crowded streets that adjoined the Forum, enjoying that vague sense of amusement with which a man surveys a scene of bustle and confusion that does not affect his immediate concerns.

affectverbUS /əˈfekt/

have an effect upon

From this reading ROME [Initial M] Meanwhile the British slave, unconscious that he was already the object of Valeria’s interest and Myrrhina’s admiration, was threading his way through the crowded streets that adjoined the Forum, enjoying that vague sense of amusement with which a man surveys a scene of bustle and confusion that does not affect his immediate concerns.

alreadyadverbUS /ɔːlˈredi/

prior to a specified or implied time

From this reading ROME [Initial M] Meanwhile the British slave, unconscious that he was already the object of Valeria’s interest and Myrrhina’s admiration, was threading his way through the crowded streets that adjoined the Forum, enjoying that vague sense of amusement with which a man surveys a scene of bustle and confusion that does not affect his immediate concerns.

ampleadjectiveUS /ˈæmpəl/

more than enough in size or scope or capacity

From this reading Thanks to the favour of his master, his time was nearly at his own disposal, and he had ample leisure to observe the busiest scene in the known world, and to compare it, perhaps, with the peace and simplicity of those early days, which seemed now like the memories of a dream, so completely had they passed away.

amusementnounUS /əˈmjuːzmənt/

a feeling of delight at being entertained

From this reading ROME [Initial M] Meanwhile the British slave, unconscious that he was already the object of Valeria’s interest and Myrrhina’s admiration, was threading his way through the crowded streets that adjoined the Forum, enjoying that vague sense of amusement with which a man surveys a scene of bustle and confusion that does not affect his immediate concerns.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading ROME [Initial M] Meanwhile the British slave, unconscious that he was already the object of Valeria’s interest and Myrrhina’s admiration, was threading his way through the crowded streets that adjoined the Forum, enjoying that vague sense of amusement with which a man surveys a scene of bustle and confusion that does not affect his immediate concerns.

assemblagenounUS /əˈsemblədʒ/

a group of persons together in one place

From this reading The citizens themselves, the Plebeians, properly so called, scarcely formed one half of the swarming assemblage.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading Thanks to the favour of his master, his time was nearly at his own disposal, and he had ample leisure to observe the busiest scene in the known world, and to compare it, perhaps, with the peace and simplicity of those early days, which seemed now like the memories of a dream, so completely had they passed away.

awayadverbUS /əˈweɪ/

from a particular thing or place or position (“forth” is obsolete)

From this reading Thanks to the favour of his master, his time was nearly at his own disposal, and he had ample leisure to observe the busiest scene in the known world, and to compare it, perhaps, with the peace and simplicity of those early days, which seemed now like the memories of a dream, so completely had they passed away.

BritishnounUS /ˈbrɪtɪʃ/

the people of Great Britain

From this reading ROME [Initial M] Meanwhile the British slave, unconscious that he was already the object of Valeria’s interest and Myrrhina’s admiration, was threading his way through the crowded streets that adjoined the Forum, enjoying that vague sense of amusement with which a man surveys a scene of bustle and confusion that does not affect his immediate concerns.

busiestadjectiveUS /ˈbɪziəst/

superlative of “busy” — actively or fully engaged or occupied

From this reading Thanks to the favour of his master, his time was nearly at his own disposal, and he had ample leisure to observe the busiest scene in the known world, and to compare it, perhaps, with the peace and simplicity of those early days, which seemed now like the memories of a dream, so completely had they passed away.

businessnounUS /ˈbɪznəs/

a commercial or industrial enterprise and the people who constitute it

From this reading The business of the Forum was over: the markets were disgorging their mingled stream of purveyors, purchasers, and idle lookers‐on.

bustlenounUS /ˈbʌsəl/

a rapid active commotion

From this reading ROME [Initial M] Meanwhile the British slave, unconscious that he was already the object of Valeria’s interest and Myrrhina’s admiration, was threading his way through the crowded streets that adjoined the Forum, enjoying that vague sense of amusement with which a man surveys a scene of bustle and confusion that does not affect his immediate concerns.

calledverbUS /kɔːld/

past form of “call” — assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to

From this reading The citizens themselves, the Plebeians, properly so called, scarcely formed one half of the swarming assemblage.

citizensnounUS /ˈsɪtəzənz/

plural of “citizen” — a native or naturalized member of a state or other political community

From this reading The citizens themselves, the Plebeians, properly so called, scarcely formed one half of the swarming assemblage.

compareverbUS /kəmˈper/

examine and note the similarities or differences of

From this reading Thanks to the favour of his master, his time was nearly at his own disposal, and he had ample leisure to observe the busiest scene in the known world, and to compare it, perhaps, with the peace and simplicity of those early days, which seemed now like the memories of a dream, so completely had they passed away.

completelyadverbUS /kəmˈpliːtli/

to a complete degree or to the full or entire extent (“whole” is often used informally for “wholly”)

From this reading Thanks to the favour of his master, his time was nearly at his own disposal, and he had ample leisure to observe the busiest scene in the known world, and to compare it, perhaps, with the peace and simplicity of those early days, which seemed now like the memories of a dream, so completely had they passed away.

concernsnounUS /kənˈsɜːrnz/

plural of “concern” — something that interests you because it is important or affects you

From this reading ROME [Initial M] Meanwhile the British slave, unconscious that he was already the object of Valeria’s interest and Myrrhina’s admiration, was threading his way through the crowded streets that adjoined the Forum, enjoying that vague sense of amusement with which a man surveys a scene of bustle and confusion that does not affect his immediate concerns.

confusionnounUS /kənˈfjuːʒən/

disorder resulting from a failure to behave predictably

From this reading ROME [Initial M] Meanwhile the British slave, unconscious that he was already the object of Valeria’s interest and Myrrhina’s admiration, was threading his way through the crowded streets that adjoined the Forum, enjoying that vague sense of amusement with which a man surveys a scene of bustle and confusion that does not affect his immediate concerns.

crowdverbUS /kraʊd/

cause to herd, drive, or crowd together

From this reading The whole population of Rome was hurrying home to dinner, and a motley crowd it was.

crowdedadjectiveUS /ˈkraʊdəd/

overfilled or compacted or concentrated

From this reading ROME [Initial M] Meanwhile the British slave, unconscious that he was already the object of Valeria’s interest and Myrrhina’s admiration, was threading his way through the crowded streets that adjoined the Forum, enjoying that vague sense of amusement with which a man surveys a scene of bustle and confusion that does not affect his immediate concerns.

daysnounUS /deɪz/

the time during which someone's life continues

From this reading Thanks to the favour of his master, his time was nearly at his own disposal, and he had ample leisure to observe the busiest scene in the known world, and to compare it, perhaps, with the peace and simplicity of those early days, which seemed now like the memories of a dream, so completely had they passed away.

dinnernounUS /ˈdɪnər/

the main meal of the day served in the evening or at midday

From this reading The whole population of Rome was hurrying home to dinner, and a motley crowd it was.

disgorging

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The business of the Forum was over: the markets were disgorging their mingled stream of purveyors, purchasers, and idle lookers‐on.

disposalnounUS /dɪˈspoʊzəl/

the power to use something or someone

From this reading Thanks to the favour of his master, his time was nearly at his own disposal, and he had ample leisure to observe the busiest scene in the known world, and to compare it, perhaps, with the peace and simplicity of those early days, which seemed now like the memories of a dream, so completely had they passed away.

doesauxiliary verbUS /dʌz/

the form of “do” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading ROME [Initial M] Meanwhile the British slave, unconscious that he was already the object of Valeria’s interest and Myrrhina’s admiration, was threading his way through the crowded streets that adjoined the Forum, enjoying that vague sense of amusement with which a man surveys a scene of bustle and confusion that does not affect his immediate concerns.

dreamnounUS /driːm/

A series of thoughts, images, or emotions during sleep.

From this reading Thanks to the favour of his master, his time was nearly at his own disposal, and he had ample leisure to observe the busiest scene in the known world, and to compare it, perhaps, with the peace and simplicity of those early days, which seemed now like the memories of a dream, so completely had they passed away.

earlyadjectiveUS /ˈɜːrli/

at or near the beginning of a period of time or course of events or before the usual or expected time

From this reading Thanks to the favour of his master, his time was nearly at his own disposal, and he had ample leisure to observe the busiest scene in the known world, and to compare it, perhaps, with the peace and simplicity of those early days, which seemed now like the memories of a dream, so completely had they passed away.

enjoyingverbUS /ˌenˈdʒɔɪɪŋ/

-ing form of “enjoy” — derive or receive pleasure from; get enjoyment from; take pleasure in

From this reading ROME [Initial M] Meanwhile the British slave, unconscious that he was already the object of Valeria’s interest and Myrrhina’s admiration, was threading his way through the crowded streets that adjoined the Forum, enjoying that vague sense of amusement with which a man surveys a scene of bustle and confusion that does not affect his immediate concerns.

favournounUS /ˈfeɪvər/

a feeling of favorable regard

From this reading Thanks to the favour of his master, his time was nearly at his own disposal, and he had ample leisure to observe the busiest scene in the known world, and to compare it, perhaps, with the peace and simplicity of those early days, which seemed now like the memories of a dream, so completely had they passed away.

formedadjectiveUS /fɔːrmd/

having or given a form or shape

From this reading The citizens themselves, the Plebeians, properly so called, scarcely formed one half of the swarming assemblage.

ForumnounUS /ˈfɔːrəm/

a public meeting or assembly for open discussion

From this reading ROME [Initial M] Meanwhile the British slave, unconscious that he was already the object of Valeria’s interest and Myrrhina’s admiration, was threading his way through the crowded streets that adjoined the Forum, enjoying that vague sense of amusement with which a man surveys a scene of bustle and confusion that does not affect his immediate concerns.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading Thanks to the favour of his master, his time was nearly at his own disposal, and he had ample leisure to observe the busiest scene in the known world, and to compare it, perhaps, with the peace and simplicity of those early days, which seemed now like the memories of a dream, so completely had they passed away.

halfadjectiveUS /hæf/

consisting of one of two equivalent parts in value or quantity

From this reading The citizens themselves, the Plebeians, properly so called, scarcely formed one half of the swarming assemblage.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading ROME [Initial M] Meanwhile the British slave, unconscious that he was already the object of Valeria’s interest and Myrrhina’s admiration, was threading his way through the crowded streets that adjoined the Forum, enjoying that vague sense of amusement with which a man surveys a scene of bustle and confusion that does not affect his immediate concerns.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading ROME [Initial M] Meanwhile the British slave, unconscious that he was already the object of Valeria’s interest and Myrrhina’s admiration, was threading his way through the crowded streets that adjoined the Forum, enjoying that vague sense of amusement with which a man surveys a scene of bustle and confusion that does not affect his immediate concerns.

homenounUS /hoʊm/

where you live at a particular time

From this reading The whole population of Rome was hurrying home to dinner, and a motley crowd it was.

hurryingadjectiveUS /ˈhɜːriɪŋ/

moving with great haste

From this reading The whole population of Rome was hurrying home to dinner, and a motley crowd it was.

idleadjectiveUS /ˈaɪdəl/

not in action or at work

From this reading The business of the Forum was over: the markets were disgorging their mingled stream of purveyors, purchasers, and idle lookers‐on.

immediateadjectiveUS /ˌɪˈmiːdiːət/

of the present time and place

From this reading ROME [Initial M] Meanwhile the British slave, unconscious that he was already the object of Valeria’s interest and Myrrhina’s admiration, was threading his way through the crowded streets that adjoined the Forum, enjoying that vague sense of amusement with which a man surveys a scene of bustle and confusion that does not affect his immediate concerns.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Thanks to the favour of his master, his time was nearly at his own disposal, and he had ample leisure to observe the busiest scene in the known world, and to compare it, perhaps, with the peace and simplicity of those early days, which seemed now like the memories of a dream, so completely had they passed away.

InitialnounUS /ˌɪˈnɪʃəl/

the first letter of a word (especially a person's name)

From this reading ROME [Initial M] Meanwhile the British slave, unconscious that he was already the object of Valeria’s interest and Myrrhina’s admiration, was threading his way through the crowded streets that adjoined the Forum, enjoying that vague sense of amusement with which a man surveys a scene of bustle and confusion that does not affect his immediate concerns.

interestnounUS /ˈɪntrəst/

a sense of concern with and curiosity about someone or something

From this reading ROME [Initial M] Meanwhile the British slave, unconscious that he was already the object of Valeria’s interest and Myrrhina’s admiration, was threading his way through the crowded streets that adjoined the Forum, enjoying that vague sense of amusement with which a man surveys a scene of bustle and confusion that does not affect his immediate concerns.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading Thanks to the favour of his master, his time was nearly at his own disposal, and he had ample leisure to observe the busiest scene in the known world, and to compare it, perhaps, with the peace and simplicity of those early days, which seemed now like the memories of a dream, so completely had they passed away.

knownadjectiveUS /noʊn/

apprehended with certainty

From this reading Thanks to the favour of his master, his time was nearly at his own disposal, and he had ample leisure to observe the busiest scene in the known world, and to compare it, perhaps, with the peace and simplicity of those early days, which seemed now like the memories of a dream, so completely had they passed away.

leisurenounUS /ˈleʒər/

time available for ease and relaxation

From this reading Thanks to the favour of his master, his time was nearly at his own disposal, and he had ample leisure to observe the busiest scene in the known world, and to compare it, perhaps, with the peace and simplicity of those early days, which seemed now like the memories of a dream, so completely had they passed away.

likeverbUS /laɪk/

prefer or wish to do something

From this reading Thanks to the favour of his master, his time was nearly at his own disposal, and he had ample leisure to observe the busiest scene in the known world, and to compare it, perhaps, with the peace and simplicity of those early days, which seemed now like the memories of a dream, so completely had they passed away.

lookersnounUS /ˈlʊkərz/

plural of “looker” — a close observer; someone who looks at something (such as an exhibition of some kind)

From this reading The business of the Forum was over: the markets were disgorging their mingled stream of purveyors, purchasers, and idle lookers‐on.

MnounUS /em/

the basic unit of length adopted under the Systeme International d'Unites (approximately 1.094 yards)

From this reading ROME [Initial M] Meanwhile the British slave, unconscious that he was already the object of Valeria’s interest and Myrrhina’s admiration, was threading his way through the crowded streets that adjoined the Forum, enjoying that vague sense of amusement with which a man surveys a scene of bustle and confusion that does not affect his immediate concerns.

mannounUS /mæn/

an adult person who is male (as opposed to a woman)

From this reading ROME [Initial M] Meanwhile the British slave, unconscious that he was already the object of Valeria’s interest and Myrrhina’s admiration, was threading his way through the crowded streets that adjoined the Forum, enjoying that vague sense of amusement with which a man surveys a scene of bustle and confusion that does not affect his immediate concerns.

marketsnounUS /ˈmɑːrkəts/

plural of “market” — the world of commercial activity where goods and services are bought and sold

From this reading The business of the Forum was over: the markets were disgorging their mingled stream of purveyors, purchasers, and idle lookers‐on.

masternounUS /ˈmæstər/

an artist of consummate skill

From this reading Thanks to the favour of his master, his time was nearly at his own disposal, and he had ample leisure to observe the busiest scene in the known world, and to compare it, perhaps, with the peace and simplicity of those early days, which seemed now like the memories of a dream, so completely had they passed away.

MeanwhileadverbUS /ˈmiːnwaɪl/

at the same time but in another place

From this reading ROME [Initial M] Meanwhile the British slave, unconscious that he was already the object of Valeria’s interest and Myrrhina’s admiration, was threading his way through the crowded streets that adjoined the Forum, enjoying that vague sense of amusement with which a man surveys a scene of bustle and confusion that does not affect his immediate concerns.

memoriesnounUS /ˈmɛm.ə.riz/

Recollections of past events.

From this reading Thanks to the favour of his master, his time was nearly at his own disposal, and he had ample leisure to observe the busiest scene in the known world, and to compare it, perhaps, with the peace and simplicity of those early days, which seemed now like the memories of a dream, so completely had they passed away.

mingledverbUS /ˈmɪŋɡəld/

past form of “mingle” — to bring or combine together or with something else

From this reading The business of the Forum was over: the markets were disgorging their mingled stream of purveyors, purchasers, and idle lookers‐on.

motleynounUS /ˈmɑːtli/

a collection containing a variety of sorts of things

From this reading The whole population of Rome was hurrying home to dinner, and a motley crowd it was.

Myrrhina's

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading ROME [Initial M] Meanwhile the British slave, unconscious that he was already the object of Valeria’s interest and Myrrhina’s admiration, was threading his way through the crowded streets that adjoined the Forum, enjoying that vague sense of amusement with which a man surveys a scene of bustle and confusion that does not affect his immediate concerns.

nearlyadverbUS /ˈnɪrli/

(of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but

From this reading Thanks to the favour of his master, his time was nearly at his own disposal, and he had ample leisure to observe the busiest scene in the known world, and to compare it, perhaps, with the peace and simplicity of those early days, which seemed now like the memories of a dream, so completely had they passed away.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading ROME [Initial M] Meanwhile the British slave, unconscious that he was already the object of Valeria’s interest and Myrrhina’s admiration, was threading his way through the crowded streets that adjoined the Forum, enjoying that vague sense of amusement with which a man surveys a scene of bustle and confusion that does not affect his immediate concerns.

nowadverbUS /naʊ/

in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events

From this reading Thanks to the favour of his master, his time was nearly at his own disposal, and he had ample leisure to observe the busiest scene in the known world, and to compare it, perhaps, with the peace and simplicity of those early days, which seemed now like the memories of a dream, so completely had they passed away.

objectnounUS /ˈɑːbdʒekt/

a tangible and visible entity; an entity that can cast a shadow

From this reading ROME [Initial M] Meanwhile the British slave, unconscious that he was already the object of Valeria’s interest and Myrrhina’s admiration, was threading his way through the crowded streets that adjoined the Forum, enjoying that vague sense of amusement with which a man surveys a scene of bustle and confusion that does not affect his immediate concerns.

observeverbUS /əbˈzɜːrv/

discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of

From this reading Thanks to the favour of his master, his time was nearly at his own disposal, and he had ample leisure to observe the busiest scene in the known world, and to compare it, perhaps, with the peace and simplicity of those early days, which seemed now like the memories of a dream, so completely had they passed away.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading ROME [Initial M] Meanwhile the British slave, unconscious that he was already the object of Valeria’s interest and Myrrhina’s admiration, was threading his way through the crowded streets that adjoined the Forum, enjoying that vague sense of amusement with which a man surveys a scene of bustle and confusion that does not affect his immediate concerns.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading The business of the Forum was over: the markets were disgorging their mingled stream of purveyors, purchasers, and idle lookers‐on.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading The citizens themselves, the Plebeians, properly so called, scarcely formed one half of the swarming assemblage.

overprepositionUS /ˈoʊvər/

above and across; more than

From this reading The business of the Forum was over: the markets were disgorging their mingled stream of purveyors, purchasers, and idle lookers‐on.

ownverbUS /oʊn/

have ownership or possession of

From this reading Thanks to the favour of his master, his time was nearly at his own disposal, and he had ample leisure to observe the busiest scene in the known world, and to compare it, perhaps, with the peace and simplicity of those early days, which seemed now like the memories of a dream, so completely had they passed away.

passedverbUS /pæst/

past form of “pass” — go across or through

From this reading Thanks to the favour of his master, his time was nearly at his own disposal, and he had ample leisure to observe the busiest scene in the known world, and to compare it, perhaps, with the peace and simplicity of those early days, which seemed now like the memories of a dream, so completely had they passed away.

peacenounUS /piːs/

the state prevailing during the absence of war

From this reading Thanks to the favour of his master, his time was nearly at his own disposal, and he had ample leisure to observe the busiest scene in the known world, and to compare it, perhaps, with the peace and simplicity of those early days, which seemed now like the memories of a dream, so completely had they passed away.

perhapsadverbUS /pərˈhæps/

by chance

From this reading Thanks to the favour of his master, his time was nearly at his own disposal, and he had ample leisure to observe the busiest scene in the known world, and to compare it, perhaps, with the peace and simplicity of those early days, which seemed now like the memories of a dream, so completely had they passed away.

PlebeiansnounUS /pləˈbiːənz/

plural of “plebeian” — one of the common people

From this reading The citizens themselves, the Plebeians, properly so called, scarcely formed one half of the swarming assemblage.

populationnounUS /ˌpɑːpjəˈleɪʃən/

the people who inhabit a territory or state

From this reading The whole population of Rome was hurrying home to dinner, and a motley crowd it was.

properlyadverbUS /ˈprɑːpərli/

in the right manner; correctly; suitably

From this reading The citizens themselves, the Plebeians, properly so called, scarcely formed one half of the swarming assemblage.

purchasersnounUS /ˈpɜːrtʃəsərz/

plural of “purchaser” — a person who buys

From this reading The business of the Forum was over: the markets were disgorging their mingled stream of purveyors, purchasers, and idle lookers‐on.

purveyorsnounUS /pərˈveɪərz/

plural of “purveyor” — someone who supplies provisions (especially food)

From this reading The business of the Forum was over: the markets were disgorging their mingled stream of purveyors, purchasers, and idle lookers‐on.

ROMEnounUS /roʊm/

capital and largest city of Italy; on the Tiber; seat of the Roman Catholic Church; formerly the capital of the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire

From this reading ROME [Initial M] Meanwhile the British slave, unconscious that he was already the object of Valeria’s interest and Myrrhina’s admiration, was threading his way through the crowded streets that adjoined the Forum, enjoying that vague sense of amusement with which a man surveys a scene of bustle and confusion that does not affect his immediate concerns.

scarcelyadverbUS /ˈskersli/

only a very short time before

From this reading The citizens themselves, the Plebeians, properly so called, scarcely formed one half of the swarming assemblage.

scenenounUS /siːn/

the place where some action occurs

From this reading ROME [Initial M] Meanwhile the British slave, unconscious that he was already the object of Valeria’s interest and Myrrhina’s admiration, was threading his way through the crowded streets that adjoined the Forum, enjoying that vague sense of amusement with which a man surveys a scene of bustle and confusion that does not affect his immediate concerns.

seemedverbUS /siːmd/

past form of “seem” — give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect

From this reading Thanks to the favour of his master, his time was nearly at his own disposal, and he had ample leisure to observe the busiest scene in the known world, and to compare it, perhaps, with the peace and simplicity of those early days, which seemed now like the memories of a dream, so completely had they passed away.

sensenounUS /sens/

a general conscious awareness

From this reading ROME [Initial M] Meanwhile the British slave, unconscious that he was already the object of Valeria’s interest and Myrrhina’s admiration, was threading his way through the crowded streets that adjoined the Forum, enjoying that vague sense of amusement with which a man surveys a scene of bustle and confusion that does not affect his immediate concerns.

simplicitynounUS /sɪmˈplɪsəti/

the quality of being simple or uncompounded

From this reading Thanks to the favour of his master, his time was nearly at his own disposal, and he had ample leisure to observe the busiest scene in the known world, and to compare it, perhaps, with the peace and simplicity of those early days, which seemed now like the memories of a dream, so completely had they passed away.

slavenounUS /sleɪv/

a person who is owned by someone

From this reading ROME [Initial M] Meanwhile the British slave, unconscious that he was already the object of Valeria’s interest and Myrrhina’s admiration, was threading his way through the crowded streets that adjoined the Forum, enjoying that vague sense of amusement with which a man surveys a scene of bustle and confusion that does not affect his immediate concerns.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading Thanks to the favour of his master, his time was nearly at his own disposal, and he had ample leisure to observe the busiest scene in the known world, and to compare it, perhaps, with the peace and simplicity of those early days, which seemed now like the memories of a dream, so completely had they passed away.

streamnounUS /striːm/

a natural body of running water flowing on or under the earth

From this reading The business of the Forum was over: the markets were disgorging their mingled stream of purveyors, purchasers, and idle lookers‐on.

streetsnounUS /striːts/

plural of “street” — a thoroughfare (usually including sidewalks) that is lined with buildings

From this reading ROME [Initial M] Meanwhile the British slave, unconscious that he was already the object of Valeria’s interest and Myrrhina’s admiration, was threading his way through the crowded streets that adjoined the Forum, enjoying that vague sense of amusement with which a man surveys a scene of bustle and confusion that does not affect his immediate concerns.

surveysnounUS /sərˈveɪz/

plural of “survey” — a detailed critical inspection

From this reading ROME [Initial M] Meanwhile the British slave, unconscious that he was already the object of Valeria’s interest and Myrrhina’s admiration, was threading his way through the crowded streets that adjoined the Forum, enjoying that vague sense of amusement with which a man surveys a scene of bustle and confusion that does not affect his immediate concerns.

swarmingverbUS /ˈswɔːrmɪŋ/

-ing form of “swarm” — be teeming, be abuzz

From this reading The citizens themselves, the Plebeians, properly so called, scarcely formed one half of the swarming assemblage.

ThanksnounUS /θæŋks/

an acknowledgment of appreciation

From this reading Thanks to the favour of his master, his time was nearly at his own disposal, and he had ample leisure to observe the busiest scene in the known world, and to compare it, perhaps, with the peace and simplicity of those early days, which seemed now like the memories of a dream, so completely had they passed away.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading ROME [Initial M] Meanwhile the British slave, unconscious that he was already the object of Valeria’s interest and Myrrhina’s admiration, was threading his way through the crowded streets that adjoined the Forum, enjoying that vague sense of amusement with which a man surveys a scene of bustle and confusion that does not affect his immediate concerns.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading ROME [Initial M] Meanwhile the British slave, unconscious that he was already the object of Valeria’s interest and Myrrhina’s admiration, was threading his way through the crowded streets that adjoined the Forum, enjoying that vague sense of amusement with which a man surveys a scene of bustle and confusion that does not affect his immediate concerns.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading The business of the Forum was over: the markets were disgorging their mingled stream of purveyors, purchasers, and idle lookers‐on.

themselvespronounUS /ðemˈselvz/

used when the people doing the action are also its object

From this reading The citizens themselves, the Plebeians, properly so called, scarcely formed one half of the swarming assemblage.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading Thanks to the favour of his master, his time was nearly at his own disposal, and he had ample leisure to observe the busiest scene in the known world, and to compare it, perhaps, with the peace and simplicity of those early days, which seemed now like the memories of a dream, so completely had they passed away.

thosedeterminerUS /ðoʊz/

the plural of “that”: the people or things further away, or already known

From this reading Thanks to the favour of his master, his time was nearly at his own disposal, and he had ample leisure to observe the busiest scene in the known world, and to compare it, perhaps, with the peace and simplicity of those early days, which seemed now like the memories of a dream, so completely had they passed away.

threadingverbUS /ˈθredɪŋ/

-ing form of “thread” — to move or cause to move in a sinuous, spiral, or circular course

From this reading ROME [Initial M] Meanwhile the British slave, unconscious that he was already the object of Valeria’s interest and Myrrhina’s admiration, was threading his way through the crowded streets that adjoined the Forum, enjoying that vague sense of amusement with which a man surveys a scene of bustle and confusion that does not affect his immediate concerns.

throughprepositionUS /θruː/

from one end or side of something to the other

From this reading ROME [Initial M] Meanwhile the British slave, unconscious that he was already the object of Valeria’s interest and Myrrhina’s admiration, was threading his way through the crowded streets that adjoined the Forum, enjoying that vague sense of amusement with which a man surveys a scene of bustle and confusion that does not affect his immediate concerns.

timenounUS /taɪm/

an instance or single occasion for some event

From this reading Thanks to the favour of his master, his time was nearly at his own disposal, and he had ample leisure to observe the busiest scene in the known world, and to compare it, perhaps, with the peace and simplicity of those early days, which seemed now like the memories of a dream, so completely had they passed away.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Thanks to the favour of his master, his time was nearly at his own disposal, and he had ample leisure to observe the busiest scene in the known world, and to compare it, perhaps, with the peace and simplicity of those early days, which seemed now like the memories of a dream, so completely had they passed away.

unconsciousadjectiveUS /ˌʌnˈkɑːnʃəs/

not conscious; lacking awareness and the capacity for sensory perception as if asleep or dead

From this reading ROME [Initial M] Meanwhile the British slave, unconscious that he was already the object of Valeria’s interest and Myrrhina’s admiration, was threading his way through the crowded streets that adjoined the Forum, enjoying that vague sense of amusement with which a man surveys a scene of bustle and confusion that does not affect his immediate concerns.

vagueadjectiveUS /veɪɡ/

not clearly expressed or understood

From this reading ROME [Initial M] Meanwhile the British slave, unconscious that he was already the object of Valeria’s interest and Myrrhina’s admiration, was threading his way through the crowded streets that adjoined the Forum, enjoying that vague sense of amusement with which a man surveys a scene of bustle and confusion that does not affect his immediate concerns.

Valeria's

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading ROME [Initial M] Meanwhile the British slave, unconscious that he was already the object of Valeria’s interest and Myrrhina’s admiration, was threading his way through the crowded streets that adjoined the Forum, enjoying that vague sense of amusement with which a man surveys a scene of bustle and confusion that does not affect his immediate concerns.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading ROME [Initial M] Meanwhile the British slave, unconscious that he was already the object of Valeria’s interest and Myrrhina’s admiration, was threading his way through the crowded streets that adjoined the Forum, enjoying that vague sense of amusement with which a man surveys a scene of bustle and confusion that does not affect his immediate concerns.

waynounUS /weɪ/

how something is done or how it happens

From this reading ROME [Initial M] Meanwhile the British slave, unconscious that he was already the object of Valeria’s interest and Myrrhina’s admiration, was threading his way through the crowded streets that adjoined the Forum, enjoying that vague sense of amusement with which a man surveys a scene of bustle and confusion that does not affect his immediate concerns.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading The business of the Forum was over: the markets were disgorging their mingled stream of purveyors, purchasers, and idle lookers‐on.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading ROME [Initial M] Meanwhile the British slave, unconscious that he was already the object of Valeria’s interest and Myrrhina’s admiration, was threading his way through the crowded streets that adjoined the Forum, enjoying that vague sense of amusement with which a man surveys a scene of bustle and confusion that does not affect his immediate concerns.

wholeadjectiveUS /hoʊl/

including all components without exception; being one unit or constituting the full amount or extent or duration; complete

From this reading The whole population of Rome was hurrying home to dinner, and a motley crowd it was.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading ROME [Initial M] Meanwhile the British slave, unconscious that he was already the object of Valeria’s interest and Myrrhina’s admiration, was threading his way through the crowded streets that adjoined the Forum, enjoying that vague sense of amusement with which a man surveys a scene of bustle and confusion that does not affect his immediate concerns.

worldnounUS /wɜːrld/

everything that exists anywhere

From this reading Thanks to the favour of his master, his time was nearly at his own disposal, and he had ample leisure to observe the busiest scene in the known world, and to compare it, perhaps, with the peace and simplicity of those early days, which seemed now like the memories of a dream, so completely had they passed away.

Chapter 4 of The Gladiators. A Tale of Rome and Judæa by G. J. (George John) Whyte-Melville holds 280 sentences, grouped into 56 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 4 of The Gladiators. A Tale of Rome and Judæa contain?

Chapter 4 holds 280 sentences of The Gladiators. A Tale of Rome and Judæa, unabridged, divided into 56 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 4 of The Gladiators. A Tale of Rome and Judæa by G. J. (George John) Whyte-Melville exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 280 sentences, grouped into 56 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 4 of The Gladiators. A Tale of Rome and Judæa?

Work through the 56 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 56 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 4 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 4 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

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Project Gutenberg eBook #47822, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

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About 573 minutes of reading across 1376 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

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Vocabulary met early in The Gladiators. A Tale of Rome and Judæa

Words and structures a reader meets early in The Gladiators. A Tale of Rome and Judæa, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Edited
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Gladiators. A Tale of Rome and Judæa; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Herbert
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Gladiators. A Tale of Rome and Judæa; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Maxwell
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Gladiators. A Tale of Rome and Judæa; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Volume
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Gladiators. A Tale of Rome and Judæa; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.