Chapter IV

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From this reading EXPLANATION OF TERMS 477 INDEX 481 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Commander Robert Edwin Peary _Frontispiece_ Hondius his Map of the Arctike Pole, or Northerne World xx FACING PAGE Sebastian Cabot 3 Sir Hugh Willoughby 7 Martin Frobisher 10 Sir Humphrey Gilbert 14 Davis’s Ships _Sunshine_ and _Moonshine_ 17

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading 32 Entering Lancaster Sound 52 John Franklin 80 Upernavik 99 Henry Grinnell 110 The Graves on Beechey Island 113 E. K. Kane 120 The Rescue in Melville Bay 128 Landing near Grinnell Cape 170 Nipped in the Ice 180 A Gale in the Arctic Sea 209

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading 32 Entering Lancaster Sound 52 John Franklin 80 Upernavik 99 Henry Grinnell 110 The Graves on Beechey Island 113 E. K. Kane 120 The Rescue in Melville Bay 128 Landing near Grinnell Cape 170 Nipped in the Ice 180 A Gale in the Arctic Sea 209

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading 32 Entering Lancaster Sound 52 John Franklin 80 Upernavik 99 Henry Grinnell 110 The Graves on Beechey Island 113 E. K. Kane 120 The Rescue in Melville Bay 128 Landing near Grinnell Cape 170 Nipped in the Ice 180 A Gale in the Arctic Sea 209

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading 32 Entering Lancaster Sound 52 John Franklin 80 Upernavik 99 Henry Grinnell 110 The Graves on Beechey Island 113 E. K. Kane 120 The Rescue in Melville Bay 128 Landing near Grinnell Cape 170 Nipped in the Ice 180 A Gale in the Arctic Sea 209

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading EXPLANATION OF TERMS 477 INDEX 481 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Commander Robert Edwin Peary _Frontispiece_ Hondius his Map of the Arctike Pole, or Northerne World xx FACING PAGE Sebastian Cabot 3 Sir Hugh Willoughby 7 Martin Frobisher 10 Sir Humphrey Gilbert 14 Davis’s Ships _Sunshine_ and _Moonshine_ 17

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading EXPLANATION OF TERMS 477 INDEX 481 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Commander Robert Edwin Peary _Frontispiece_ Hondius his Map of the Arctike Pole, or Northerne World xx FACING PAGE Sebastian Cabot 3 Sir Hugh Willoughby 7 Martin Frobisher 10 Sir Humphrey Gilbert 14 Davis’s Ships _Sunshine_ and _Moonshine_ 17

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading 32 Entering Lancaster Sound 52 John Franklin 80 Upernavik 99 Henry Grinnell 110 The Graves on Beechey Island 113 E. K. Kane 120 The Rescue in Melville Bay 128 Landing near Grinnell Cape 170 Nipped in the Ice 180 A Gale in the Arctic Sea 209

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading 32 Entering Lancaster Sound 52 John Franklin 80 Upernavik 99 Henry Grinnell 110 The Graves on Beechey Island 113 E. K. Kane 120 The Rescue in Melville Bay 128 Landing near Grinnell Cape 170 Nipped in the Ice 180 A Gale in the Arctic Sea 209

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading 32 Entering Lancaster Sound 52 John Franklin 80 Upernavik 99 Henry Grinnell 110 The Graves on Beechey Island 113 E. K. Kane 120 The Rescue in Melville Bay 128 Landing near Grinnell Cape 170 Nipped in the Ice 180 A Gale in the Arctic Sea 209

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Death of Henry Hudson 21 Peter Feodorovitsch Anjou 28 Ferdinand von Wrangell 28 Captain John Ross, R.N.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Outlook from Cape George Russell 215 Humboldt Glacier 218 I. I. Hayes 224 Five Members of the Grinnell Expedition 231 Tennyson’s Monument 234 Frobisher’s Map of Meta Incognita 243 Funeral of Captain Hall 254 Jan Mayen Island 273 A. E. Nordenskjöld 288 Foul Bay 305

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Outlook from Cape George Russell 215 Humboldt Glacier 218 I. I. Hayes 224 Five Members of the Grinnell Expedition 231 Tennyson’s Monument 234 Frobisher’s Map of Meta Incognita 243 Funeral of Captain Hall 254 Jan Mayen Island 273 A. E. Nordenskjöld 288 Foul Bay 305

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Outlook from Cape George Russell 215 Humboldt Glacier 218 I. I. Hayes 224 Five Members of the Grinnell Expedition 231 Tennyson’s Monument 234 Frobisher’s Map of Meta Incognita 243 Funeral of Captain Hall 254 Jan Mayen Island 273 A. E. Nordenskjöld 288 Foul Bay 305

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Outlook from Cape George Russell 215 Humboldt Glacier 218 I. I. Hayes 224 Five Members of the Grinnell Expedition 231 Tennyson’s Monument 234 Frobisher’s Map of Meta Incognita 243 Funeral of Captain Hall 254 Jan Mayen Island 273 A. E. Nordenskjöld 288 Foul Bay 305

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Outlook from Cape George Russell 215 Humboldt Glacier 218 I. I. Hayes 224 Five Members of the Grinnell Expedition 231 Tennyson’s Monument 234 Frobisher’s Map of Meta Incognita 243 Funeral of Captain Hall 254 Jan Mayen Island 273 A. E. Nordenskjöld 288 Foul Bay 305

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Outlook from Cape George Russell 215 Humboldt Glacier 218 I. I. Hayes 224 Five Members of the Grinnell Expedition 231 Tennyson’s Monument 234 Frobisher’s Map of Meta Incognita 243 Funeral of Captain Hall 254 Jan Mayen Island 273 A. E. Nordenskjöld 288 Foul Bay 305

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Outlook from Cape George Russell 215 Humboldt Glacier 218 I. I. Hayes 224 Five Members of the Grinnell Expedition 231 Tennyson’s Monument 234 Frobisher’s Map of Meta Incognita 243 Funeral of Captain Hall 254 Jan Mayen Island 273 A. E. Nordenskjöld 288 Foul Bay 305

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Outlook from Cape George Russell 215 Humboldt Glacier 218 I. I. Hayes 224 Five Members of the Grinnell Expedition 231 Tennyson’s Monument 234 Frobisher’s Map of Meta Incognita 243 Funeral of Captain Hall 254 Jan Mayen Island 273 A. E. Nordenskjöld 288 Foul Bay 305

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Death of Henry Hudson 21 Peter Feodorovitsch Anjou 28 Ferdinand von Wrangell 28 Captain John Ross, R.N.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Outlook from Cape George Russell 215 Humboldt Glacier 218 I. I. Hayes 224 Five Members of the Grinnell Expedition 231 Tennyson’s Monument 234 Frobisher’s Map of Meta Incognita 243 Funeral of Captain Hall 254 Jan Mayen Island 273 A. E. Nordenskjöld 288 Foul Bay 305

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading EXPLANATION OF TERMS 477 INDEX 481 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Commander Robert Edwin Peary _Frontispiece_ Hondius his Map of the Arctike Pole, or Northerne World xx FACING PAGE Sebastian Cabot 3 Sir Hugh Willoughby 7 Martin Frobisher 10 Sir Humphrey Gilbert 14 Davis’s Ships _Sunshine_ and _Moonshine_ 17

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Outlook from Cape George Russell 215 Humboldt Glacier 218 I. I. Hayes 224 Five Members of the Grinnell Expedition 231 Tennyson’s Monument 234 Frobisher’s Map of Meta Incognita 243 Funeral of Captain Hall 254 Jan Mayen Island 273 A. E. Nordenskjöld 288 Foul Bay 305

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading 32 Entering Lancaster Sound 52 John Franklin 80 Upernavik 99 Henry Grinnell 110 The Graves on Beechey Island 113 E. K. Kane 120 The Rescue in Melville Bay 128 Landing near Grinnell Cape 170 Nipped in the Ice 180 A Gale in the Arctic Sea 209

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Dr. Frederick A. Cook.—Claims discovery of the Pole.—His return from the Arctic.—Reception by the Danes.—Announcement of conquest of the Pole by Peary.—Denounces Dr. Cook.—Acceptance of Peary’s claims by the American Geographical Society.—Dr. Cook sends manuscript to Copenhagen.—Verdict.—Prior claim to the discovery of the North Pole.—Not proven 470

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading EXPLANATION OF TERMS 477 INDEX 481 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Commander Robert Edwin Peary _Frontispiece_ Hondius his Map of the Arctike Pole, or Northerne World xx FACING PAGE Sebastian Cabot 3 Sir Hugh Willoughby 7 Martin Frobisher 10 Sir Humphrey Gilbert 14 Davis’s Ships _Sunshine_ and _Moonshine_ 17

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading EXPLANATION OF TERMS 477 INDEX 481 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Commander Robert Edwin Peary _Frontispiece_ Hondius his Map of the Arctike Pole, or Northerne World xx FACING PAGE Sebastian Cabot 3 Sir Hugh Willoughby 7 Martin Frobisher 10 Sir Humphrey Gilbert 14 Davis’s Ships _Sunshine_ and _Moonshine_ 17

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading 32 Entering Lancaster Sound 52 John Franklin 80 Upernavik 99 Henry Grinnell 110 The Graves on Beechey Island 113 E. K. Kane 120 The Rescue in Melville Bay 128 Landing near Grinnell Cape 170 Nipped in the Ice 180 A Gale in the Arctic Sea 209

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading EXPLANATION OF TERMS 477 INDEX 481 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Commander Robert Edwin Peary _Frontispiece_ Hondius his Map of the Arctike Pole, or Northerne World xx FACING PAGE Sebastian Cabot 3 Sir Hugh Willoughby 7 Martin Frobisher 10 Sir Humphrey Gilbert 14 Davis’s Ships _Sunshine_ and _Moonshine_ 17

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading 32 Entering Lancaster Sound 52 John Franklin 80 Upernavik 99 Henry Grinnell 110 The Graves on Beechey Island 113 E. K. Kane 120 The Rescue in Melville Bay 128 Landing near Grinnell Cape 170 Nipped in the Ice 180 A Gale in the Arctic Sea 209

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading 32 Entering Lancaster Sound 52 John Franklin 80 Upernavik 99 Henry Grinnell 110 The Graves on Beechey Island 113 E. K. Kane 120 The Rescue in Melville Bay 128 Landing near Grinnell Cape 170 Nipped in the Ice 180 A Gale in the Arctic Sea 209

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Dr. Frederick A. Cook.—Claims discovery of the Pole.—His return from the Arctic.—Reception by the Danes.—Announcement of conquest of the Pole by Peary.—Denounces Dr. Cook.—Acceptance of Peary’s claims by the American Geographical Society.—Dr. Cook sends manuscript to Copenhagen.—Verdict.—Prior claim to the discovery of the North Pole.—Not proven 470

the mental attitude that something is believable and should be accepted as true

From this reading Dr. Frederick A. Cook.—Claims discovery of the Pole.—His return from the Arctic.—Reception by the Danes.—Announcement of conquest of the Pole by Peary.—Denounces Dr. Cook.—Acceptance of Peary’s claims by the American Geographical Society.—Dr. Cook sends manuscript to Copenhagen.—Verdict.—Prior claim to the discovery of the North Pole.—Not proven 470

a native or inhabitant of the United States

From this reading Dr. Frederick A. Cook.—Claims discovery of the Pole.—His return from the Arctic.—Reception by the Danes.—Announcement of conquest of the Pole by Peary.—Denounces Dr. Cook.—Acceptance of Peary’s claims by the American Geographical Society.—Dr. Cook sends manuscript to Copenhagen.—Verdict.—Prior claim to the discovery of the North Pole.—Not proven 470

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading EXPLANATION OF TERMS 477 INDEX 481 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Commander Robert Edwin Peary _Frontispiece_ Hondius his Map of the Arctike Pole, or Northerne World xx FACING PAGE Sebastian Cabot 3 Sir Hugh Willoughby 7 Martin Frobisher 10 Sir Humphrey Gilbert 14 Davis’s Ships _Sunshine_ and _Moonshine_ 17

a former province of western France in the Loire valley

From this reading The Death of Henry Hudson 21 Peter Feodorovitsch Anjou 28 Ferdinand von Wrangell 28 Captain John Ross, R.N.

a formal public statement

From this reading Dr. Frederick A. Cook.—Claims discovery of the Pole.—His return from the Arctic.—Reception by the Danes.—Announcement of conquest of the Pole by Peary.—Denounces Dr. Cook.—Acceptance of Peary’s claims by the American Geographical Society.—Dr. Cook sends manuscript to Copenhagen.—Verdict.—Prior claim to the discovery of the North Pole.—Not proven 470

the regions to the north of the Arctic Circle centered on the North Pole

From this reading Dr. Frederick A. Cook.—Claims discovery of the Pole.—His return from the Arctic.—Reception by the Danes.—Announcement of conquest of the Pole by Peary.—Denounces Dr. Cook.—Acceptance of Peary’s claims by the American Geographical Society.—Dr. Cook sends manuscript to Copenhagen.—Verdict.—Prior claim to the discovery of the North Pole.—Not proven 470

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading EXPLANATION OF TERMS 477 INDEX 481 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Commander Robert Edwin Peary _Frontispiece_ Hondius his Map of the Arctike Pole, or Northerne World xx FACING PAGE Sebastian Cabot 3 Sir Hugh Willoughby 7 Martin Frobisher 10 Sir Humphrey Gilbert 14 Davis’s Ships _Sunshine_ and _Moonshine_ 17

an indentation of a shoreline larger than a cove but smaller than a gulf

From this reading 32 Entering Lancaster Sound 52 John Franklin 80 Upernavik 99 Henry Grinnell 110 The Graves on Beechey Island 113 E. K. Kane 120 The Rescue in Melville Bay 128 Landing near Grinnell Cape 170 Nipped in the Ice 180 A Gale in the Arctic Sea 209

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading 32 Entering Lancaster Sound 52 John Franklin 80 Upernavik 99 Henry Grinnell 110 The Graves on Beechey Island 113 E. K. Kane 120 The Rescue in Melville Bay 128 Landing near Grinnell Cape 170 Nipped in the Ice 180 A Gale in the Arctic Sea 209

showing who or what does the action

From this reading Dr. Frederick A. Cook.—Claims discovery of the Pole.—His return from the Arctic.—Reception by the Danes.—Announcement of conquest of the Pole by Peary.—Denounces Dr. Cook.—Acceptance of Peary’s claims by the American Geographical Society.—Dr. Cook sends manuscript to Copenhagen.—Verdict.—Prior claim to the discovery of the North Pole.—Not proven 470

son of John Cabot who was born in Italy and who led an English expedition in search of the Northwest Passage and a Spanish expedition that explored the La Plata region of Brazil; in 1544 he published a map of the world (1476-1557)

From this reading EXPLANATION OF TERMS 477 INDEX 481 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Commander Robert Edwin Peary _Frontispiece_ Hondius his Map of the Arctike Pole, or Northerne World xx FACING PAGE Sebastian Cabot 3 Sir Hugh Willoughby 7 Martin Frobisher 10 Sir Humphrey Gilbert 14 Davis’s Ships _Sunshine_ and _Moonshine_ 17

a strip of land projecting into a body of water

From this reading 32 Entering Lancaster Sound 52 John Franklin 80 Upernavik 99 Henry Grinnell 110 The Graves on Beechey Island 113 E. K. Kane 120 The Rescue in Melville Bay 128 Landing near Grinnell Cape 170 Nipped in the Ice 180 A Gale in the Arctic Sea 209

an officer holding a rank below a major but above a lieutenant

From this reading The Death of Henry Hudson 21 Peter Feodorovitsch Anjou 28 Ferdinand von Wrangell 28 Captain John Ross, R.N.

an assertion of a right (as to money or property)

From this reading Dr. Frederick A. Cook.—Claims discovery of the Pole.—His return from the Arctic.—Reception by the Danes.—Announcement of conquest of the Pole by Peary.—Denounces Dr. Cook.—Acceptance of Peary’s claims by the American Geographical Society.—Dr. Cook sends manuscript to Copenhagen.—Verdict.—Prior claim to the discovery of the North Pole.—Not proven 470

plural of “claim” — an assertion of a right (as to money or property)

From this reading Dr. Frederick A. Cook.—Claims discovery of the Pole.—His return from the Arctic.—Reception by the Danes.—Announcement of conquest of the Pole by Peary.—Denounces Dr. Cook.—Acceptance of Peary’s claims by the American Geographical Society.—Dr. Cook sends manuscript to Copenhagen.—Verdict.—Prior claim to the discovery of the North Pole.—Not proven 470

an officer in command of a military unit

From this reading EXPLANATION OF TERMS 477 INDEX 481 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Commander Robert Edwin Peary _Frontispiece_ Hondius his Map of the Arctike Pole, or Northerne World xx FACING PAGE Sebastian Cabot 3 Sir Hugh Willoughby 7 Martin Frobisher 10 Sir Humphrey Gilbert 14 Davis’s Ships _Sunshine_ and _Moonshine_ 17

the act of conquering

From this reading Dr. Frederick A. Cook.—Claims discovery of the Pole.—His return from the Arctic.—Reception by the Danes.—Announcement of conquest of the Pole by Peary.—Denounces Dr. Cook.—Acceptance of Peary’s claims by the American Geographical Society.—Dr. Cook sends manuscript to Copenhagen.—Verdict.—Prior claim to the discovery of the North Pole.—Not proven 470

prepare a hot meal

From this reading Dr. Frederick A. Cook.—Claims discovery of the Pole.—His return from the Arctic.—Reception by the Danes.—Announcement of conquest of the Pole by Peary.—Denounces Dr. Cook.—Acceptance of Peary’s claims by the American Geographical Society.—Dr. Cook sends manuscript to Copenhagen.—Verdict.—Prior claim to the discovery of the North Pole.—Not proven 470

the capital and largest city of Denmark; located on the island of Zealand

From this reading Dr. Frederick A. Cook.—Claims discovery of the Pole.—His return from the Arctic.—Reception by the Danes.—Announcement of conquest of the Pole by Peary.—Denounces Dr. Cook.—Acceptance of Peary’s claims by the American Geographical Society.—Dr. Cook sends manuscript to Copenhagen.—Verdict.—Prior claim to the discovery of the North Pole.—Not proven 470

plural of “dane” — a native or inhabitant of Denmark

From this reading Dr. Frederick A. Cook.—Claims discovery of the Pole.—His return from the Arctic.—Reception by the Danes.—Announcement of conquest of the Pole by Peary.—Denounces Dr. Cook.—Acceptance of Peary’s claims by the American Geographical Society.—Dr. Cook sends manuscript to Copenhagen.—Verdict.—Prior claim to the discovery of the North Pole.—Not proven 470

possessive form of “davis” — English navigator who explored the Arctic while searching for the Northwest Passage (1550-1605)

From this reading EXPLANATION OF TERMS 477 INDEX 481 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Commander Robert Edwin Peary _Frontispiece_ Hondius his Map of the Arctike Pole, or Northerne World xx FACING PAGE Sebastian Cabot 3 Sir Hugh Willoughby 7 Martin Frobisher 10 Sir Humphrey Gilbert 14 Davis’s Ships _Sunshine_ and _Moonshine_ 17

the event of dying or departure from life

From this reading The Death of Henry Hudson 21 Peter Feodorovitsch Anjou 28 Ferdinand von Wrangell 28 Captain John Ross, R.N.

third-person singular of “denounce” — speak out against

From this reading Dr. Frederick A. Cook.—Claims discovery of the Pole.—His return from the Arctic.—Reception by the Danes.—Announcement of conquest of the Pole by Peary.—Denounces Dr. Cook.—Acceptance of Peary’s claims by the American Geographical Society.—Dr. Cook sends manuscript to Copenhagen.—Verdict.—Prior claim to the discovery of the North Pole.—Not proven 470

the act of discovering something

From this reading Dr. Frederick A. Cook.—Claims discovery of the Pole.—His return from the Arctic.—Reception by the Danes.—Announcement of conquest of the Pole by Peary.—Denounces Dr. Cook.—Acceptance of Peary’s claims by the American Geographical Society.—Dr. Cook sends manuscript to Copenhagen.—Verdict.—Prior claim to the discovery of the North Pole.—Not proven 470

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Dr. Frederick A. Cook.—Claims discovery of the Pole.—His return from the Arctic.—Reception by the Danes.—Announcement of conquest of the Pole by Peary.—Denounces Dr. Cook.—Acceptance of Peary’s claims by the American Geographical Society.—Dr. Cook sends manuscript to Copenhagen.—Verdict.—Prior claim to the discovery of the North Pole.—Not proven 470

a fat-soluble vitamin that is essential for normal reproduction; an important antioxidant that neutralizes free radicals in the body

From this reading 32 Entering Lancaster Sound 52 John Franklin 80 Upernavik 99 Henry Grinnell 110 The Graves on Beechey Island 113 E. K. Kane 120 The Rescue in Melville Bay 128 Landing near Grinnell Cape 170 Nipped in the Ice 180 A Gale in the Arctic Sea 209

king of Northumbria who was converted to Christianity (585-633)

From this reading EXPLANATION OF TERMS 477 INDEX 481 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Commander Robert Edwin Peary _Frontispiece_ Hondius his Map of the Arctike Pole, or Northerne World xx FACING PAGE Sebastian Cabot 3 Sir Hugh Willoughby 7 Martin Frobisher 10 Sir Humphrey Gilbert 14 Davis’s Ships _Sunshine_ and _Moonshine_ 17

a movement into or inward

From this reading 32 Entering Lancaster Sound 52 John Franklin 80 Upernavik 99 Henry Grinnell 110 The Graves on Beechey Island 113 E. K. Kane 120 The Rescue in Melville Bay 128 Landing near Grinnell Cape 170 Nipped in the Ice 180 A Gale in the Arctic Sea 209

a military campaign designed to achieve a specific objective in a foreign country

From this reading The Outlook from Cape George Russell 215 Humboldt Glacier 218 I. I. Hayes 224 Five Members of the Grinnell Expedition 231 Tennyson’s Monument 234 Frobisher’s Map of Meta Incognita 243 Funeral of Captain Hall 254 Jan Mayen Island 273 A. E. Nordenskjöld 288 Foul Bay 305

a statement that makes something comprehensible by describing the relevant structure or operation or circumstances etc.

From this reading EXPLANATION OF TERMS 477 INDEX 481 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Commander Robert Edwin Peary _Frontispiece_ Hondius his Map of the Arctike Pole, or Northerne World xx FACING PAGE Sebastian Cabot 3 Sir Hugh Willoughby 7 Martin Frobisher 10 Sir Humphrey Gilbert 14 Davis’s Ships _Sunshine_ and _Moonshine_ 17

a lining applied to the edge of a garment for ornamentation or strengthening

From this reading EXPLANATION OF TERMS 477 INDEX 481 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Commander Robert Edwin Peary _Frontispiece_ Hondius his Map of the Arctike Pole, or Northerne World xx FACING PAGE Sebastian Cabot 3 Sir Hugh Willoughby 7 Martin Frobisher 10 Sir Humphrey Gilbert 14 Davis’s Ships _Sunshine_ and _Moonshine_ 17

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Death of Henry Hudson 21 Peter Feodorovitsch Anjou 28 Ferdinand von Wrangell 28 Captain John Ross, R.N.

the king of Castile and Aragon who ruled jointly with his wife Isabella

From this reading The Death of Henry Hudson 21 Peter Feodorovitsch Anjou 28 Ferdinand von Wrangell 28 Captain John Ross, R.N.

the cardinal number that is the sum of four and one

From this reading The Outlook from Cape George Russell 215 Humboldt Glacier 218 I. I. Hayes 224 Five Members of the Grinnell Expedition 231 Tennyson’s Monument 234 Frobisher’s Map of Meta Incognita 243 Funeral of Captain Hall 254 Jan Mayen Island 273 A. E. Nordenskjöld 288 Foul Bay 305

highly offensive; arousing aversion or disgust

From this reading The Outlook from Cape George Russell 215 Humboldt Glacier 218 I. I. Hayes 224 Five Members of the Grinnell Expedition 231 Tennyson’s Monument 234 Frobisher’s Map of Meta Incognita 243 Funeral of Captain Hall 254 Jan Mayen Island 273 A. E. Nordenskjöld 288 Foul Bay 305

United States historian noted for studies of Black American history (born in 1915)

From this reading 32 Entering Lancaster Sound 52 John Franklin 80 Upernavik 99 Henry Grinnell 110 The Graves on Beechey Island 113 E. K. Kane 120 The Rescue in Melville Bay 128 Landing near Grinnell Cape 170 Nipped in the Ice 180 A Gale in the Arctic Sea 209

a town in northern Maryland to the west of Baltimore

From this reading Dr. Frederick A. Cook.—Claims discovery of the Pole.—His return from the Arctic.—Reception by the Danes.—Announcement of conquest of the Pole by Peary.—Denounces Dr. Cook.—Acceptance of Peary’s claims by the American Geographical Society.—Dr. Cook sends manuscript to Copenhagen.—Verdict.—Prior claim to the discovery of the North Pole.—Not proven 470

English explorer who led an expedition in search of the Northwest Passage to the orient; served under Drake and helped defeat the Spanish Armada (1535-1594)

From this reading EXPLANATION OF TERMS 477 INDEX 481 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Commander Robert Edwin Peary _Frontispiece_ Hondius his Map of the Arctike Pole, or Northerne World xx FACING PAGE Sebastian Cabot 3 Sir Hugh Willoughby 7 Martin Frobisher 10 Sir Humphrey Gilbert 14 Davis’s Ships _Sunshine_ and _Moonshine_ 17

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Outlook from Cape George Russell 215 Humboldt Glacier 218 I. I. Hayes 224 Five Members of the Grinnell Expedition 231 Tennyson’s Monument 234 Frobisher’s Map of Meta Incognita 243 Funeral of Captain Hall 254 Jan Mayen Island 273 A. E. Nordenskjöld 288 Foul Bay 305

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading Dr. Frederick A. Cook.—Claims discovery of the Pole.—His return from the Arctic.—Reception by the Danes.—Announcement of conquest of the Pole by Peary.—Denounces Dr. Cook.—Acceptance of Peary’s claims by the American Geographical Society.—Dr. Cook sends manuscript to Copenhagen.—Verdict.—Prior claim to the discovery of the North Pole.—Not proven 470

an ornamental facade

From this reading EXPLANATION OF TERMS 477 INDEX 481 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Commander Robert Edwin Peary _Frontispiece_ Hondius his Map of the Arctike Pole, or Northerne World xx FACING PAGE Sebastian Cabot 3 Sir Hugh Willoughby 7 Martin Frobisher 10 Sir Humphrey Gilbert 14 Davis’s Ships _Sunshine_ and _Moonshine_ 17

a ceremony at which a dead person is buried or cremated

From this reading The Outlook from Cape George Russell 215 Humboldt Glacier 218 I. I. Hayes 224 Five Members of the Grinnell Expedition 231 Tennyson’s Monument 234 Frobisher’s Map of Meta Incognita 243 Funeral of Captain Hall 254 Jan Mayen Island 273 A. E. Nordenskjöld 288 Foul Bay 305

a strong wind moving 45-90 knots; force 7 to 10 on Beaufort scale

From this reading 32 Entering Lancaster Sound 52 John Franklin 80 Upernavik 99 Henry Grinnell 110 The Graves on Beechey Island 113 E. K. Kane 120 The Rescue in Melville Bay 128 Landing near Grinnell Cape 170 Nipped in the Ice 180 A Gale in the Arctic Sea 209

of or relating to the science of geography

From this reading Dr. Frederick A. Cook.—Claims discovery of the Pole.—His return from the Arctic.—Reception by the Danes.—Announcement of conquest of the Pole by Peary.—Denounces Dr. Cook.—Acceptance of Peary’s claims by the American Geographical Society.—Dr. Cook sends manuscript to Copenhagen.—Verdict.—Prior claim to the discovery of the North Pole.—Not proven 470

Christian martyr; patron saint of England; hero of the legend of Saint George and the Dragon in which he slew a dragon and saved a princess (?-303)

From this reading The Outlook from Cape George Russell 215 Humboldt Glacier 218 I. I. Hayes 224 Five Members of the Grinnell Expedition 231 Tennyson’s Monument 234 Frobisher’s Map of Meta Incognita 243 Funeral of Captain Hall 254 Jan Mayen Island 273 A. E. Nordenskjöld 288 Foul Bay 305

a unit of magnetomotive force equal to 0.7958 ampere-turns

From this reading EXPLANATION OF TERMS 477 INDEX 481 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Commander Robert Edwin Peary _Frontispiece_ Hondius his Map of the Arctike Pole, or Northerne World xx FACING PAGE Sebastian Cabot 3 Sir Hugh Willoughby 7 Martin Frobisher 10 Sir Humphrey Gilbert 14 Davis’s Ships _Sunshine_ and _Moonshine_ 17

a slowly moving mass of ice

From this reading The Outlook from Cape George Russell 215 Humboldt Glacier 218 I. I. Hayes 224 Five Members of the Grinnell Expedition 231 Tennyson’s Monument 234 Frobisher’s Map of Meta Incognita 243 Funeral of Captain Hall 254 Jan Mayen Island 273 A. E. Nordenskjöld 288 Foul Bay 305

English writer known for his interest in mythology and in the classics (1895-1985)

From this reading 32 Entering Lancaster Sound 52 John Franklin 80 Upernavik 99 Henry Grinnell 110 The Graves on Beechey Island 113 E. K. Kane 120 The Rescue in Melville Bay 128 Landing near Grinnell Cape 170 Nipped in the Ice 180 A Gale in the Arctic Sea 209

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading 32 Entering Lancaster Sound 52 John Franklin 80 Upernavik 99 Henry Grinnell 110 The Graves on Beechey Island 113 E. K. Kane 120 The Rescue in Melville Bay 128 Landing near Grinnell Cape 170 Nipped in the Ice 180 A Gale in the Arctic Sea 209

an interior passage or corridor onto which rooms open

From this reading The Outlook from Cape George Russell 215 Humboldt Glacier 218 I. I. Hayes 224 Five Members of the Grinnell Expedition 231 Tennyson’s Monument 234 Frobisher’s Map of Meta Incognita 243 Funeral of Captain Hall 254 Jan Mayen Island 273 A. E. Nordenskjöld 288 Foul Bay 305

acclaimed actress of stage and screen (1900-1993)

From this reading The Outlook from Cape George Russell 215 Humboldt Glacier 218 I. I. Hayes 224 Five Members of the Grinnell Expedition 231 Tennyson’s Monument 234 Frobisher’s Map of Meta Incognita 243 Funeral of Captain Hall 254 Jan Mayen Island 273 A. E. Nordenskjöld 288 Foul Bay 305

a unit of inductance in which an induced electromotive force of one volt is produced when the current is varied at the rate of one ampere per second

From this reading The Death of Henry Hudson 21 Peter Feodorovitsch Anjou 28 Ferdinand von Wrangell 28 Captain John Ross, R.N.

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading Dr. Frederick A. Cook.—Claims discovery of the Pole.—His return from the Arctic.—Reception by the Danes.—Announcement of conquest of the Pole by Peary.—Denounces Dr. Cook.—Acceptance of Peary’s claims by the American Geographical Society.—Dr. Cook sends manuscript to Copenhagen.—Verdict.—Prior claim to the discovery of the North Pole.—Not proven 470

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading EXPLANATION OF TERMS 477 INDEX 481 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Commander Robert Edwin Peary _Frontispiece_ Hondius his Map of the Arctike Pole, or Northerne World xx FACING PAGE Sebastian Cabot 3 Sir Hugh Willoughby 7 Martin Frobisher 10 Sir Humphrey Gilbert 14 Davis’s Ships _Sunshine_ and _Moonshine_ 17

a New York river; flows southward into New York Bay; explored by Henry Hudson early in the 17th century

From this reading The Death of Henry Hudson 21 Peter Feodorovitsch Anjou 28 Ferdinand von Wrangell 28 Captain John Ross, R.N.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading EXPLANATION OF TERMS 477 INDEX 481 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Commander Robert Edwin Peary _Frontispiece_ Hondius his Map of the Arctike Pole, or Northerne World xx FACING PAGE Sebastian Cabot 3 Sir Hugh Willoughby 7 Martin Frobisher 10 Sir Humphrey Gilbert 14 Davis’s Ships _Sunshine_ and _Moonshine_ 17

German philologist noted for his studies of the relation between language and culture (1767-1835)

From this reading The Outlook from Cape George Russell 215 Humboldt Glacier 218 I. I. Hayes 224 Five Members of the Grinnell Expedition 231 Tennyson’s Monument 234 Frobisher’s Map of Meta Incognita 243 Funeral of Captain Hall 254 Jan Mayen Island 273 A. E. Nordenskjöld 288 Foul Bay 305

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading EXPLANATION OF TERMS 477 INDEX 481 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Commander Robert Edwin Peary _Frontispiece_ Hondius his Map of the Arctike Pole, or Northerne World xx FACING PAGE Sebastian Cabot 3 Sir Hugh Willoughby 7 Martin Frobisher 10 Sir Humphrey Gilbert 14 Davis’s Ships _Sunshine_ and _Moonshine_ 17

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading The Outlook from Cape George Russell 215 Humboldt Glacier 218 I. I. Hayes 224 Five Members of the Grinnell Expedition 231 Tennyson’s Monument 234 Frobisher’s Map of Meta Incognita 243 Funeral of Captain Hall 254 Jan Mayen Island 273 A. E. Nordenskjöld 288 Foul Bay 305

water frozen in the solid state

From this reading 32 Entering Lancaster Sound 52 John Franklin 80 Upernavik 99 Henry Grinnell 110 The Graves on Beechey Island 113 E. K. Kane 120 The Rescue in Melville Bay 128 Landing near Grinnell Cape 170 Nipped in the Ice 180 A Gale in the Arctic Sea 209

plural of “illustration” — artwork that helps make something clear or attractive

From this reading EXPLANATION OF TERMS 477 INDEX 481 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Commander Robert Edwin Peary _Frontispiece_ Hondius his Map of the Arctike Pole, or Northerne World xx FACING PAGE Sebastian Cabot 3 Sir Hugh Willoughby 7 Martin Frobisher 10 Sir Humphrey Gilbert 14 Davis’s Ships _Sunshine_ and _Moonshine_ 17

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading 32 Entering Lancaster Sound 52 John Franklin 80 Upernavik 99 Henry Grinnell 110 The Graves on Beechey Island 113 E. K. Kane 120 The Rescue in Melville Bay 128 Landing near Grinnell Cape 170 Nipped in the Ice 180 A Gale in the Arctic Sea 209

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Outlook from Cape George Russell 215 Humboldt Glacier 218 I. I. Hayes 224 Five Members of the Grinnell Expedition 231 Tennyson’s Monument 234 Frobisher’s Map of Meta Incognita 243 Funeral of Captain Hall 254 Jan Mayen Island 273 A. E. Nordenskjöld 288 Foul Bay 305

a numerical scale used to compare variables with one another or with some reference number

From this reading EXPLANATION OF TERMS 477 INDEX 481 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Commander Robert Edwin Peary _Frontispiece_ Hondius his Map of the Arctike Pole, or Northerne World xx FACING PAGE Sebastian Cabot 3 Sir Hugh Willoughby 7 Martin Frobisher 10 Sir Humphrey Gilbert 14 Davis’s Ships _Sunshine_ and _Moonshine_ 17

a land mass (smaller than a continent) that is surrounded by water

From this reading 32 Entering Lancaster Sound 52 John Franklin 80 Upernavik 99 Henry Grinnell 110 The Graves on Beechey Island 113 E. K. Kane 120 The Rescue in Melville Bay 128 Landing near Grinnell Cape 170 Nipped in the Ice 180 A Gale in the Arctic Sea 209

the first month of the year; begins 10 days after the winter solstice

From this reading The Outlook from Cape George Russell 215 Humboldt Glacier 218 I. I. Hayes 224 Five Members of the Grinnell Expedition 231 Tennyson’s Monument 234 Frobisher’s Map of Meta Incognita 243 Funeral of Captain Hall 254 Jan Mayen Island 273 A. E. Nordenskjöld 288 Foul Bay 305

a room or building equipped with one or more toilets

From this reading The Death of Henry Hudson 21 Peter Feodorovitsch Anjou 28 Ferdinand von Wrangell 28 Captain John Ross, R.N.

the basic unit of thermodynamic temperature adopted under the Systeme International d'Unites

From this reading 32 Entering Lancaster Sound 52 John Franklin 80 Upernavik 99 Henry Grinnell 110 The Graves on Beechey Island 113 E. K. Kane 120 The Rescue in Melville Bay 128 Landing near Grinnell Cape 170 Nipped in the Ice 180 A Gale in the Arctic Sea 209

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading 32 Entering Lancaster Sound 52 John Franklin 80 Upernavik 99 Henry Grinnell 110 The Graves on Beechey Island 113 E. K. Kane 120 The Rescue in Melville Bay 128 Landing near Grinnell Cape 170 Nipped in the Ice 180 A Gale in the Arctic Sea 209

a city in northwestern England

From this reading 32 Entering Lancaster Sound 52 John Franklin 80 Upernavik 99 Henry Grinnell 110 The Graves on Beechey Island 113 E. K. Kane 120 The Rescue in Melville Bay 128 Landing near Grinnell Cape 170 Nipped in the Ice 180 A Gale in the Arctic Sea 209

an intermediate platform in a staircase

From this reading 32 Entering Lancaster Sound 52 John Franklin 80 Upernavik 99 Henry Grinnell 110 The Graves on Beechey Island 113 E. K. Kane 120 The Rescue in Melville Bay 128 Landing near Grinnell Cape 170 Nipped in the Ice 180 A Gale in the Arctic Sea 209

give or make a list of; name individually; give the names of

From this reading EXPLANATION OF TERMS 477 INDEX 481 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Commander Robert Edwin Peary _Frontispiece_ Hondius his Map of the Arctike Pole, or Northerne World xx FACING PAGE Sebastian Cabot 3 Sir Hugh Willoughby 7 Martin Frobisher 10 Sir Humphrey Gilbert 14 Davis’s Ships _Sunshine_ and _Moonshine_ 17

A book, document, or piece of music written by hand rather than typed or printed.

From this reading Dr. Frederick A. Cook.—Claims discovery of the Pole.—His return from the Arctic.—Reception by the Danes.—Announcement of conquest of the Pole by Peary.—Denounces Dr. Cook.—Acceptance of Peary’s claims by the American Geographical Society.—Dr. Cook sends manuscript to Copenhagen.—Verdict.—Prior claim to the discovery of the North Pole.—Not proven 470

make a map of; show or establish the features of details of

From this reading EXPLANATION OF TERMS 477 INDEX 481 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Commander Robert Edwin Peary _Frontispiece_ Hondius his Map of the Arctike Pole, or Northerne World xx FACING PAGE Sebastian Cabot 3 Sir Hugh Willoughby 7 Martin Frobisher 10 Sir Humphrey Gilbert 14 Davis’s Ships _Sunshine_ and _Moonshine_ 17

French bishop who is a patron saint of France (died in 397)

From this reading EXPLANATION OF TERMS 477 INDEX 481 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Commander Robert Edwin Peary _Frontispiece_ Hondius his Map of the Arctike Pole, or Northerne World xx FACING PAGE Sebastian Cabot 3 Sir Hugh Willoughby 7 Martin Frobisher 10 Sir Humphrey Gilbert 14 Davis’s Ships _Sunshine_ and _Moonshine_ 17

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Outlook from Cape George Russell 215 Humboldt Glacier 218 I. I. Hayes 224 Five Members of the Grinnell Expedition 231 Tennyson’s Monument 234 Frobisher’s Map of Meta Incognita 243 Funeral of Captain Hall 254 Jan Mayen Island 273 A. E. Nordenskjöld 288 Foul Bay 305

United States writer of novels and short stories (1819-1891)

From this reading 32 Entering Lancaster Sound 52 John Franklin 80 Upernavik 99 Henry Grinnell 110 The Graves on Beechey Island 113 E. K. Kane 120 The Rescue in Melville Bay 128 Landing near Grinnell Cape 170 Nipped in the Ice 180 A Gale in the Arctic Sea 209

plural of “member” — one of the persons who compose a social group (especially individuals who have joined and participate in a group organization)

From this reading The Outlook from Cape George Russell 215 Humboldt Glacier 218 I. I. Hayes 224 Five Members of the Grinnell Expedition 231 Tennyson’s Monument 234 Frobisher’s Map of Meta Incognita 243 Funeral of Captain Hall 254 Jan Mayen Island 273 A. E. Nordenskjöld 288 Foul Bay 305

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Outlook from Cape George Russell 215 Humboldt Glacier 218 I. I. Hayes 224 Five Members of the Grinnell Expedition 231 Tennyson’s Monument 234 Frobisher’s Map of Meta Incognita 243 Funeral of Captain Hall 254 Jan Mayen Island 273 A. E. Nordenskjöld 288 Foul Bay 305

a structure erected to commemorate persons or events

From this reading The Outlook from Cape George Russell 215 Humboldt Glacier 218 I. I. Hayes 224 Five Members of the Grinnell Expedition 231 Tennyson’s Monument 234 Frobisher’s Map of Meta Incognita 243 Funeral of Captain Hall 254 Jan Mayen Island 273 A. E. Nordenskjöld 288 Foul Bay 305

the light of the Moon

From this reading EXPLANATION OF TERMS 477 INDEX 481 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Commander Robert Edwin Peary _Frontispiece_ Hondius his Map of the Arctike Pole, or Northerne World xx FACING PAGE Sebastian Cabot 3 Sir Hugh Willoughby 7 Martin Frobisher 10 Sir Humphrey Gilbert 14 Davis’s Ships _Sunshine_ and _Moonshine_ 17

a common nonmetallic element that is normally a colorless odorless tasteless inert diatomic gas; constitutes 78 percent of the atmosphere by volume; a constituent of all living tissues

From this reading The Death of Henry Hudson 21 Peter Feodorovitsch Anjou 28 Ferdinand von Wrangell 28 Captain John Ross, R.N.

near in time or place or relationship

From this reading 32 Entering Lancaster Sound 52 John Franklin 80 Upernavik 99 Henry Grinnell 110 The Graves on Beechey Island 113 E. K. Kane 120 The Rescue in Melville Bay 128 Landing near Grinnell Cape 170 Nipped in the Ice 180 A Gale in the Arctic Sea 209

inflected form of “nip” — squeeze tightly between the fingers

From this reading 32 Entering Lancaster Sound 52 John Franklin 80 Upernavik 99 Henry Grinnell 110 The Graves on Beechey Island 113 E. K. Kane 120 The Rescue in Melville Bay 128 Landing near Grinnell Cape 170 Nipped in the Ice 180 A Gale in the Arctic Sea 209

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Outlook from Cape George Russell 215 Humboldt Glacier 218 I. I. Hayes 224 Five Members of the Grinnell Expedition 231 Tennyson’s Monument 234 Frobisher’s Map of Meta Incognita 243 Funeral of Captain Hall 254 Jan Mayen Island 273 A. E. Nordenskjöld 288 Foul Bay 305

the region of the United States lying to the north of the Mason-Dixon line

From this reading Dr. Frederick A. Cook.—Claims discovery of the Pole.—His return from the Arctic.—Reception by the Danes.—Announcement of conquest of the Pole by Peary.—Denounces Dr. Cook.—Acceptance of Peary’s claims by the American Geographical Society.—Dr. Cook sends manuscript to Copenhagen.—Verdict.—Prior claim to the discovery of the North Pole.—Not proven 470

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading EXPLANATION OF TERMS 477 INDEX 481 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Commander Robert Edwin Peary _Frontispiece_ Hondius his Map of the Arctike Pole, or Northerne World xx FACING PAGE Sebastian Cabot 3 Sir Hugh Willoughby 7 Martin Frobisher 10 Sir Humphrey Gilbert 14 Davis’s Ships _Sunshine_ and _Moonshine_ 17

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading Dr. Frederick A. Cook.—Claims discovery of the Pole.—His return from the Arctic.—Reception by the Danes.—Announcement of conquest of the Pole by Peary.—Denounces Dr. Cook.—Acceptance of Peary’s claims by the American Geographical Society.—Dr. Cook sends manuscript to Copenhagen.—Verdict.—Prior claim to the discovery of the North Pole.—Not proven 470

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading Dr. Frederick A. Cook.—Claims discovery of the Pole.—His return from the Arctic.—Reception by the Danes.—Announcement of conquest of the Pole by Peary.—Denounces Dr. Cook.—Acceptance of Peary’s claims by the American Geographical Society.—Dr. Cook sends manuscript to Copenhagen.—Verdict.—Prior claim to the discovery of the North Pole.—Not proven 470

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading 32 Entering Lancaster Sound 52 John Franklin 80 Upernavik 99 Henry Grinnell 110 The Graves on Beechey Island 113 E. K. Kane 120 The Rescue in Melville Bay 128 Landing near Grinnell Cape 170 Nipped in the Ice 180 A Gale in the Arctic Sea 209

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading EXPLANATION OF TERMS 477 INDEX 481 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Commander Robert Edwin Peary _Frontispiece_ Hondius his Map of the Arctike Pole, or Northerne World xx FACING PAGE Sebastian Cabot 3 Sir Hugh Willoughby 7 Martin Frobisher 10 Sir Humphrey Gilbert 14 Davis’s Ships _Sunshine_ and _Moonshine_ 17

a habitual or characteristic mental attitude that determines how you will interpret and respond to situations

From this reading The Outlook from Cape George Russell 215 Humboldt Glacier 218 I. I. Hayes 224 Five Members of the Grinnell Expedition 231 Tennyson’s Monument 234 Frobisher’s Map of Meta Incognita 243 Funeral of Captain Hall 254 Jan Mayen Island 273 A. E. Nordenskjöld 288 Foul Bay 305

one side of one leaf (of a book or magazine or newspaper or letter etc.) or the written or pictorial matter it contains

From this reading EXPLANATION OF TERMS 477 INDEX 481 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Commander Robert Edwin Peary _Frontispiece_ Hondius his Map of the Arctike Pole, or Northerne World xx FACING PAGE Sebastian Cabot 3 Sir Hugh Willoughby 7 Martin Frobisher 10 Sir Humphrey Gilbert 14 Davis’s Ships _Sunshine_ and _Moonshine_ 17

United States Arctic explorer and United States naval officer who has been regarded as the first man to reach the North Pole (1856-1920)

From this reading Dr. Frederick A. Cook.—Claims discovery of the Pole.—His return from the Arctic.—Reception by the Danes.—Announcement of conquest of the Pole by Peary.—Denounces Dr. Cook.—Acceptance of Peary’s claims by the American Geographical Society.—Dr. Cook sends manuscript to Copenhagen.—Verdict.—Prior claim to the discovery of the North Pole.—Not proven 470

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Dr. Frederick A. Cook.—Claims discovery of the Pole.—His return from the Arctic.—Reception by the Danes.—Announcement of conquest of the Pole by Peary.—Denounces Dr. Cook.—Acceptance of Peary’s claims by the American Geographical Society.—Dr. Cook sends manuscript to Copenhagen.—Verdict.—Prior claim to the discovery of the North Pole.—Not proven 470

disciple of Jesus and leader of the Apostles; regarded by Catholics as the vicar of Christ on earth and first Pope

From this reading The Death of Henry Hudson 21 Peter Feodorovitsch Anjou 28 Ferdinand von Wrangell 28 Captain John Ross, R.N.

a long (usually round) rod of wood or metal or plastic

From this reading Dr. Frederick A. Cook.—Claims discovery of the Pole.—His return from the Arctic.—Reception by the Danes.—Announcement of conquest of the Pole by Peary.—Denounces Dr. Cook.—Acceptance of Peary’s claims by the American Geographical Society.—Dr. Cook sends manuscript to Copenhagen.—Verdict.—Prior claim to the discovery of the North Pole.—Not proven 470

earlier in time

From this reading Dr. Frederick A. Cook.—Claims discovery of the Pole.—His return from the Arctic.—Reception by the Danes.—Announcement of conquest of the Pole by Peary.—Denounces Dr. Cook.—Acceptance of Peary’s claims by the American Geographical Society.—Dr. Cook sends manuscript to Copenhagen.—Verdict.—Prior claim to the discovery of the North Pole.—Not proven 470

established beyond doubt

From this reading Dr. Frederick A. Cook.—Claims discovery of the Pole.—His return from the Arctic.—Reception by the Danes.—Announcement of conquest of the Pole by Peary.—Denounces Dr. Cook.—Acceptance of Peary’s claims by the American Geographical Society.—Dr. Cook sends manuscript to Copenhagen.—Verdict.—Prior claim to the discovery of the North Pole.—Not proven 470

a unit of radiation exposure; the dose of ionizing radiation that will produce 1 electrostatic unit of electricity in 1 cc of dry air

From this reading The Death of Henry Hudson 21 Peter Feodorovitsch Anjou 28 Ferdinand von Wrangell 28 Captain John Ross, R.N.

the manner in which something is greeted

From this reading Dr. Frederick A. Cook.—Claims discovery of the Pole.—His return from the Arctic.—Reception by the Danes.—Announcement of conquest of the Pole by Peary.—Denounces Dr. Cook.—Acceptance of Peary’s claims by the American Geographical Society.—Dr. Cook sends manuscript to Copenhagen.—Verdict.—Prior claim to the discovery of the North Pole.—Not proven 470

free from harm or evil

From this reading 32 Entering Lancaster Sound 52 John Franklin 80 Upernavik 99 Henry Grinnell 110 The Graves on Beechey Island 113 E. K. Kane 120 The Rescue in Melville Bay 128 Landing near Grinnell Cape 170 Nipped in the Ice 180 A Gale in the Arctic Sea 209

go or come back to place, condition, or activity where one has been before

From this reading Dr. Frederick A. Cook.—Claims discovery of the Pole.—His return from the Arctic.—Reception by the Danes.—Announcement of conquest of the Pole by Peary.—Denounces Dr. Cook.—Acceptance of Peary’s claims by the American Geographical Society.—Dr. Cook sends manuscript to Copenhagen.—Verdict.—Prior claim to the discovery of the North Pole.—Not proven 470

United States parliamentary authority and author (in 1876) of Robert's Rules of Order (1837-1923)

From this reading EXPLANATION OF TERMS 477 INDEX 481 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Commander Robert Edwin Peary _Frontispiece_ Hondius his Map of the Arctike Pole, or Northerne World xx FACING PAGE Sebastian Cabot 3 Sir Hugh Willoughby 7 Martin Frobisher 10 Sir Humphrey Gilbert 14 Davis’s Ships _Sunshine_ and _Moonshine_ 17

Scottish explorer who led Arctic expeditions that yielded geographic discoveries while searching for the Northwest Passage (1777-1856)

From this reading The Death of Henry Hudson 21 Peter Feodorovitsch Anjou 28 Ferdinand von Wrangell 28 Captain John Ross, R.N.

United States religious leader who founded the sect that is now called Jehovah's Witnesses (1852-1916)

From this reading The Outlook from Cape George Russell 215 Humboldt Glacier 218 I. I. Hayes 224 Five Members of the Grinnell Expedition 231 Tennyson’s Monument 234 Frobisher’s Map of Meta Incognita 243 Funeral of Captain Hall 254 Jan Mayen Island 273 A. E. Nordenskjöld 288 Foul Bay 305

a division of an ocean or a large body of salt water partially enclosed by land

From this reading 32 Entering Lancaster Sound 52 John Franklin 80 Upernavik 99 Henry Grinnell 110 The Graves on Beechey Island 113 E. K. Kane 120 The Rescue in Melville Bay 128 Landing near Grinnell Cape 170 Nipped in the Ice 180 A Gale in the Arctic Sea 209

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading EXPLANATION OF TERMS 477 INDEX 481 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Commander Robert Edwin Peary _Frontispiece_ Hondius his Map of the Arctike Pole, or Northerne World xx FACING PAGE Sebastian Cabot 3 Sir Hugh Willoughby 7 Martin Frobisher 10 Sir Humphrey Gilbert 14 Davis’s Ships _Sunshine_ and _Moonshine_ 17

third-person singular of “send” — cause to go somewhere

From this reading Dr. Frederick A. Cook.—Claims discovery of the Pole.—His return from the Arctic.—Reception by the Danes.—Announcement of conquest of the Pole by Peary.—Denounces Dr. Cook.—Acceptance of Peary’s claims by the American Geographical Society.—Dr. Cook sends manuscript to Copenhagen.—Verdict.—Prior claim to the discovery of the North Pole.—Not proven 470

plural of “ship” — a vessel that carries passengers or freight

From this reading EXPLANATION OF TERMS 477 INDEX 481 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Commander Robert Edwin Peary _Frontispiece_ Hondius his Map of the Arctike Pole, or Northerne World xx FACING PAGE Sebastian Cabot 3 Sir Hugh Willoughby 7 Martin Frobisher 10 Sir Humphrey Gilbert 14 Davis’s Ships _Sunshine_ and _Moonshine_ 17

term of address for a man

From this reading EXPLANATION OF TERMS 477 INDEX 481 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Commander Robert Edwin Peary _Frontispiece_ Hondius his Map of the Arctike Pole, or Northerne World xx FACING PAGE Sebastian Cabot 3 Sir Hugh Willoughby 7 Martin Frobisher 10 Sir Humphrey Gilbert 14 Davis’s Ships _Sunshine_ and _Moonshine_ 17

an extended social group having a distinctive cultural and economic organization

From this reading Dr. Frederick A. Cook.—Claims discovery of the Pole.—His return from the Arctic.—Reception by the Danes.—Announcement of conquest of the Pole by Peary.—Denounces Dr. Cook.—Acceptance of Peary’s claims by the American Geographical Society.—Dr. Cook sends manuscript to Copenhagen.—Verdict.—Prior claim to the discovery of the North Pole.—Not proven 470

the particular auditory effect produced by a given cause

From this reading 32 Entering Lancaster Sound 52 John Franklin 80 Upernavik 99 Henry Grinnell 110 The Graves on Beechey Island 113 E. K. Kane 120 The Rescue in Melville Bay 128 Landing near Grinnell Cape 170 Nipped in the Ice 180 A Gale in the Arctic Sea 209

the rays of the sun

From this reading EXPLANATION OF TERMS 477 INDEX 481 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Commander Robert Edwin Peary _Frontispiece_ Hondius his Map of the Arctike Pole, or Northerne World xx FACING PAGE Sebastian Cabot 3 Sir Hugh Willoughby 7 Martin Frobisher 10 Sir Humphrey Gilbert 14 Davis’s Ships _Sunshine_ and _Moonshine_ 17

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Outlook from Cape George Russell 215 Humboldt Glacier 218 I. I. Hayes 224 Five Members of the Grinnell Expedition 231 Tennyson’s Monument 234 Frobisher’s Map of Meta Incognita 243 Funeral of Captain Hall 254 Jan Mayen Island 273 A. E. Nordenskjöld 288 Foul Bay 305

status with respect to the relations between people or groups

From this reading EXPLANATION OF TERMS 477 INDEX 481 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Commander Robert Edwin Peary _Frontispiece_ Hondius his Map of the Arctike Pole, or Northerne World xx FACING PAGE Sebastian Cabot 3 Sir Hugh Willoughby 7 Martin Frobisher 10 Sir Humphrey Gilbert 14 Davis’s Ships _Sunshine_ and _Moonshine_ 17

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading Dr. Frederick A. Cook.—Claims discovery of the Pole.—His return from the Arctic.—Reception by the Danes.—Announcement of conquest of the Pole by Peary.—Denounces Dr. Cook.—Acceptance of Peary’s claims by the American Geographical Society.—Dr. Cook sends manuscript to Copenhagen.—Verdict.—Prior claim to the discovery of the North Pole.—Not proven 470

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Dr. Frederick A. Cook.—Claims discovery of the Pole.—His return from the Arctic.—Reception by the Danes.—Announcement of conquest of the Pole by Peary.—Denounces Dr. Cook.—Acceptance of Peary’s claims by the American Geographical Society.—Dr. Cook sends manuscript to Copenhagen.—Verdict.—Prior claim to the discovery of the North Pole.—Not proven 470

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading 32 Entering Lancaster Sound 52 John Franklin 80 Upernavik 99 Henry Grinnell 110 The Graves on Beechey Island 113 E. K. Kane 120 The Rescue in Melville Bay 128 Landing near Grinnell Cape 170 Nipped in the Ice 180 A Gale in the Arctic Sea 209

(law) the findings of a jury on issues of fact submitted to it for decision; can be used in formulating a judgment

From this reading Dr. Frederick A. Cook.—Claims discovery of the Pole.—His return from the Arctic.—Reception by the Danes.—Announcement of conquest of the Pole by Peary.—Denounces Dr. Cook.—Acceptance of Peary’s claims by the American Geographical Society.—Dr. Cook sends manuscript to Copenhagen.—Verdict.—Prior claim to the discovery of the North Pole.—Not proven 470

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Death of Henry Hudson 21 Peter Feodorovitsch Anjou 28 Ferdinand von Wrangell 28 Captain John Ross, R.N.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading EXPLANATION OF TERMS 477 INDEX 481 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Commander Robert Edwin Peary _Frontispiece_ Hondius his Map of the Arctike Pole, or Northerne World xx FACING PAGE Sebastian Cabot 3 Sir Hugh Willoughby 7 Martin Frobisher 10 Sir Humphrey Gilbert 14 Davis’s Ships _Sunshine_ and _Moonshine_ 17

everything that exists anywhere

From this reading EXPLANATION OF TERMS 477 INDEX 481 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Commander Robert Edwin Peary _Frontispiece_ Hondius his Map of the Arctike Pole, or Northerne World xx FACING PAGE Sebastian Cabot 3 Sir Hugh Willoughby 7 Martin Frobisher 10 Sir Humphrey Gilbert 14 Davis’s Ships _Sunshine_ and _Moonshine_ 17

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Death of Henry Hudson 21 Peter Feodorovitsch Anjou 28 Ferdinand von Wrangell 28 Captain John Ross, R.N.

the cardinal number that is the sum of nineteen and one

From this reading EXPLANATION OF TERMS 477 INDEX 481 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Commander Robert Edwin Peary _Frontispiece_ Hondius his Map of the Arctike Pole, or Northerne World xx FACING PAGE Sebastian Cabot 3 Sir Hugh Willoughby 7 Martin Frobisher 10 Sir Humphrey Gilbert 14 Davis’s Ships _Sunshine_ and _Moonshine_ 17