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The Great White North The story of polar exploration from the earliest
The Great White North The story of polar exploration from the earliest

Chapter XVII

Chapter 17 of The Great White North The story of polar exploration from the earliest is here in full — 132 sentences across 27 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Baron A. E. von Nordenskjöld.—First voyage 1858.—Accompanies succeeding Swedish expeditions.—Spitzbergen.—Voyage of _Sofia_.—1868.—Nordenskjöld’s journey to Greenland.—Voyage of the _Polhem_.—Attempt to reach the Pole by reindeer sledge.—Unexpected discouragements and disasters.—Voyage of the _Proven_.—1875.—The Kara Sea.—Journey repeated the following year.—In the _Ymer_.—Voyage of the _Vega_.
The career of Baron A. E. von Nordenskjöld is one of the most distinguished in Arctic history.
Born in Helsingfors, Finland, November 18, 1832, he learned at an early age the thrill of adventure and the joys of research while accompanying his distinguished father on his mineralogical tours in the Ural Mountains.
After graduating at Helsingfors in 1857, Nordenskjöld was himself appointed a professor of mineralogy at Stockholm.
Baron Nordenskjöld’s scientific interest in polar research began as early as 1858, when he accompanied Otto Torell, chief geologist of Sweden, who sailed on the _Frithrop_ for Spitzbergen.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The Great White North The story of polar exploration from the earliest

Chapter XVII

Chapter 17 of The Great White North The story of polar exploration from the earliest is here in full — 132 sentences across 27 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/26 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
Baron A. E. von Nordenskjöld.—First voyage 1858.—Accompanies succeeding Swedish expeditions.—Spitzbergen.—Voyage of _Sofia_.—1868.—Nordenskjöld’s journey to Greenland.—Voyage of the _Polhem_.—Attempt to reach the Pole by reindeer sledge.—Unexpected discouragements and disasters.—Voyage of the _Proven_.—1875.—The Kara Sea.—Journey repeated the following year.—In the _Ymer_.—Voyage of the _Vega_.
Line 2
The career of Baron A. E. von Nordenskjöld is one of the most distinguished in Arctic history.
Line 3
Born in Helsingfors, Finland, November 18, 1832, he learned at an early age the thrill of adventure and the joys of research while accompanying his distinguished father on his mineralogical tours in the Ural Mountains.
Line 4
After graduating at Helsingfors in 1857, Nordenskjöld was himself appointed a professor of mineralogy at Stockholm.
Line 5
Baron Nordenskjöld’s scientific interest in polar research began as early as 1858, when he accompanied Otto Torell, chief geologist of Sweden, who sailed on the _Frithrop_ for Spitzbergen.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

Accompanies verb US /əˈkʌmpəniz/

third-person singular of “accompany” — be present or associated with an event or entity

From this reading “Baron A. E. von Nordenskjöld.—First voyage 1858.—Accompanies succeeding Swedish expeditions.—Spitzbergen.—Voyage of _Sofia_.—1868.—Nordenskjöld’s journey to Greenland.—Voyage of the _Polhem_.—Attempt to reach the Pole by reindeer sledge.—Unexpected discouragements and disasters.—Voyage of the _Proven_.—1875.—The Kara Sea.—Journey repeated the following year.—In the _Ymer_.—Voyage of the _Vega_.”

Finland noun US /ˈfɪnlænd/

republic in northern Europe; achieved independence from Russia in 1917

From this reading “Born in Helsingfors, Finland, November 18, 1832, he learned at an early age the thrill of adventure and the joys of research while accompanying his distinguished father on his mineralogical tours in the Ural Mountains.”

geologist noun US /dʒiˈɑːlədʒəst/

a specialist in geology

From this reading “Baron Nordenskjöld’s scientific interest in polar research began as early as 1858, when he accompanied Otto Torell, chief geologist of Sweden, who sailed on the _Frithrop_ for Spitzbergen.”

graduating verb US /ˈɡrædʒəweɪtɪŋ/

-ing form of “graduate” — receive an academic degree upon completion of one's studies

From this reading “After graduating at Helsingfors in 1857, Nordenskjöld was himself appointed a professor of mineralogy at Stockholm.”

mineralogy noun US /ˌmɪnərˈɑːlədʒi/

the branch of geology that studies minerals: their structure and properties and the ways of distinguishing them

From this reading “After graduating at Helsingfors in 1857, Nordenskjöld was himself appointed a professor of mineralogy at Stockholm.”

Sofia noun US /soʊˈfiːə/

capital and largest city of Bulgaria located in western Bulgaria

Stockholm noun US /ˈstɑːkhoʊlm/

the capital and largest city of Sweden; located in southern Sweden on the Baltic

From this reading “After graduating at Helsingfors in 1857, Nordenskjöld was himself appointed a professor of mineralogy at Stockholm.”

Vega noun US /ˈveɪɡə/

prolific Spanish playwright (1562-1635)

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

most distinguished adverb + adjective

In this reading “The career of Baron A. E. von Nordenskjöld is one of the most distinguished in Arctic history.”

early age adjective + noun

In this reading “Born in Helsingfors, Finland, November 18, 1832, he learned at an early age the thrill of adventure and the joys of research while accompanying his distinguished father on his mineralogical tours in the Ural Mountains.”

following year adjective + noun

In this reading “Baron A. E. von Nordenskjöld.—First voyage 1858.—Accompanies succeeding Swedish expeditions.—Spitzbergen.—Voyage of _Sofia_.—1868.—Nordenskjöld’s journey to Greenland.—Voyage of the _Polhem_.—Attempt to reach the Pole by reindeer sledge.—Unexpected discouragements and disasters.—Voyage of the _Proven_.—1875.—The Kara Sea.—Journey repeated the following year.—In the _Ymer_.—Voyage of the _Vega_.”

First voyage adjective + noun

In this reading “Baron A. E. von Nordenskjöld.—First voyage 1858.—Accompanies succeeding Swedish expeditions.—Spitzbergen.—Voyage of _Sofia_.—1868.—Nordenskjöld’s journey to Greenland.—Voyage of the _Polhem_.—Attempt to reach the Pole by reindeer sledge.—Unexpected discouragements and disasters.—Voyage of the _Proven_.—1875.—The Kara Sea.—Journey repeated the following year.—In the _Ymer_.—Voyage of the _Vega_.”

sailed on verb + particle counted as “sail on”

In this reading “Baron Nordenskjöld’s scientific interest in polar research began as early as 1858, when he accompanied Otto Torell, chief geologist of Sweden, who sailed on the _Frithrop_ for Spitzbergen.”

All words in this reading · 99

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

18

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Born in Helsingfors, Finland, November 18, 1832, he learned at an early age the thrill of adventure and the joys of research while accompanying his distinguished father on his mineralogical tours in the Ural Mountains.

1832

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Born in Helsingfors, Finland, November 18, 1832, he learned at an early age the thrill of adventure and the joys of research while accompanying his distinguished father on his mineralogical tours in the Ural Mountains.

1857

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading After graduating at Helsingfors in 1857, Nordenskjöld was himself appointed a professor of mineralogy at Stockholm.

1858

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Baron A. E. von Nordenskjöld.—First voyage 1858.—Accompanies succeeding Swedish expeditions.—Spitzbergen.—Voyage of _Sofia_.—1868.—Nordenskjöld’s journey to Greenland.—Voyage of the _Polhem_.—Attempt to reach the Pole by reindeer sledge.—Unexpected discouragements and disasters.—Voyage of the _Proven_.—1875.—The Kara Sea.—Journey repeated the following year.—In the _Ymer_.—Voyage of the _Vega_.

1868

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Baron A. E. von Nordenskjöld.—First voyage 1858.—Accompanies succeeding Swedish expeditions.—Spitzbergen.—Voyage of _Sofia_.—1868.—Nordenskjöld’s journey to Greenland.—Voyage of the _Polhem_.—Attempt to reach the Pole by reindeer sledge.—Unexpected discouragements and disasters.—Voyage of the _Proven_.—1875.—The Kara Sea.—Journey repeated the following year.—In the _Ymer_.—Voyage of the _Vega_.

1875

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Baron A. E. von Nordenskjöld.—First voyage 1858.—Accompanies succeeding Swedish expeditions.—Spitzbergen.—Voyage of _Sofia_.—1868.—Nordenskjöld’s journey to Greenland.—Voyage of the _Polhem_.—Attempt to reach the Pole by reindeer sledge.—Unexpected discouragements and disasters.—Voyage of the _Proven_.—1875.—The Kara Sea.—Journey repeated the following year.—In the _Ymer_.—Voyage of the _Vega_.

AdeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Baron A. E. von Nordenskjöld.—First voyage 1858.—Accompanies succeeding Swedish expeditions.—Spitzbergen.—Voyage of _Sofia_.—1868.—Nordenskjöld’s journey to Greenland.—Voyage of the _Polhem_.—Attempt to reach the Pole by reindeer sledge.—Unexpected discouragements and disasters.—Voyage of the _Proven_.—1875.—The Kara Sea.—Journey repeated the following year.—In the _Ymer_.—Voyage of the _Vega_.

accompaniedadjectiveUS /əˈkʌmpənid/

having companions or an escort

From this reading Baron Nordenskjöld’s scientific interest in polar research began as early as 1858, when he accompanied Otto Torell, chief geologist of Sweden, who sailed on the _Frithrop_ for Spitzbergen.

AccompaniesverbUS /əˈkʌmpəniz/

third-person singular of “accompany” — be present or associated with an event or entity

From this reading Baron A. E. von Nordenskjöld.—First voyage 1858.—Accompanies succeeding Swedish expeditions.—Spitzbergen.—Voyage of _Sofia_.—1868.—Nordenskjöld’s journey to Greenland.—Voyage of the _Polhem_.—Attempt to reach the Pole by reindeer sledge.—Unexpected discouragements and disasters.—Voyage of the _Proven_.—1875.—The Kara Sea.—Journey repeated the following year.—In the _Ymer_.—Voyage of the _Vega_.

accompanyingadjectiveUS /əˈkʌmpəniɪŋ/

occurring with or following as a consequence

From this reading Born in Helsingfors, Finland, November 18, 1832, he learned at an early age the thrill of adventure and the joys of research while accompanying his distinguished father on his mineralogical tours in the Ural Mountains.

adventureverbUS /ædˈventʃər/

take a risk in the hope of a favorable outcome

From this reading Born in Helsingfors, Finland, November 18, 1832, he learned at an early age the thrill of adventure and the joys of research while accompanying his distinguished father on his mineralogical tours in the Ural Mountains.

AfterprepositionUS /ˈæftər/

later than; following

From this reading After graduating at Helsingfors in 1857, Nordenskjöld was himself appointed a professor of mineralogy at Stockholm.

agenounUS /eɪdʒ/

how long something has existed

From this reading Born in Helsingfors, Finland, November 18, 1832, he learned at an early age the thrill of adventure and the joys of research while accompanying his distinguished father on his mineralogical tours in the Ural Mountains.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading Born in Helsingfors, Finland, November 18, 1832, he learned at an early age the thrill of adventure and the joys of research while accompanying his distinguished father on his mineralogical tours in the Ural Mountains.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Baron A. E. von Nordenskjöld.—First voyage 1858.—Accompanies succeeding Swedish expeditions.—Spitzbergen.—Voyage of _Sofia_.—1868.—Nordenskjöld’s journey to Greenland.—Voyage of the _Polhem_.—Attempt to reach the Pole by reindeer sledge.—Unexpected discouragements and disasters.—Voyage of the _Proven_.—1875.—The Kara Sea.—Journey repeated the following year.—In the _Ymer_.—Voyage of the _Vega_.

appointedadjectiveUS /əˈpɔɪntɪd/

subject to appointment

From this reading After graduating at Helsingfors in 1857, Nordenskjöld was himself appointed a professor of mineralogy at Stockholm.

ArcticnounUS /ˈɑːrktɪk/

the regions to the north of the Arctic Circle centered on the North Pole

From this reading The career of Baron A. E. von Nordenskjöld is one of the most distinguished in Arctic history.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading Baron Nordenskjöld’s scientific interest in polar research began as early as 1858, when he accompanied Otto Torell, chief geologist of Sweden, who sailed on the _Frithrop_ for Spitzbergen.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading Born in Helsingfors, Finland, November 18, 1832, he learned at an early age the thrill of adventure and the joys of research while accompanying his distinguished father on his mineralogical tours in the Ural Mountains.

AttemptnounUS /əˈtempt/

earnest and conscientious activity intended to do or accomplish something

From this reading Baron A. E. von Nordenskjöld.—First voyage 1858.—Accompanies succeeding Swedish expeditions.—Spitzbergen.—Voyage of _Sofia_.—1868.—Nordenskjöld’s journey to Greenland.—Voyage of the _Polhem_.—Attempt to reach the Pole by reindeer sledge.—Unexpected discouragements and disasters.—Voyage of the _Proven_.—1875.—The Kara Sea.—Journey repeated the following year.—In the _Ymer_.—Voyage of the _Vega_.

BaronnounUS /ˈbærən/

a nobleman (in various countries) of varying rank

From this reading Baron A. E. von Nordenskjöld.—First voyage 1858.—Accompanies succeeding Swedish expeditions.—Spitzbergen.—Voyage of _Sofia_.—1868.—Nordenskjöld’s journey to Greenland.—Voyage of the _Polhem_.—Attempt to reach the Pole by reindeer sledge.—Unexpected discouragements and disasters.—Voyage of the _Proven_.—1875.—The Kara Sea.—Journey repeated the following year.—In the _Ymer_.—Voyage of the _Vega_.

beganverbUS /bɪˈɡæn/

inflected form of “begin” — take the first step or steps in carrying out an action

From this reading Baron Nordenskjöld’s scientific interest in polar research began as early as 1858, when he accompanied Otto Torell, chief geologist of Sweden, who sailed on the _Frithrop_ for Spitzbergen.

BornadjectiveUS /bɔːrn/

brought into existence

From this reading Born in Helsingfors, Finland, November 18, 1832, he learned at an early age the thrill of adventure and the joys of research while accompanying his distinguished father on his mineralogical tours in the Ural Mountains.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading Baron A. E. von Nordenskjöld.—First voyage 1858.—Accompanies succeeding Swedish expeditions.—Spitzbergen.—Voyage of _Sofia_.—1868.—Nordenskjöld’s journey to Greenland.—Voyage of the _Polhem_.—Attempt to reach the Pole by reindeer sledge.—Unexpected discouragements and disasters.—Voyage of the _Proven_.—1875.—The Kara Sea.—Journey repeated the following year.—In the _Ymer_.—Voyage of the _Vega_.

careernounUS /kərˈɪr/

the particular occupation for which you are trained

From this reading The career of Baron A. E. von Nordenskjöld is one of the most distinguished in Arctic history.

chiefnounUS /tʃiːf/

a person who is in charge

From this reading Baron Nordenskjöld’s scientific interest in polar research began as early as 1858, when he accompanied Otto Torell, chief geologist of Sweden, who sailed on the _Frithrop_ for Spitzbergen.

disastersnounUS /dɪˈzæstərz/

plural of “disaster” — a state of extreme (usually irremediable) ruin and misfortune

From this reading Baron A. E. von Nordenskjöld.—First voyage 1858.—Accompanies succeeding Swedish expeditions.—Spitzbergen.—Voyage of _Sofia_.—1868.—Nordenskjöld’s journey to Greenland.—Voyage of the _Polhem_.—Attempt to reach the Pole by reindeer sledge.—Unexpected discouragements and disasters.—Voyage of the _Proven_.—1875.—The Kara Sea.—Journey repeated the following year.—In the _Ymer_.—Voyage of the _Vega_.

discouragements

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Baron A. E. von Nordenskjöld.—First voyage 1858.—Accompanies succeeding Swedish expeditions.—Spitzbergen.—Voyage of _Sofia_.—1868.—Nordenskjöld’s journey to Greenland.—Voyage of the _Polhem_.—Attempt to reach the Pole by reindeer sledge.—Unexpected discouragements and disasters.—Voyage of the _Proven_.—1875.—The Kara Sea.—Journey repeated the following year.—In the _Ymer_.—Voyage of the _Vega_.

distinguishedadjectiveUS /dɪˈstɪŋɡwɪʃt/

(used of persons) standing above others in character or attainment or reputation

From this reading The career of Baron A. E. von Nordenskjöld is one of the most distinguished in Arctic history.

EnounUS /iː/

a fat-soluble vitamin that is essential for normal reproduction; an important antioxidant that neutralizes free radicals in the body

From this reading Baron A. E. von Nordenskjöld.—First voyage 1858.—Accompanies succeeding Swedish expeditions.—Spitzbergen.—Voyage of _Sofia_.—1868.—Nordenskjöld’s journey to Greenland.—Voyage of the _Polhem_.—Attempt to reach the Pole by reindeer sledge.—Unexpected discouragements and disasters.—Voyage of the _Proven_.—1875.—The Kara Sea.—Journey repeated the following year.—In the _Ymer_.—Voyage of the _Vega_.

earlyadjectiveUS /ˈɜːrli/

at or near the beginning of a period of time or course of events or before the usual or expected time

From this reading Born in Helsingfors, Finland, November 18, 1832, he learned at an early age the thrill of adventure and the joys of research while accompanying his distinguished father on his mineralogical tours in the Ural Mountains.

expeditionsnounUS /ˌekspəˈdɪʃənz/

plural of “expedition” — a military campaign designed to achieve a specific objective in a foreign country

From this reading Baron A. E. von Nordenskjöld.—First voyage 1858.—Accompanies succeeding Swedish expeditions.—Spitzbergen.—Voyage of _Sofia_.—1868.—Nordenskjöld’s journey to Greenland.—Voyage of the _Polhem_.—Attempt to reach the Pole by reindeer sledge.—Unexpected discouragements and disasters.—Voyage of the _Proven_.—1875.—The Kara Sea.—Journey repeated the following year.—In the _Ymer_.—Voyage of the _Vega_.

fathernounUS /ˈfɑːðər/

a male parent (also used as a term of address to your father)

From this reading Born in Helsingfors, Finland, November 18, 1832, he learned at an early age the thrill of adventure and the joys of research while accompanying his distinguished father on his mineralogical tours in the Ural Mountains.

FinlandnounUS /ˈfɪnlænd/

republic in northern Europe; achieved independence from Russia in 1917

From this reading Born in Helsingfors, Finland, November 18, 1832, he learned at an early age the thrill of adventure and the joys of research while accompanying his distinguished father on his mineralogical tours in the Ural Mountains.

FirstadjectiveUS /fɜːrst/

preceding all others in time or space or degree

From this reading Baron A. E. von Nordenskjöld.—First voyage 1858.—Accompanies succeeding Swedish expeditions.—Spitzbergen.—Voyage of _Sofia_.—1868.—Nordenskjöld’s journey to Greenland.—Voyage of the _Polhem_.—Attempt to reach the Pole by reindeer sledge.—Unexpected discouragements and disasters.—Voyage of the _Proven_.—1875.—The Kara Sea.—Journey repeated the following year.—In the _Ymer_.—Voyage of the _Vega_.

followingadjectiveUS /ˈfɑːloʊɪŋ/

about to be mentioned or specified

From this reading Baron A. E. von Nordenskjöld.—First voyage 1858.—Accompanies succeeding Swedish expeditions.—Spitzbergen.—Voyage of _Sofia_.—1868.—Nordenskjöld’s journey to Greenland.—Voyage of the _Polhem_.—Attempt to reach the Pole by reindeer sledge.—Unexpected discouragements and disasters.—Voyage of the _Proven_.—1875.—The Kara Sea.—Journey repeated the following year.—In the _Ymer_.—Voyage of the _Vega_.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading Baron Nordenskjöld’s scientific interest in polar research began as early as 1858, when he accompanied Otto Torell, chief geologist of Sweden, who sailed on the _Frithrop_ for Spitzbergen.

Frithrop

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Baron Nordenskjöld’s scientific interest in polar research began as early as 1858, when he accompanied Otto Torell, chief geologist of Sweden, who sailed on the _Frithrop_ for Spitzbergen.

geologistnounUS /dʒiˈɑːlədʒəst/

a specialist in geology

From this reading Baron Nordenskjöld’s scientific interest in polar research began as early as 1858, when he accompanied Otto Torell, chief geologist of Sweden, who sailed on the _Frithrop_ for Spitzbergen.

graduatingverbUS /ˈɡrædʒəweɪtɪŋ/

-ing form of “graduate” — receive an academic degree upon completion of one's studies

From this reading After graduating at Helsingfors in 1857, Nordenskjöld was himself appointed a professor of mineralogy at Stockholm.

GreenlandnounUS /ˈɡriːnlənd/

the largest island in the world; lies between the North Atlantic and the Arctic Ocean; a self-governing province of Denmark

From this reading Baron A. E. von Nordenskjöld.—First voyage 1858.—Accompanies succeeding Swedish expeditions.—Spitzbergen.—Voyage of _Sofia_.—1868.—Nordenskjöld’s journey to Greenland.—Voyage of the _Polhem_.—Attempt to reach the Pole by reindeer sledge.—Unexpected discouragements and disasters.—Voyage of the _Proven_.—1875.—The Kara Sea.—Journey repeated the following year.—In the _Ymer_.—Voyage of the _Vega_.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading Born in Helsingfors, Finland, November 18, 1832, he learned at an early age the thrill of adventure and the joys of research while accompanying his distinguished father on his mineralogical tours in the Ural Mountains.

Helsingforsnoun

the capital and largest city of Finland; located in southern Finland; a major port and commercial and cultural center

From this reading Born in Helsingfors, Finland, November 18, 1832, he learned at an early age the thrill of adventure and the joys of research while accompanying his distinguished father on his mineralogical tours in the Ural Mountains.

himselfpronounUS /hɪmˈself/

used when the man or boy doing the action is also its object

From this reading After graduating at Helsingfors in 1857, Nordenskjöld was himself appointed a professor of mineralogy at Stockholm.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading Born in Helsingfors, Finland, November 18, 1832, he learned at an early age the thrill of adventure and the joys of research while accompanying his distinguished father on his mineralogical tours in the Ural Mountains.

historynounUS /ˈhɪstəri/

the aggregate of past events

From this reading The career of Baron A. E. von Nordenskjöld is one of the most distinguished in Arctic history.

InprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Baron A. E. von Nordenskjöld.—First voyage 1858.—Accompanies succeeding Swedish expeditions.—Spitzbergen.—Voyage of _Sofia_.—1868.—Nordenskjöld’s journey to Greenland.—Voyage of the _Polhem_.—Attempt to reach the Pole by reindeer sledge.—Unexpected discouragements and disasters.—Voyage of the _Proven_.—1875.—The Kara Sea.—Journey repeated the following year.—In the _Ymer_.—Voyage of the _Vega_.

interestnounUS /ˈɪntrəst/

a sense of concern with and curiosity about someone or something

From this reading Baron Nordenskjöld’s scientific interest in polar research began as early as 1858, when he accompanied Otto Torell, chief geologist of Sweden, who sailed on the _Frithrop_ for Spitzbergen.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The career of Baron A. E. von Nordenskjöld is one of the most distinguished in Arctic history.

journeyverbUS /ˈdʒɜːrni/

undertake a journey or trip

From this reading Baron A. E. von Nordenskjöld.—First voyage 1858.—Accompanies succeeding Swedish expeditions.—Spitzbergen.—Voyage of _Sofia_.—1868.—Nordenskjöld’s journey to Greenland.—Voyage of the _Polhem_.—Attempt to reach the Pole by reindeer sledge.—Unexpected discouragements and disasters.—Voyage of the _Proven_.—1875.—The Kara Sea.—Journey repeated the following year.—In the _Ymer_.—Voyage of the _Vega_.

joysnounUS /dʒɔɪz/

plural of “joy” — the emotion of great happiness

From this reading Born in Helsingfors, Finland, November 18, 1832, he learned at an early age the thrill of adventure and the joys of research while accompanying his distinguished father on his mineralogical tours in the Ural Mountains.

Kara

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Baron A. E. von Nordenskjöld.—First voyage 1858.—Accompanies succeeding Swedish expeditions.—Spitzbergen.—Voyage of _Sofia_.—1868.—Nordenskjöld’s journey to Greenland.—Voyage of the _Polhem_.—Attempt to reach the Pole by reindeer sledge.—Unexpected discouragements and disasters.—Voyage of the _Proven_.—1875.—The Kara Sea.—Journey repeated the following year.—In the _Ymer_.—Voyage of the _Vega_.

learnedadjectiveUS /lɜːrnd/

having or showing profound knowledge

From this reading Born in Helsingfors, Finland, November 18, 1832, he learned at an early age the thrill of adventure and the joys of research while accompanying his distinguished father on his mineralogical tours in the Ural Mountains.

mineralogical

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Born in Helsingfors, Finland, November 18, 1832, he learned at an early age the thrill of adventure and the joys of research while accompanying his distinguished father on his mineralogical tours in the Ural Mountains.

mineralogynounUS /ˌmɪnərˈɑːlədʒi/

the branch of geology that studies minerals: their structure and properties and the ways of distinguishing them

From this reading After graduating at Helsingfors in 1857, Nordenskjöld was himself appointed a professor of mineralogy at Stockholm.

mostadverbUS /moʊst/

used to form the superlative

From this reading The career of Baron A. E. von Nordenskjöld is one of the most distinguished in Arctic history.

MountainsnounUS /ˈmaʊntənz/

plural of “mountain” — a land mass that projects well above its surroundings; higher than a hill

From this reading Born in Helsingfors, Finland, November 18, 1832, he learned at an early age the thrill of adventure and the joys of research while accompanying his distinguished father on his mineralogical tours in the Ural Mountains.

Nordenskjöld

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Baron A. E. von Nordenskjöld.—First voyage 1858.—Accompanies succeeding Swedish expeditions.—Spitzbergen.—Voyage of _Sofia_.—1868.—Nordenskjöld’s journey to Greenland.—Voyage of the _Polhem_.—Attempt to reach the Pole by reindeer sledge.—Unexpected discouragements and disasters.—Voyage of the _Proven_.—1875.—The Kara Sea.—Journey repeated the following year.—In the _Ymer_.—Voyage of the _Vega_.

Nordenskjöld's

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Baron A. E. von Nordenskjöld.—First voyage 1858.—Accompanies succeeding Swedish expeditions.—Spitzbergen.—Voyage of _Sofia_.—1868.—Nordenskjöld’s journey to Greenland.—Voyage of the _Polhem_.—Attempt to reach the Pole by reindeer sledge.—Unexpected discouragements and disasters.—Voyage of the _Proven_.—1875.—The Kara Sea.—Journey repeated the following year.—In the _Ymer_.—Voyage of the _Vega_.

NovembernounUS /noʊˈvembər/

the month following October and preceding December

From this reading Born in Helsingfors, Finland, November 18, 1832, he learned at an early age the thrill of adventure and the joys of research while accompanying his distinguished father on his mineralogical tours in the Ural Mountains.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading Baron A. E. von Nordenskjöld.—First voyage 1858.—Accompanies succeeding Swedish expeditions.—Spitzbergen.—Voyage of _Sofia_.—1868.—Nordenskjöld’s journey to Greenland.—Voyage of the _Polhem_.—Attempt to reach the Pole by reindeer sledge.—Unexpected discouragements and disasters.—Voyage of the _Proven_.—1875.—The Kara Sea.—Journey repeated the following year.—In the _Ymer_.—Voyage of the _Vega_.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading Born in Helsingfors, Finland, November 18, 1832, he learned at an early age the thrill of adventure and the joys of research while accompanying his distinguished father on his mineralogical tours in the Ural Mountains.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading The career of Baron A. E. von Nordenskjöld is one of the most distinguished in Arctic history.

Otto

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From this reading Baron Nordenskjöld’s scientific interest in polar research began as early as 1858, when he accompanied Otto Torell, chief geologist of Sweden, who sailed on the _Frithrop_ for Spitzbergen.

polaradjectiveUS /ˈpoʊlər/

having a pair of equal and opposite charges

From this reading Baron Nordenskjöld’s scientific interest in polar research began as early as 1858, when he accompanied Otto Torell, chief geologist of Sweden, who sailed on the _Frithrop_ for Spitzbergen.

PolenounUS /poʊl/

a long (usually round) rod of wood or metal or plastic

From this reading Baron A. E. von Nordenskjöld.—First voyage 1858.—Accompanies succeeding Swedish expeditions.—Spitzbergen.—Voyage of _Sofia_.—1868.—Nordenskjöld’s journey to Greenland.—Voyage of the _Polhem_.—Attempt to reach the Pole by reindeer sledge.—Unexpected discouragements and disasters.—Voyage of the _Proven_.—1875.—The Kara Sea.—Journey repeated the following year.—In the _Ymer_.—Voyage of the _Vega_.

Polhem

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From this reading Baron A. E. von Nordenskjöld.—First voyage 1858.—Accompanies succeeding Swedish expeditions.—Spitzbergen.—Voyage of _Sofia_.—1868.—Nordenskjöld’s journey to Greenland.—Voyage of the _Polhem_.—Attempt to reach the Pole by reindeer sledge.—Unexpected discouragements and disasters.—Voyage of the _Proven_.—1875.—The Kara Sea.—Journey repeated the following year.—In the _Ymer_.—Voyage of the _Vega_.

professornounUS /prəˈfesər/

someone who is a member of the faculty at a college or university

From this reading After graduating at Helsingfors in 1857, Nordenskjöld was himself appointed a professor of mineralogy at Stockholm.

ProvenadjectiveUS /ˈpruːvən/

established beyond doubt

From this reading Baron A. E. von Nordenskjöld.—First voyage 1858.—Accompanies succeeding Swedish expeditions.—Spitzbergen.—Voyage of _Sofia_.—1868.—Nordenskjöld’s journey to Greenland.—Voyage of the _Polhem_.—Attempt to reach the Pole by reindeer sledge.—Unexpected discouragements and disasters.—Voyage of the _Proven_.—1875.—The Kara Sea.—Journey repeated the following year.—In the _Ymer_.—Voyage of the _Vega_.

reachverbUS /riːtʃ/

reach a destination, either real or abstract

From this reading Baron A. E. von Nordenskjöld.—First voyage 1858.—Accompanies succeeding Swedish expeditions.—Spitzbergen.—Voyage of _Sofia_.—1868.—Nordenskjöld’s journey to Greenland.—Voyage of the _Polhem_.—Attempt to reach the Pole by reindeer sledge.—Unexpected discouragements and disasters.—Voyage of the _Proven_.—1875.—The Kara Sea.—Journey repeated the following year.—In the _Ymer_.—Voyage of the _Vega_.

reindeernounUS /ˈreɪndɪr/

Arctic deer with large antlers in both sexes; called “reindeer” in Eurasia and “caribou” in North America

From this reading Baron A. E. von Nordenskjöld.—First voyage 1858.—Accompanies succeeding Swedish expeditions.—Spitzbergen.—Voyage of _Sofia_.—1868.—Nordenskjöld’s journey to Greenland.—Voyage of the _Polhem_.—Attempt to reach the Pole by reindeer sledge.—Unexpected discouragements and disasters.—Voyage of the _Proven_.—1875.—The Kara Sea.—Journey repeated the following year.—In the _Ymer_.—Voyage of the _Vega_.

repeatedadjectiveUS /rɪˈpiːtɪd/

recurring again and again

From this reading Baron A. E. von Nordenskjöld.—First voyage 1858.—Accompanies succeeding Swedish expeditions.—Spitzbergen.—Voyage of _Sofia_.—1868.—Nordenskjöld’s journey to Greenland.—Voyage of the _Polhem_.—Attempt to reach the Pole by reindeer sledge.—Unexpected discouragements and disasters.—Voyage of the _Proven_.—1875.—The Kara Sea.—Journey repeated the following year.—In the _Ymer_.—Voyage of the _Vega_.

researchnounUS /riˈsɜːrtʃ/

systematic investigation to establish facts

From this reading Born in Helsingfors, Finland, November 18, 1832, he learned at an early age the thrill of adventure and the joys of research while accompanying his distinguished father on his mineralogical tours in the Ural Mountains.

sailedverbUS /seɪld/

past form of “sail” — traverse or travel on (a body of water)

From this reading Baron Nordenskjöld’s scientific interest in polar research began as early as 1858, when he accompanied Otto Torell, chief geologist of Sweden, who sailed on the _Frithrop_ for Spitzbergen.

scientificadjectiveUS /ˌsaɪənˈtɪfɪk/

of or relating to the practice of science

From this reading Baron Nordenskjöld’s scientific interest in polar research began as early as 1858, when he accompanied Otto Torell, chief geologist of Sweden, who sailed on the _Frithrop_ for Spitzbergen.

SeanounUS /siː/

a division of an ocean or a large body of salt water partially enclosed by land

From this reading Baron A. E. von Nordenskjöld.—First voyage 1858.—Accompanies succeeding Swedish expeditions.—Spitzbergen.—Voyage of _Sofia_.—1868.—Nordenskjöld’s journey to Greenland.—Voyage of the _Polhem_.—Attempt to reach the Pole by reindeer sledge.—Unexpected discouragements and disasters.—Voyage of the _Proven_.—1875.—The Kara Sea.—Journey repeated the following year.—In the _Ymer_.—Voyage of the _Vega_.

sledgeverbUS /sledʒ/

transport in a sleigh

From this reading Baron A. E. von Nordenskjöld.—First voyage 1858.—Accompanies succeeding Swedish expeditions.—Spitzbergen.—Voyage of _Sofia_.—1868.—Nordenskjöld’s journey to Greenland.—Voyage of the _Polhem_.—Attempt to reach the Pole by reindeer sledge.—Unexpected discouragements and disasters.—Voyage of the _Proven_.—1875.—The Kara Sea.—Journey repeated the following year.—In the _Ymer_.—Voyage of the _Vega_.

SofianounUS /soʊˈfiːə/

capital and largest city of Bulgaria located in western Bulgaria

From this reading Baron A. E. von Nordenskjöld.—First voyage 1858.—Accompanies succeeding Swedish expeditions.—Spitzbergen.—Voyage of _Sofia_.—1868.—Nordenskjöld’s journey to Greenland.—Voyage of the _Polhem_.—Attempt to reach the Pole by reindeer sledge.—Unexpected discouragements and disasters.—Voyage of the _Proven_.—1875.—The Kara Sea.—Journey repeated the following year.—In the _Ymer_.—Voyage of the _Vega_.

Spitzbergennoun

islands in the Svalbard archipelago to the east of northern Greenland; belonging to Norway

From this reading Baron A. E. von Nordenskjöld.—First voyage 1858.—Accompanies succeeding Swedish expeditions.—Spitzbergen.—Voyage of _Sofia_.—1868.—Nordenskjöld’s journey to Greenland.—Voyage of the _Polhem_.—Attempt to reach the Pole by reindeer sledge.—Unexpected discouragements and disasters.—Voyage of the _Proven_.—1875.—The Kara Sea.—Journey repeated the following year.—In the _Ymer_.—Voyage of the _Vega_.

StockholmnounUS /ˈstɑːkhoʊlm/

the capital and largest city of Sweden; located in southern Sweden on the Baltic

From this reading After graduating at Helsingfors in 1857, Nordenskjöld was himself appointed a professor of mineralogy at Stockholm.

succeedingadjectiveUS /səkˈsiːdɪŋ/

coming after or following

From this reading Baron A. E. von Nordenskjöld.—First voyage 1858.—Accompanies succeeding Swedish expeditions.—Spitzbergen.—Voyage of _Sofia_.—1868.—Nordenskjöld’s journey to Greenland.—Voyage of the _Polhem_.—Attempt to reach the Pole by reindeer sledge.—Unexpected discouragements and disasters.—Voyage of the _Proven_.—1875.—The Kara Sea.—Journey repeated the following year.—In the _Ymer_.—Voyage of the _Vega_.

SwedennounUS /ˈswiːdən/

a Scandinavian kingdom in the eastern part of the Scandinavian Peninsula

From this reading Baron Nordenskjöld’s scientific interest in polar research began as early as 1858, when he accompanied Otto Torell, chief geologist of Sweden, who sailed on the _Frithrop_ for Spitzbergen.

SwedishadjectiveUS /ˈswiːdɪʃ/

of or relating to or characteristic of Sweden or its people or culture or language

From this reading Baron A. E. von Nordenskjöld.—First voyage 1858.—Accompanies succeeding Swedish expeditions.—Spitzbergen.—Voyage of _Sofia_.—1868.—Nordenskjöld’s journey to Greenland.—Voyage of the _Polhem_.—Attempt to reach the Pole by reindeer sledge.—Unexpected discouragements and disasters.—Voyage of the _Proven_.—1875.—The Kara Sea.—Journey repeated the following year.—In the _Ymer_.—Voyage of the _Vega_.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading Baron A. E. von Nordenskjöld.—First voyage 1858.—Accompanies succeeding Swedish expeditions.—Spitzbergen.—Voyage of _Sofia_.—1868.—Nordenskjöld’s journey to Greenland.—Voyage of the _Polhem_.—Attempt to reach the Pole by reindeer sledge.—Unexpected discouragements and disasters.—Voyage of the _Proven_.—1875.—The Kara Sea.—Journey repeated the following year.—In the _Ymer_.—Voyage of the _Vega_.

thrillnounUS /θrɪl/

the swift release of a store of affective force

From this reading Born in Helsingfors, Finland, November 18, 1832, he learned at an early age the thrill of adventure and the joys of research while accompanying his distinguished father on his mineralogical tours in the Ural Mountains.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Baron A. E. von Nordenskjöld.—First voyage 1858.—Accompanies succeeding Swedish expeditions.—Spitzbergen.—Voyage of _Sofia_.—1868.—Nordenskjöld’s journey to Greenland.—Voyage of the _Polhem_.—Attempt to reach the Pole by reindeer sledge.—Unexpected discouragements and disasters.—Voyage of the _Proven_.—1875.—The Kara Sea.—Journey repeated the following year.—In the _Ymer_.—Voyage of the _Vega_.

Torell

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Baron Nordenskjöld’s scientific interest in polar research began as early as 1858, when he accompanied Otto Torell, chief geologist of Sweden, who sailed on the _Frithrop_ for Spitzbergen.

toursnounUS /tʊrz/

an industrial city in western France on the Loire River

From this reading Born in Helsingfors, Finland, November 18, 1832, he learned at an early age the thrill of adventure and the joys of research while accompanying his distinguished father on his mineralogical tours in the Ural Mountains.

UnexpectedadjectiveUS /ˌʌnɪkˈspektɪd/

not expected or anticipated

From this reading Baron A. E. von Nordenskjöld.—First voyage 1858.—Accompanies succeeding Swedish expeditions.—Spitzbergen.—Voyage of _Sofia_.—1868.—Nordenskjöld’s journey to Greenland.—Voyage of the _Polhem_.—Attempt to reach the Pole by reindeer sledge.—Unexpected discouragements and disasters.—Voyage of the _Proven_.—1875.—The Kara Sea.—Journey repeated the following year.—In the _Ymer_.—Voyage of the _Vega_.

Ural

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Born in Helsingfors, Finland, November 18, 1832, he learned at an early age the thrill of adventure and the joys of research while accompanying his distinguished father on his mineralogical tours in the Ural Mountains.

VeganounUS /ˈveɪɡə/

prolific Spanish playwright (1562-1635)

From this reading Baron A. E. von Nordenskjöld.—First voyage 1858.—Accompanies succeeding Swedish expeditions.—Spitzbergen.—Voyage of _Sofia_.—1868.—Nordenskjöld’s journey to Greenland.—Voyage of the _Polhem_.—Attempt to reach the Pole by reindeer sledge.—Unexpected discouragements and disasters.—Voyage of the _Proven_.—1875.—The Kara Sea.—Journey repeated the following year.—In the _Ymer_.—Voyage of the _Vega_.

von

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Baron A. E. von Nordenskjöld.—First voyage 1858.—Accompanies succeeding Swedish expeditions.—Spitzbergen.—Voyage of _Sofia_.—1868.—Nordenskjöld’s journey to Greenland.—Voyage of the _Polhem_.—Attempt to reach the Pole by reindeer sledge.—Unexpected discouragements and disasters.—Voyage of the _Proven_.—1875.—The Kara Sea.—Journey repeated the following year.—In the _Ymer_.—Voyage of the _Vega_.

voyagenounUS /ˈvɔɪədʒ/

an act of traveling by water

From this reading Baron A. E. von Nordenskjöld.—First voyage 1858.—Accompanies succeeding Swedish expeditions.—Spitzbergen.—Voyage of _Sofia_.—1868.—Nordenskjöld’s journey to Greenland.—Voyage of the _Polhem_.—Attempt to reach the Pole by reindeer sledge.—Unexpected discouragements and disasters.—Voyage of the _Proven_.—1875.—The Kara Sea.—Journey repeated the following year.—In the _Ymer_.—Voyage of the _Vega_.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading After graduating at Helsingfors in 1857, Nordenskjöld was himself appointed a professor of mineralogy at Stockholm.

whenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading Baron Nordenskjöld’s scientific interest in polar research began as early as 1858, when he accompanied Otto Torell, chief geologist of Sweden, who sailed on the _Frithrop_ for Spitzbergen.

whileconjunctionUS /waɪl/

during the time that

From this reading Born in Helsingfors, Finland, November 18, 1832, he learned at an early age the thrill of adventure and the joys of research while accompanying his distinguished father on his mineralogical tours in the Ural Mountains.

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading Baron Nordenskjöld’s scientific interest in polar research began as early as 1858, when he accompanied Otto Torell, chief geologist of Sweden, who sailed on the _Frithrop_ for Spitzbergen.

yearnounUS /jɪr/

a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days

From this reading Baron A. E. von Nordenskjöld.—First voyage 1858.—Accompanies succeeding Swedish expeditions.—Spitzbergen.—Voyage of _Sofia_.—1868.—Nordenskjöld’s journey to Greenland.—Voyage of the _Polhem_.—Attempt to reach the Pole by reindeer sledge.—Unexpected discouragements and disasters.—Voyage of the _Proven_.—1875.—The Kara Sea.—Journey repeated the following year.—In the _Ymer_.—Voyage of the _Vega_.

Ymer

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Baron A. E. von Nordenskjöld.—First voyage 1858.—Accompanies succeeding Swedish expeditions.—Spitzbergen.—Voyage of _Sofia_.—1868.—Nordenskjöld’s journey to Greenland.—Voyage of the _Polhem_.—Attempt to reach the Pole by reindeer sledge.—Unexpected discouragements and disasters.—Voyage of the _Proven_.—1875.—The Kara Sea.—Journey repeated the following year.—In the _Ymer_.—Voyage of the _Vega_.

Chapter 17 of The Great White North The story of polar exploration from the earliest by Helen S. (Helen Saunders) Wright holds 132 sentences, grouped into 27 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

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Vocabulary met early in The Great White North The story of polar exploration from the earliest

Words and structures a reader meets early in The Great White North The story of polar exploration from the earliest, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Electrotyped
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Published
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October
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Norwood
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