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The Guns of Bull Run
The Guns of Bull Run

Chapter IV · Chapter 4

Chapter 4 of The Guns of Bull Run is here in full — 280 sentences across 56 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/56 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
THE NEW PRESIDENT Their great day came.
Clear sunlight shone over the town, the hills and the brown waters of the Alabama.
It was a peculiarly Southern country, different, Harry thought, from his own Kentucky, more enthusiastic, perhaps, and less prone to count the cost.
The people had come not only on the railroad, but they were arriving now from far places in wagons and on horseback.
Men of distinction, almost universally, wore black clothes, the coats very long, black slouch hats, wide of brim, and white shirts with glistening or heavily ruffled fronts.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The Guns of Bull Run

Chapter IV · Chapter 4

Chapter 4 of The Guns of Bull Run is here in full — 280 sentences across 56 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/56 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
THE NEW PRESIDENT Their great day came.
/ðə nuː ˈprezədent ðer ɡreɪt deɪ keɪm/
Line 2
Clear sunlight shone over the town, the hills and the brown waters of the Alabama.
/klɪr ˈsʌnlaɪt ʃoʊn ˈoʊvər ðə taʊn ðə hɪlz ənd ðə braʊn ˈwɔːtərz ʌv ðə ˌæləˈbæmə/
Line 3
It was a peculiarly Southern country, different, Harry thought, from his own Kentucky, more enthusiastic, perhaps, and less prone to count the cost.
/ɪt wɑːz ə pɪˈkjuːljərli ˈsʌðərn ˈkʌntri ˈdɪfərənt ˈheri θɔːt frʌm hɪz oʊn kənˈtʌki mɔːr ɪnˌθuːziˈæstɪk pərˈhæps ənd les proʊn tuː kaʊnt ðə kɑːst/
Line 4
The people had come not only on the railroad, but they were arriving now from far places in wagons and on horseback.
/ðə ˈpiːpəl hæd kʌm nɑːt ˈoʊnli ɑːn ðə ˈreɪlroʊd bʌt ðeɪ wɜːr ərˈaɪvɪŋ naʊ frʌm fɑːr ˈpleɪsəz ɪn ˈwæɡənz ənd ɑːn ˈhɔːrsbæk/
Line 5
Men of distinction, almost universally, wore black clothes, the coats very long, black slouch hats, wide of brim, and white shirts with glistening or heavily ruffled fronts.
/men ʌv dɪˈstɪŋkʃən ˈɔːlmoʊst ˌjuːnəˈvɜːrsəli wɔːr blæk kloʊðz ðə koʊts ˈveri lɔːŋ blæk slaʊtʃ hæts waɪd ʌv brɪm ənd waɪt ʃɜːrts wɪð ˈɡlɪsənɪŋ ɔːr ˈhevəli ˈrʌfəld frʌnts/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

Alabama noun US /ˌæləˈbæmə/

a state in the southeastern United States on the Gulf of Mexico; one of the Confederate states during the American Civil War

From this reading “Clear sunlight shone over the town, the hills and the brown waters of the Alabama.”

brim noun US /brɪm/

the top edge of a vessel or other container

From this reading “Men of distinction, almost universally, wore black clothes, the coats very long, black slouch hats, wide of brim, and white shirts with glistening or heavily ruffled fronts.”

fronts noun US /frʌnts/

plural of “front” — the side that is forward or prominent

From this reading “Men of distinction, almost universally, wore black clothes, the coats very long, black slouch hats, wide of brim, and white shirts with glistening or heavily ruffled fronts.”

Kentucky noun US /kənˈtʌki/

a state in east central United States; a border state during the American Civil War; famous for breeding race horses

From this reading “It was a peculiarly Southern country, different, Harry thought, from his own Kentucky, more enthusiastic, perhaps, and less prone to count the cost.”

ruffled adjective US /ˈrʌfəld/

shaken into waves or undulations as by wind

From this reading “Men of distinction, almost universally, wore black clothes, the coats very long, black slouch hats, wide of brim, and white shirts with glistening or heavily ruffled fronts.”

shirts noun US /ʃɜːrts/

plural of “shirt” — a garment worn on the upper half of the body

From this reading “Men of distinction, almost universally, wore black clothes, the coats very long, black slouch hats, wide of brim, and white shirts with glistening or heavily ruffled fronts.”

slouch noun US /slaʊtʃ/

an incompetent person; usually used in negative constructions

From this reading “Men of distinction, almost universally, wore black clothes, the coats very long, black slouch hats, wide of brim, and white shirts with glistening or heavily ruffled fronts.”

universally adverb US /ˌjuːnəˈvɜːrsəli/

everywhere

From this reading “Men of distinction, almost universally, wore black clothes, the coats very long, black slouch hats, wide of brim, and white shirts with glistening or heavily ruffled fronts.”

All words in this reading · 78

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading It was a peculiarly Southern country, different, Harry thought, from his own Kentucky, more enthusiastic, perhaps, and less prone to count the cost.

AlabamanounUS /ˌæləˈbæmə/

a state in the southeastern United States on the Gulf of Mexico; one of the Confederate states during the American Civil War

From this reading Clear sunlight shone over the town, the hills and the brown waters of the Alabama.

almostadverbUS /ˈɔːlmoʊst/

(of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but

From this reading Men of distinction, almost universally, wore black clothes, the coats very long, black slouch hats, wide of brim, and white shirts with glistening or heavily ruffled fronts.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Clear sunlight shone over the town, the hills and the brown waters of the Alabama.

arrivingverbUS /ərˈaɪvɪŋ/

-ing form of “arrive” — reach a destination; arrive by movement or progress

From this reading The people had come not only on the railroad, but they were arriving now from far places in wagons and on horseback.

blackadjectiveUS /blæk/

being of the achromatic color of maximum darkness; having little or no hue owing to absorption of almost all incident light

From this reading Men of distinction, almost universally, wore black clothes, the coats very long, black slouch hats, wide of brim, and white shirts with glistening or heavily ruffled fronts.

brimnounUS /brɪm/

the top edge of a vessel or other container

From this reading Men of distinction, almost universally, wore black clothes, the coats very long, black slouch hats, wide of brim, and white shirts with glistening or heavily ruffled fronts.

brownnounUS /braʊn/

an orange of low brightness and saturation

From this reading Clear sunlight shone over the town, the hills and the brown waters of the Alabama.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading The people had come not only on the railroad, but they were arriving now from far places in wagons and on horseback.

cameverbUS /keɪm/

inflected form of “come” — move toward, travel toward something or somebody or approach something or somebody

From this reading THE NEW PRESIDENT Their great day came.

ClearverbUS /klɪr/

rid of obstructions

From this reading Clear sunlight shone over the town, the hills and the brown waters of the Alabama.

clothesnounUS /kloʊðz/

clothing in general

From this reading Men of distinction, almost universally, wore black clothes, the coats very long, black slouch hats, wide of brim, and white shirts with glistening or heavily ruffled fronts.

coatsnounUS /koʊts/

plural of “coat” — an outer garment that has sleeves and covers the body from shoulder down; worn outdoors

From this reading Men of distinction, almost universally, wore black clothes, the coats very long, black slouch hats, wide of brim, and white shirts with glistening or heavily ruffled fronts.

comeverbUS /kʌm/

move toward, travel toward something or somebody or approach something or somebody

From this reading The people had come not only on the railroad, but they were arriving now from far places in wagons and on horseback.

costnounUS /kɑːst/

the total spent for goods or services including money and time and labor

From this reading It was a peculiarly Southern country, different, Harry thought, from his own Kentucky, more enthusiastic, perhaps, and less prone to count the cost.

countverbUS /kaʊnt/

determine the number or amount of

From this reading It was a peculiarly Southern country, different, Harry thought, from his own Kentucky, more enthusiastic, perhaps, and less prone to count the cost.

countrynounUS /ˈkʌntri/

a politically organized body of people under a single government

From this reading It was a peculiarly Southern country, different, Harry thought, from his own Kentucky, more enthusiastic, perhaps, and less prone to count the cost.

daynounUS /deɪ/

time for Earth to make a complete rotation on its axis

From this reading THE NEW PRESIDENT Their great day came.

differentadjectiveUS /ˈdɪfərənt/

unlike in nature or quality or form or degree

From this reading It was a peculiarly Southern country, different, Harry thought, from his own Kentucky, more enthusiastic, perhaps, and less prone to count the cost.

distinctionnounUS /dɪˈstɪŋkʃən/

a discrimination between things as different and distinct on the basis of their characteristics or attributes

From this reading Men of distinction, almost universally, wore black clothes, the coats very long, black slouch hats, wide of brim, and white shirts with glistening or heavily ruffled fronts.

enthusiasticadjectiveUS /ɪnˌθuːziˈæstɪk/

having or showing great excitement and interest

From this reading It was a peculiarly Southern country, different, Harry thought, from his own Kentucky, more enthusiastic, perhaps, and less prone to count the cost.

faradverbUS /fɑːr/

to a considerable degree; very much

From this reading The people had come not only on the railroad, but they were arriving now from far places in wagons and on horseback.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading It was a peculiarly Southern country, different, Harry thought, from his own Kentucky, more enthusiastic, perhaps, and less prone to count the cost.

frontsnounUS /frʌnts/

plural of “front” — the side that is forward or prominent

From this reading Men of distinction, almost universally, wore black clothes, the coats very long, black slouch hats, wide of brim, and white shirts with glistening or heavily ruffled fronts.

glisteningadjectiveUS /ˈɡlɪsənɪŋ/

reflecting light

From this reading Men of distinction, almost universally, wore black clothes, the coats very long, black slouch hats, wide of brim, and white shirts with glistening or heavily ruffled fronts.

greatadjectiveUS /ɡreɪt/

relatively large in size or number or extent; larger than others of its kind

From this reading THE NEW PRESIDENT Their great day came.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading The people had come not only on the railroad, but they were arriving now from far places in wagons and on horseback.

HarryverbUS /ˈheri/

annoy continually or chronically

From this reading It was a peculiarly Southern country, different, Harry thought, from his own Kentucky, more enthusiastic, perhaps, and less prone to count the cost.

hatsnounUS /hæts/

plural of “hat” — headdress that protects the head from bad weather; has shaped crown and usually a brim

From this reading Men of distinction, almost universally, wore black clothes, the coats very long, black slouch hats, wide of brim, and white shirts with glistening or heavily ruffled fronts.

heavilyadverbUS /ˈhevəli/

to a considerable degree

From this reading Men of distinction, almost universally, wore black clothes, the coats very long, black slouch hats, wide of brim, and white shirts with glistening or heavily ruffled fronts.

hillsnounUS /hɪlz/

plural of “hill” — a local and well-defined elevation of the land

From this reading Clear sunlight shone over the town, the hills and the brown waters of the Alabama.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading It was a peculiarly Southern country, different, Harry thought, from his own Kentucky, more enthusiastic, perhaps, and less prone to count the cost.

horsebacknounUS /ˈhɔːrsbæk/

the back of a horse

From this reading The people had come not only on the railroad, but they were arriving now from far places in wagons and on horseback.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading The people had come not only on the railroad, but they were arriving now from far places in wagons and on horseback.

ItpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading It was a peculiarly Southern country, different, Harry thought, from his own Kentucky, more enthusiastic, perhaps, and less prone to count the cost.

KentuckynounUS /kənˈtʌki/

a state in east central United States; a border state during the American Civil War; famous for breeding race horses

From this reading It was a peculiarly Southern country, different, Harry thought, from his own Kentucky, more enthusiastic, perhaps, and less prone to count the cost.

lessadverbUS /les/

used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs

From this reading It was a peculiarly Southern country, different, Harry thought, from his own Kentucky, more enthusiastic, perhaps, and less prone to count the cost.

longadjectiveUS /lɔːŋ/

primarily temporal sense; being or indicating a relatively great or greater than average duration or passage of time or a duration as specified

From this reading Men of distinction, almost universally, wore black clothes, the coats very long, black slouch hats, wide of brim, and white shirts with glistening or heavily ruffled fronts.

MennounUS /men/

the force of workers available

From this reading Men of distinction, almost universally, wore black clothes, the coats very long, black slouch hats, wide of brim, and white shirts with glistening or heavily ruffled fronts.

moreadjectiveUS /mɔːr/

(comparative of “much” used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree

From this reading It was a peculiarly Southern country, different, Harry thought, from his own Kentucky, more enthusiastic, perhaps, and less prone to count the cost.

NEWadjectiveUS /nuː/

not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered

From this reading THE NEW PRESIDENT Their great day came.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading The people had come not only on the railroad, but they were arriving now from far places in wagons and on horseback.

nowadverbUS /naʊ/

in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events

From this reading The people had come not only on the railroad, but they were arriving now from far places in wagons and on horseback.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading Clear sunlight shone over the town, the hills and the brown waters of the Alabama.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading The people had come not only on the railroad, but they were arriving now from far places in wagons and on horseback.

onlyadverbUS /ˈoʊnli/

and nothing more

From this reading The people had come not only on the railroad, but they were arriving now from far places in wagons and on horseback.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading Men of distinction, almost universally, wore black clothes, the coats very long, black slouch hats, wide of brim, and white shirts with glistening or heavily ruffled fronts.

overprepositionUS /ˈoʊvər/

above and across; more than

From this reading Clear sunlight shone over the town, the hills and the brown waters of the Alabama.

ownverbUS /oʊn/

have ownership or possession of

From this reading It was a peculiarly Southern country, different, Harry thought, from his own Kentucky, more enthusiastic, perhaps, and less prone to count the cost.

peculiarlyadverbUS /pɪˈkjuːljərli/

uniquely or characteristically

From this reading It was a peculiarly Southern country, different, Harry thought, from his own Kentucky, more enthusiastic, perhaps, and less prone to count the cost.

peoplenounUS /ˈpiːpəl/

(plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively

From this reading The people had come not only on the railroad, but they were arriving now from far places in wagons and on horseback.

perhapsadverbUS /pərˈhæps/

by chance

From this reading It was a peculiarly Southern country, different, Harry thought, from his own Kentucky, more enthusiastic, perhaps, and less prone to count the cost.

placesnounUS /ˈpleɪsəz/

plural of “place” — a point located with respect to surface features of some region

From this reading The people had come not only on the railroad, but they were arriving now from far places in wagons and on horseback.

PRESIDENTnounUS /ˈprezədent/

an executive officer of a firm or corporation

From this reading THE NEW PRESIDENT Their great day came.

proneadjectiveUS /proʊn/

having a tendency (to); often used in combination

From this reading It was a peculiarly Southern country, different, Harry thought, from his own Kentucky, more enthusiastic, perhaps, and less prone to count the cost.

railroadnounUS /ˈreɪlroʊd/

line that is the commercial organization responsible for operating a system of transportation for trains that pull passengers or freight

From this reading The people had come not only on the railroad, but they were arriving now from far places in wagons and on horseback.

ruffledadjectiveUS /ˈrʌfəld/

shaken into waves or undulations as by wind

From this reading Men of distinction, almost universally, wore black clothes, the coats very long, black slouch hats, wide of brim, and white shirts with glistening or heavily ruffled fronts.

shirtsnounUS /ʃɜːrts/

plural of “shirt” — a garment worn on the upper half of the body

From this reading Men of distinction, almost universally, wore black clothes, the coats very long, black slouch hats, wide of brim, and white shirts with glistening or heavily ruffled fronts.

shoneverbUS /ʃoʊn/

inflected form of “shine” — be bright by reflecting or casting light

From this reading Clear sunlight shone over the town, the hills and the brown waters of the Alabama.

slouchnounUS /slaʊtʃ/

an incompetent person; usually used in negative constructions

From this reading Men of distinction, almost universally, wore black clothes, the coats very long, black slouch hats, wide of brim, and white shirts with glistening or heavily ruffled fronts.

SouthernadjectiveUS /ˈsʌðərn/

in or characteristic of a region of the United States south of (approximately) the Mason-Dixon line

From this reading It was a peculiarly Southern country, different, Harry thought, from his own Kentucky, more enthusiastic, perhaps, and less prone to count the cost.

sunlightnounUS /ˈsʌnlaɪt/

the rays of the sun

From this reading Clear sunlight shone over the town, the hills and the brown waters of the Alabama.

THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading THE NEW PRESIDENT Their great day came.

TheirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading THE NEW PRESIDENT Their great day came.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading The people had come not only on the railroad, but they were arriving now from far places in wagons and on horseback.

thoughtnounUS /θɔːt/

the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about

From this reading It was a peculiarly Southern country, different, Harry thought, from his own Kentucky, more enthusiastic, perhaps, and less prone to count the cost.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading It was a peculiarly Southern country, different, Harry thought, from his own Kentucky, more enthusiastic, perhaps, and less prone to count the cost.

townnounUS /taʊn/

an urban area with a fixed boundary that is smaller than a city

From this reading Clear sunlight shone over the town, the hills and the brown waters of the Alabama.

universallyadverbUS /ˌjuːnəˈvɜːrsəli/

everywhere

From this reading Men of distinction, almost universally, wore black clothes, the coats very long, black slouch hats, wide of brim, and white shirts with glistening or heavily ruffled fronts.

veryadjectiveUS /ˈveri/

precisely as stated

From this reading Men of distinction, almost universally, wore black clothes, the coats very long, black slouch hats, wide of brim, and white shirts with glistening or heavily ruffled fronts.

wagonsnounUS /ˈwæɡənz/

plural of “wagon” — any of various kinds of wheeled vehicles drawn by an animal or a tractor

From this reading The people had come not only on the railroad, but they were arriving now from far places in wagons and on horseback.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading It was a peculiarly Southern country, different, Harry thought, from his own Kentucky, more enthusiastic, perhaps, and less prone to count the cost.

watersnounUS /ˈwɔːtərz/

United States actress and singer (1896-1977)

From this reading Clear sunlight shone over the town, the hills and the brown waters of the Alabama.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading The people had come not only on the railroad, but they were arriving now from far places in wagons and on horseback.

whitenounUS /waɪt/

a Caucasian

From this reading Men of distinction, almost universally, wore black clothes, the coats very long, black slouch hats, wide of brim, and white shirts with glistening or heavily ruffled fronts.

wideadjectiveUS /waɪd/

having great (or a certain) extent from one side to the other

From this reading Men of distinction, almost universally, wore black clothes, the coats very long, black slouch hats, wide of brim, and white shirts with glistening or heavily ruffled fronts.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading Men of distinction, almost universally, wore black clothes, the coats very long, black slouch hats, wide of brim, and white shirts with glistening or heavily ruffled fronts.

woreverbUS /wɔːr/

inflected form of “wear” — be dressed in

From this reading Men of distinction, almost universally, wore black clothes, the coats very long, black slouch hats, wide of brim, and white shirts with glistening or heavily ruffled fronts.

Chapter 4 of The Guns of Bull Run by Joseph A. (Joseph Alexander) Altsheler holds 280 sentences, grouped into 56 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the public-domain source, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 4 of The Guns of Bull Run contain?

Chapter 4 holds 280 sentences of The Guns of Bull Run, unabridged, divided into 56 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 4 of The Guns of Bull Run by Joseph A. (Joseph Alexander) Altsheler exactly as it stands in the public-domain source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 280 sentences, grouped into 56 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 4 of The Guns of Bull Run?

Work through the 56 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 56 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 4 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 4 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading The Guns of Bull Run

Common questions about reading The Guns of Bull Run by Joseph A. (Joseph Alexander) Altsheler on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of The Guns of Bull Run?

Yes. All 5159 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #3653 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of The Guns of Bull Run is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #3653, a public-domain edition. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does The Guns of Bull Run take to read?

About 429 minutes of reading across 1032 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read The Guns of Bull Run section by section

How to work through The Guns of Bull Run section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

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  2. Read one section

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  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in The Guns of Bull Run

Words and structures a reader meets early in The Guns of Bull Run, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Harry
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Guns of Bull Run; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Awakened
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Guns of Bull Run; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Father
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Guns of Bull Run; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Shaking
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Guns of Bull Run; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.