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The Hills and the Vale
The Hills and the Vale

Chapter IV

Chapter 4 of The Hills and the Vale is here in full — 459 sentences across 92 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for The Hills and the Vale
Context Illustration Reading 1/91 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
These, too, are in the ring-fence with the hills and woods, the yellow iris of the common, and the red-roofed farm-houses.
Besides which, there are beings infinitely higher--namely, men and women in village and hamlet, and more precious still, those little children with hobnail boots and clean jackets and pinafores, who go a-blackberrying on their way to school.
All these are in the ring-fence.
Upon their physical destinies the Squire can exercise a powerful influence, and has done so, as the school itself testifies.
Now, is not a large estate a living picture?
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The Hills and the Vale

Chapter IV

Chapter 4 of The Hills and the Vale is here in full — 459 sentences across 92 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/91 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
These, too, are in the ring-fence with the hills and woods, the yellow iris of the common, and the red-roofed farm-houses.
Line 2
Besides which, there are beings infinitely higher--namely, men and women in village and hamlet, and more precious still, those little children with hobnail boots and clean jackets and pinafores, who go a-blackberrying on their way to school.
Line 3
All these are in the ring-fence.
Line 4
Upon their physical destinies the Squire can exercise a powerful influence, and has done so, as the school itself testifies.
/əˈpɑːn ðer ˈfɪzɪkəl ˈdestəniz ðə skwaɪr kæn ˈeksərsaɪz ə ˈpaʊərfəl ˈɪnfluːəns ənd hæz dʌn soʊ æz ðə skuːl ˌɪtˈself ˈtestəfaɪz/
Line 5
Now, is not a large estate a living picture?
/naʊ ɪz nɑːt ə lɑːrdʒ ɪˈsteɪt ə ˈlɪvɪŋ ˈpɪktʃər/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

destinies noun US /ˈdestəniz/

plural of “destiny” — an event (or a course of events) that will inevitably happen in the future

From this reading “Upon their physical destinies the Squire can exercise a powerful influence, and has done so, as the school itself testifies.”

hamlet noun US /ˈhæmlət/

a community of people smaller than a village

From this reading “Besides which, there are beings infinitely higher--namely, men and women in village and hamlet, and more precious still, those little children with hobnail boots and clean jackets and pinafores, who go a-blackberrying on their way to school.”

hobnail noun US /ˈhɑːbneɪl/

a short nail with a thick head; used to protect the soles of boots

From this reading “Besides which, there are beings infinitely higher--namely, men and women in village and hamlet, and more precious still, those little children with hobnail boots and clean jackets and pinafores, who go a-blackberrying on their way to school.”

infinitely adverb US /ˈɪnfənətli/

without bounds

From this reading “Besides which, there are beings infinitely higher--namely, men and women in village and hamlet, and more precious still, those little children with hobnail boots and clean jackets and pinafores, who go a-blackberrying on their way to school.”

iris noun US /ˈaɪrəs/

plants with sword-shaped leaves and erect stalks bearing bright-colored flowers composed of three petals and three drooping sepals

From this reading “These, too, are in the ring-fence with the hills and woods, the yellow iris of the common, and the red-roofed farm-houses.”

jackets noun US /ˈdʒækɪts/

plural of “jacket” — a short coat

From this reading “Besides which, there are beings infinitely higher--namely, men and women in village and hamlet, and more precious still, those little children with hobnail boots and clean jackets and pinafores, who go a-blackberrying on their way to school.”

namely adverb US /ˈneɪmli/

as follows

From this reading “Besides which, there are beings infinitely higher--namely, men and women in village and hamlet, and more precious still, those little children with hobnail boots and clean jackets and pinafores, who go a-blackberrying on their way to school.”

testifies verb US /ˈtestəfaɪz/

third-person singular of “testify” — give testimony in a court of law

From this reading “Upon their physical destinies the Squire can exercise a powerful influence, and has done so, as the school itself testifies.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

powerful influence adjective + noun

In this reading “Upon their physical destinies the Squire can exercise a powerful influence, and has done so, as the school itself testifies.”

large estate adjective + noun

In this reading “Now, is not a large estate a living picture?”

little children adjective + noun counted as “little child”

In this reading “Besides which, there are beings infinitely higher--namely, men and women in village and hamlet, and more precious still, those little children with hobnail boots and clean jackets and pinafores, who go a-blackberrying on their way to school.”

living picture noun + noun

In this reading “Now, is not a large estate a living picture?”

All words in this reading · 69

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Upon their physical destinies the Squire can exercise a powerful influence, and has done so, as the school itself testifies.

a-blackberrying

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Besides which, there are beings infinitely higher--namely, men and women in village and hamlet, and more precious still, those little children with hobnail boots and clean jackets and pinafores, who go a-blackberrying on their way to school.

AlladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading All these are in the ring-fence.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading These, too, are in the ring-fence with the hills and woods, the yellow iris of the common, and the red-roofed farm-houses.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading These, too, are in the ring-fence with the hills and woods, the yellow iris of the common, and the red-roofed farm-houses.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading Upon their physical destinies the Squire can exercise a powerful influence, and has done so, as the school itself testifies.

beingsnounUS /ˈbiːɪŋz/

plural of “being” — the state or fact of existing

From this reading Besides which, there are beings infinitely higher--namely, men and women in village and hamlet, and more precious still, those little children with hobnail boots and clean jackets and pinafores, who go a-blackberrying on their way to school.

BesidesprepositionUS /bɪˈsaɪdz/

in addition to; as well as

From this reading Besides which, there are beings infinitely higher--namely, men and women in village and hamlet, and more precious still, those little children with hobnail boots and clean jackets and pinafores, who go a-blackberrying on their way to school.

bootsnounUS /buːts/

plural of “boot” — footwear that covers the whole foot and lower leg

From this reading Besides which, there are beings infinitely higher--namely, men and women in village and hamlet, and more precious still, those little children with hobnail boots and clean jackets and pinafores, who go a-blackberrying on their way to school.

canmodal verbUS /kæn/

to be able to, or to be allowed to

From this reading Upon their physical destinies the Squire can exercise a powerful influence, and has done so, as the school itself testifies.

childrennounUS /ˈtʃɪldrən/

plural of “child” — a young person of either sex

From this reading Besides which, there are beings infinitely higher--namely, men and women in village and hamlet, and more precious still, those little children with hobnail boots and clean jackets and pinafores, who go a-blackberrying on their way to school.

cleanadjectiveUS /kliːn/

free from dirt or impurities; or having clean habits

From this reading Besides which, there are beings infinitely higher--namely, men and women in village and hamlet, and more precious still, those little children with hobnail boots and clean jackets and pinafores, who go a-blackberrying on their way to school.

commonadjectiveUS /ˈkɑːmən/

belonging to or participated in by a community as a whole; public

From this reading These, too, are in the ring-fence with the hills and woods, the yellow iris of the common, and the red-roofed farm-houses.

destiniesnounUS /ˈdestəniz/

plural of “destiny” — an event (or a course of events) that will inevitably happen in the future

From this reading Upon their physical destinies the Squire can exercise a powerful influence, and has done so, as the school itself testifies.

doneadjectiveUS /dʌn/

having finished or arrived at completion

From this reading Upon their physical destinies the Squire can exercise a powerful influence, and has done so, as the school itself testifies.

estatenounUS /ɪˈsteɪt/

everything you own; all of your assets (whether real property or personal property) and liabilities

From this reading Now, is not a large estate a living picture?

exercisenounUS /ˈeksərsaɪz/

the activity of exerting your muscles in various ways to keep fit

From this reading Upon their physical destinies the Squire can exercise a powerful influence, and has done so, as the school itself testifies.

farm-houses

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading These, too, are in the ring-fence with the hills and woods, the yellow iris of the common, and the red-roofed farm-houses.

goverbUS /ɡoʊ/

change location; move, travel, or proceed, also metaphorically

From this reading Besides which, there are beings infinitely higher--namely, men and women in village and hamlet, and more precious still, those little children with hobnail boots and clean jackets and pinafores, who go a-blackberrying on their way to school.

hamletnounUS /ˈhæmlət/

a community of people smaller than a village

From this reading Besides which, there are beings infinitely higher--namely, men and women in village and hamlet, and more precious still, those little children with hobnail boots and clean jackets and pinafores, who go a-blackberrying on their way to school.

hasauxiliary verbUS /hæz/

the form of “have” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Upon their physical destinies the Squire can exercise a powerful influence, and has done so, as the school itself testifies.

higheradjectiveUS /ˈhaɪər/

advanced in complexity or elaboration

From this reading Besides which, there are beings infinitely higher--namely, men and women in village and hamlet, and more precious still, those little children with hobnail boots and clean jackets and pinafores, who go a-blackberrying on their way to school.

hillsnounUS /hɪlz/

plural of “hill” — a local and well-defined elevation of the land

From this reading These, too, are in the ring-fence with the hills and woods, the yellow iris of the common, and the red-roofed farm-houses.

hobnailnounUS /ˈhɑːbneɪl/

a short nail with a thick head; used to protect the soles of boots

From this reading Besides which, there are beings infinitely higher--namely, men and women in village and hamlet, and more precious still, those little children with hobnail boots and clean jackets and pinafores, who go a-blackberrying on their way to school.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading These, too, are in the ring-fence with the hills and woods, the yellow iris of the common, and the red-roofed farm-houses.

infinitelyadverbUS /ˈɪnfənətli/

without bounds

From this reading Besides which, there are beings infinitely higher--namely, men and women in village and hamlet, and more precious still, those little children with hobnail boots and clean jackets and pinafores, who go a-blackberrying on their way to school.

influencenounUS /ˈɪnfluːəns/

a power to affect persons or events especially power based on prestige etc

From this reading Upon their physical destinies the Squire can exercise a powerful influence, and has done so, as the school itself testifies.

irisnounUS /ˈaɪrəs/

plants with sword-shaped leaves and erect stalks bearing bright-colored flowers composed of three petals and three drooping sepals

From this reading These, too, are in the ring-fence with the hills and woods, the yellow iris of the common, and the red-roofed farm-houses.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Now, is not a large estate a living picture?

itselfpronounUS /ˌɪtˈself/

used when the thing doing the action is also its object

From this reading Upon their physical destinies the Squire can exercise a powerful influence, and has done so, as the school itself testifies.

jacketsnounUS /ˈdʒækɪts/

plural of “jacket” — a short coat

From this reading Besides which, there are beings infinitely higher--namely, men and women in village and hamlet, and more precious still, those little children with hobnail boots and clean jackets and pinafores, who go a-blackberrying on their way to school.

largeadjectiveUS /lɑːrdʒ/

above average in size or number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading Now, is not a large estate a living picture?

littleadjectiveUS /ˈlɪtəl/

limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading Besides which, there are beings infinitely higher--namely, men and women in village and hamlet, and more precious still, those little children with hobnail boots and clean jackets and pinafores, who go a-blackberrying on their way to school.

livingnounUS /ˈlɪvɪŋ/

the experience of being alive; the course of human events and activities

From this reading Now, is not a large estate a living picture?

mennounUS /men/

the force of workers available

From this reading Besides which, there are beings infinitely higher--namely, men and women in village and hamlet, and more precious still, those little children with hobnail boots and clean jackets and pinafores, who go a-blackberrying on their way to school.

moreadjectiveUS /mɔːr/

(comparative of “much” used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree

From this reading Besides which, there are beings infinitely higher--namely, men and women in village and hamlet, and more precious still, those little children with hobnail boots and clean jackets and pinafores, who go a-blackberrying on their way to school.

namelyadverbUS /ˈneɪmli/

as follows

From this reading Besides which, there are beings infinitely higher--namely, men and women in village and hamlet, and more precious still, those little children with hobnail boots and clean jackets and pinafores, who go a-blackberrying on their way to school.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading Now, is not a large estate a living picture?

NowadverbUS /naʊ/

in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events

From this reading Now, is not a large estate a living picture?

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading These, too, are in the ring-fence with the hills and woods, the yellow iris of the common, and the red-roofed farm-houses.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading Besides which, there are beings infinitely higher--namely, men and women in village and hamlet, and more precious still, those little children with hobnail boots and clean jackets and pinafores, who go a-blackberrying on their way to school.

physicaladjectiveUS /ˈfɪzɪkəl/

involving the body as distinguished from the mind or spirit

From this reading Upon their physical destinies the Squire can exercise a powerful influence, and has done so, as the school itself testifies.

picturenounUS /ˈpɪktʃər/

a visual representation (of an object or scene or person or abstraction) produced on a surface

From this reading Now, is not a large estate a living picture?

pinafores

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Besides which, there are beings infinitely higher--namely, men and women in village and hamlet, and more precious still, those little children with hobnail boots and clean jackets and pinafores, who go a-blackberrying on their way to school.

powerfuladjectiveUS /ˈpaʊərfəl/

having great power or force or potency or effect

From this reading Upon their physical destinies the Squire can exercise a powerful influence, and has done so, as the school itself testifies.

preciousadjectiveUS /ˈpreʃəs/

characterized by feeling or showing fond affection for

From this reading Besides which, there are beings infinitely higher--namely, men and women in village and hamlet, and more precious still, those little children with hobnail boots and clean jackets and pinafores, who go a-blackberrying on their way to school.

red-roofed

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading These, too, are in the ring-fence with the hills and woods, the yellow iris of the common, and the red-roofed farm-houses.

ring-fence

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading These, too, are in the ring-fence with the hills and woods, the yellow iris of the common, and the red-roofed farm-houses.

schoolnounUS /skuːl/

an educational institution

From this reading Besides which, there are beings infinitely higher--namely, men and women in village and hamlet, and more precious still, those little children with hobnail boots and clean jackets and pinafores, who go a-blackberrying on their way to school.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading Upon their physical destinies the Squire can exercise a powerful influence, and has done so, as the school itself testifies.

SquirenounUS /skwaɪr/

young nobleman attendant on a knight

From this reading Upon their physical destinies the Squire can exercise a powerful influence, and has done so, as the school itself testifies.

stilladjectiveUS /stɪl/

not in physical motion

From this reading Besides which, there are beings infinitely higher--namely, men and women in village and hamlet, and more precious still, those little children with hobnail boots and clean jackets and pinafores, who go a-blackberrying on their way to school.

testifiesverbUS /ˈtestəfaɪz/

third-person singular of “testify” — give testimony in a court of law

From this reading Upon their physical destinies the Squire can exercise a powerful influence, and has done so, as the school itself testifies.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading These, too, are in the ring-fence with the hills and woods, the yellow iris of the common, and the red-roofed farm-houses.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading Besides which, there are beings infinitely higher--namely, men and women in village and hamlet, and more precious still, those little children with hobnail boots and clean jackets and pinafores, who go a-blackberrying on their way to school.

thereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading Besides which, there are beings infinitely higher--namely, men and women in village and hamlet, and more precious still, those little children with hobnail boots and clean jackets and pinafores, who go a-blackberrying on their way to school.

ThesedeterminerUS /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading These, too, are in the ring-fence with the hills and woods, the yellow iris of the common, and the red-roofed farm-houses.

thosedeterminerUS /ðoʊz/

the plural of “that”: the people or things further away, or already known

From this reading Besides which, there are beings infinitely higher--namely, men and women in village and hamlet, and more precious still, those little children with hobnail boots and clean jackets and pinafores, who go a-blackberrying on their way to school.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Besides which, there are beings infinitely higher--namely, men and women in village and hamlet, and more precious still, those little children with hobnail boots and clean jackets and pinafores, who go a-blackberrying on their way to school.

tooadverbUS /tuː/

to a degree exceeding normal or proper limits

From this reading These, too, are in the ring-fence with the hills and woods, the yellow iris of the common, and the red-roofed farm-houses.

UponprepositionUS /əˈpɑːn/

a formal word for “on”

From this reading Upon their physical destinies the Squire can exercise a powerful influence, and has done so, as the school itself testifies.

villagenounUS /ˈvɪlədʒ/

a community of people smaller than a town

From this reading Besides which, there are beings infinitely higher--namely, men and women in village and hamlet, and more precious still, those little children with hobnail boots and clean jackets and pinafores, who go a-blackberrying on their way to school.

waynounUS /weɪ/

how something is done or how it happens

From this reading Besides which, there are beings infinitely higher--namely, men and women in village and hamlet, and more precious still, those little children with hobnail boots and clean jackets and pinafores, who go a-blackberrying on their way to school.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading Besides which, there are beings infinitely higher--namely, men and women in village and hamlet, and more precious still, those little children with hobnail boots and clean jackets and pinafores, who go a-blackberrying on their way to school.

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading Besides which, there are beings infinitely higher--namely, men and women in village and hamlet, and more precious still, those little children with hobnail boots and clean jackets and pinafores, who go a-blackberrying on their way to school.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading These, too, are in the ring-fence with the hills and woods, the yellow iris of the common, and the red-roofed farm-houses.

womennounUS /ˈwɪmən/

plural of “woman” — an adult female person (as opposed to a man)

From this reading Besides which, there are beings infinitely higher--namely, men and women in village and hamlet, and more precious still, those little children with hobnail boots and clean jackets and pinafores, who go a-blackberrying on their way to school.

woodsnounUS /wʊdz/

the trees and other plants in a large densely wooded area

From this reading These, too, are in the ring-fence with the hills and woods, the yellow iris of the common, and the red-roofed farm-houses.

yellowadjectiveUS /ˈjeloʊ/

of the color intermediate between green and orange in the color spectrum; of something resembling the color of an egg yolk

From this reading These, too, are in the ring-fence with the hills and woods, the yellow iris of the common, and the red-roofed farm-houses.

Chapter 4 of The Hills and the Vale by Richard Jefferies holds 459 sentences, grouped into 92 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 4 of The Hills and the Vale contain?

Chapter 4 holds 459 sentences of The Hills and the Vale, unabridged, divided into 92 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 4 of The Hills and the Vale by Richard Jefferies exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 459 sentences, grouped into 92 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 4 of The Hills and the Vale?

Work through the 92 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 92 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 4 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 4 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading The Hills and the Vale

Common questions about reading The Hills and the Vale by Richard Jefferies on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of The Hills and the Vale?

Yes. All 3540 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #31710 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of The Hills and the Vale is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #31710, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does The Hills and the Vale take to read?

About 295 minutes of reading across 708 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read The Hills and the Vale section by section

How to work through The Hills and the Vale section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 8 chapters of The Hills and the Vale to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in The Hills and the Vale

Words and structures a reader meets early in The Hills and the Vale, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Consists
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Hills and the Vale; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Three
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Hills and the Vale; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Unpublished
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Hills and the Vale; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Essays
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Hills and the Vale; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.