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The history of a mouthful of bread
The history of a mouthful of bread

Chapter VII · Chapter 7

Chapter 7 of The history of a mouthful of bread is here in full — 100 sentences across 20 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/20 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
THE STOMACH.
Once in the _oesophagus_ (you remember this is the name of the tube which leads to the stomach), the mouthful of food has nothing to do but to proceed on its way.
All along this tube there is a succession of small elastic rings, [Footnote: Properly, _contractile circular fibres_.] which contract behind the food to force it forward, and widen before it to give it free passage.
They thus propel it forward, one after another, till it reaches the entrance to the stomach, into which the last ring pushes it, closing upon it at the same time.
Have you ever observed a worm or a leech in motion?
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The history of a mouthful of bread

Chapter VII · Chapter 7

Chapter 7 of The history of a mouthful of bread is here in full — 100 sentences across 20 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/20 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
THE STOMACH.
/ðə ˈstʌmək/
Line 2
Once in the _oesophagus_ (you remember this is the name of the tube which leads to the stomach), the mouthful of food has nothing to do but to proceed on its way.
Line 3
All along this tube there is a succession of small elastic rings, [Footnote: Properly, _contractile circular fibres_.] which contract behind the food to force it forward, and widen before it to give it free passage.
Line 4
They thus propel it forward, one after another, till it reaches the entrance to the stomach, into which the last ring pushes it, closing upon it at the same time.
/ðeɪ ðʌs prəˈpel ɪt ˈfɔːrwərd wʌn ˈæftər əˈnʌðər tɪl ɪt ˈriːtʃəz ðə ˈentrəns tuː ðə ˈstʌmək ˈɪntuː wɪtʃ ðə læst rɪŋ ˈpʊʃəz ɪt ˈkloʊzɪŋ əˈpɑːn ɪt æt ðə seɪm taɪm/
Line 5
Have you ever observed a worm or a leech in motion?
/hæv juː ˈevər əbˈzɜːrvd ə wɜːrm ɔːr ə liːtʃ ɪn ˈmoʊʃən/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

elastic adjective US /ɪˈlæstɪk/

capable of resuming original shape after stretching or compression; springy

From this reading “All along this tube there is a succession of small elastic rings, [Footnote: Properly, _contractile circular fibres_.] which contract behind the food to force it forward, and widen before it to give it free passage.”

fibres noun US /ˈfaɪbərz/

plural of “fibre” — a slender and greatly elongated substance capable of being spun into yarn

leech noun US /liːtʃ/

carnivorous or bloodsucking aquatic or terrestrial worms typically having a sucker at each end

From this reading “Have you ever observed a worm or a leech in motion?”

mouthful noun US /ˈmaʊθfʊl/

the quantity that can be held in the mouth

From this reading “Once in the _oesophagus_ (you remember this is the name of the tube which leads to the stomach), the mouthful of food has nothing to do but to proceed on its way.”

propel verb US /prəˈpel/

cause to move forward with force

From this reading “They thus propel it forward, one after another, till it reaches the entrance to the stomach, into which the last ring pushes it, closing upon it at the same time.”

pushes noun US /ˈpʊʃəz/

plural of “push” — the act of applying force in order to move something away

From this reading “They thus propel it forward, one after another, till it reaches the entrance to the stomach, into which the last ring pushes it, closing upon it at the same time.”

tube noun US /tuːb/

conduit consisting of a long hollow object (usually cylindrical) used to hold and conduct objects or liquids or gases

From this reading “Once in the _oesophagus_ (you remember this is the name of the tube which leads to the stomach), the mouthful of food has nothing to do but to proceed on its way.”

widen verb US /ˈwaɪdən/

become broader or wider or more extensive

From this reading “All along this tube there is a succession of small elastic rings, [Footnote: Properly, _contractile circular fibres_.] which contract behind the food to force it forward, and widen before it to give it free passage.”

All words in this reading · 74

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading All along this tube there is a succession of small elastic rings, [Footnote: Properly, _contractile circular fibres_.] which contract behind the food to force it forward, and widen before it to give it free passage.

afterprepositionUS /ˈæftər/

later than; following

From this reading They thus propel it forward, one after another, till it reaches the entrance to the stomach, into which the last ring pushes it, closing upon it at the same time.

AlladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading All along this tube there is a succession of small elastic rings, [Footnote: Properly, _contractile circular fibres_.] which contract behind the food to force it forward, and widen before it to give it free passage.

alongprepositionUS /əˈlɔːŋ/

following the length of something from one end toward the other

From this reading All along this tube there is a succession of small elastic rings, [Footnote: Properly, _contractile circular fibres_.] which contract behind the food to force it forward, and widen before it to give it free passage.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading All along this tube there is a succession of small elastic rings, [Footnote: Properly, _contractile circular fibres_.] which contract behind the food to force it forward, and widen before it to give it free passage.

anotherdeterminerUS /əˈnʌðər/

one more of the same kind, or a different one

From this reading They thus propel it forward, one after another, till it reaches the entrance to the stomach, into which the last ring pushes it, closing upon it at the same time.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading They thus propel it forward, one after another, till it reaches the entrance to the stomach, into which the last ring pushes it, closing upon it at the same time.

beforeprepositionUS /bɪˈfɔːr/

earlier than; in front of

From this reading All along this tube there is a succession of small elastic rings, [Footnote: Properly, _contractile circular fibres_.] which contract behind the food to force it forward, and widen before it to give it free passage.

behindprepositionUS /bɪˈhaɪnd/

at or toward the back of something

From this reading All along this tube there is a succession of small elastic rings, [Footnote: Properly, _contractile circular fibres_.] which contract behind the food to force it forward, and widen before it to give it free passage.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading Once in the _oesophagus_ (you remember this is the name of the tube which leads to the stomach), the mouthful of food has nothing to do but to proceed on its way.

circularadjectiveUS /ˈsɜːrkjələr/

having the shape or form of a circle

From this reading All along this tube there is a succession of small elastic rings, [Footnote: Properly, _contractile circular fibres_.] which contract behind the food to force it forward, and widen before it to give it free passage.

closingnounUS /ˈkloʊzɪŋ/

the act of closing something

From this reading They thus propel it forward, one after another, till it reaches the entrance to the stomach, into which the last ring pushes it, closing upon it at the same time.

contractverbUS /ˈkɑːntrækt/

enter into a contractual arrangement

From this reading All along this tube there is a succession of small elastic rings, [Footnote: Properly, _contractile circular fibres_.] which contract behind the food to force it forward, and widen before it to give it free passage.

contractileadjective

capable of contracting or being contracted

From this reading All along this tube there is a succession of small elastic rings, [Footnote: Properly, _contractile circular fibres_.] which contract behind the food to force it forward, and widen before it to give it free passage.

doauxiliary verbUS /duː/

used to form questions and negatives, and to give emphasis

From this reading Once in the _oesophagus_ (you remember this is the name of the tube which leads to the stomach), the mouthful of food has nothing to do but to proceed on its way.

elasticadjectiveUS /ɪˈlæstɪk/

capable of resuming original shape after stretching or compression; springy

From this reading All along this tube there is a succession of small elastic rings, [Footnote: Properly, _contractile circular fibres_.] which contract behind the food to force it forward, and widen before it to give it free passage.

entrancenounUS /ˈentrəns/

something that provides access (to get in or get out)

From this reading They thus propel it forward, one after another, till it reaches the entrance to the stomach, into which the last ring pushes it, closing upon it at the same time.

everadverbUS /ˈevər/

at any time

From this reading Have you ever observed a worm or a leech in motion?

fibresnounUS /ˈfaɪbərz/

plural of “fibre” — a slender and greatly elongated substance capable of being spun into yarn

From this reading All along this tube there is a succession of small elastic rings, [Footnote: Properly, _contractile circular fibres_.] which contract behind the food to force it forward, and widen before it to give it free passage.

foodnounUS /fuːd/

any substance that can be metabolized by an animal to give energy and build tissue

From this reading Once in the _oesophagus_ (you remember this is the name of the tube which leads to the stomach), the mouthful of food has nothing to do but to proceed on its way.

FootnotenounUS /ˈfʊtnoʊt/

a printed note placed below the text on a printed page

From this reading All along this tube there is a succession of small elastic rings, [Footnote: Properly, _contractile circular fibres_.] which contract behind the food to force it forward, and widen before it to give it free passage.

forcenounUS /fɔːrs/

a powerful effect or influence

From this reading All along this tube there is a succession of small elastic rings, [Footnote: Properly, _contractile circular fibres_.] which contract behind the food to force it forward, and widen before it to give it free passage.

forwardadverbUS /ˈfɔːrwərd/

at or to or toward the front

From this reading All along this tube there is a succession of small elastic rings, [Footnote: Properly, _contractile circular fibres_.] which contract behind the food to force it forward, and widen before it to give it free passage.

freeverbUS /friː/

grant freedom to; free from confinement

From this reading All along this tube there is a succession of small elastic rings, [Footnote: Properly, _contractile circular fibres_.] which contract behind the food to force it forward, and widen before it to give it free passage.

giveverbUS /ɡɪv/

cause to have, in the abstract sense or physical sense

From this reading All along this tube there is a succession of small elastic rings, [Footnote: Properly, _contractile circular fibres_.] which contract behind the food to force it forward, and widen before it to give it free passage.

hasauxiliary verbUS /hæz/

the form of “have” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Once in the _oesophagus_ (you remember this is the name of the tube which leads to the stomach), the mouthful of food has nothing to do but to proceed on its way.

Haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading Have you ever observed a worm or a leech in motion?

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Once in the _oesophagus_ (you remember this is the name of the tube which leads to the stomach), the mouthful of food has nothing to do but to proceed on its way.

intoprepositionUS /ˈɪntuː/

moving to the inside of something

From this reading They thus propel it forward, one after another, till it reaches the entrance to the stomach, into which the last ring pushes it, closing upon it at the same time.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Once in the _oesophagus_ (you remember this is the name of the tube which leads to the stomach), the mouthful of food has nothing to do but to proceed on its way.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading All along this tube there is a succession of small elastic rings, [Footnote: Properly, _contractile circular fibres_.] which contract behind the food to force it forward, and widen before it to give it free passage.

itsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading Once in the _oesophagus_ (you remember this is the name of the tube which leads to the stomach), the mouthful of food has nothing to do but to proceed on its way.

lastadjectiveUS /læst/

immediately past

From this reading They thus propel it forward, one after another, till it reaches the entrance to the stomach, into which the last ring pushes it, closing upon it at the same time.

leadsnounUS /liːdz/

plural of “lead” — an advantage held by a competitor in a race

From this reading Once in the _oesophagus_ (you remember this is the name of the tube which leads to the stomach), the mouthful of food has nothing to do but to proceed on its way.

leechnounUS /liːtʃ/

carnivorous or bloodsucking aquatic or terrestrial worms typically having a sucker at each end

From this reading Have you ever observed a worm or a leech in motion?

motionnounUS /ˈmoʊʃən/

the use of movements (especially of the hands) to communicate familiar or prearranged signals

From this reading Have you ever observed a worm or a leech in motion?

mouthfulnounUS /ˈmaʊθfʊl/

the quantity that can be held in the mouth

From this reading Once in the _oesophagus_ (you remember this is the name of the tube which leads to the stomach), the mouthful of food has nothing to do but to proceed on its way.

nameverbUS /neɪm/

assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to

From this reading Once in the _oesophagus_ (you remember this is the name of the tube which leads to the stomach), the mouthful of food has nothing to do but to proceed on its way.

nothingpronounUS /ˈnʌθɪŋ/

not one thing; not anything

From this reading Once in the _oesophagus_ (you remember this is the name of the tube which leads to the stomach), the mouthful of food has nothing to do but to proceed on its way.

observedadjectiveUS /əbˈzɜːrvd/

discovered or determined by scientific observation

From this reading Have you ever observed a worm or a leech in motion?

oesophagusnoun

the passage between the pharynx and the stomach

From this reading Once in the _oesophagus_ (you remember this is the name of the tube which leads to the stomach), the mouthful of food has nothing to do but to proceed on its way.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading Once in the _oesophagus_ (you remember this is the name of the tube which leads to the stomach), the mouthful of food has nothing to do but to proceed on its way.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading Once in the _oesophagus_ (you remember this is the name of the tube which leads to the stomach), the mouthful of food has nothing to do but to proceed on its way.

OnceadverbUS /wʌns/

on one occasion

From this reading Once in the _oesophagus_ (you remember this is the name of the tube which leads to the stomach), the mouthful of food has nothing to do but to proceed on its way.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading They thus propel it forward, one after another, till it reaches the entrance to the stomach, into which the last ring pushes it, closing upon it at the same time.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading Have you ever observed a worm or a leech in motion?

passagenounUS /ˈpæsədʒ/

the act of passing from one state or place to the next

From this reading All along this tube there is a succession of small elastic rings, [Footnote: Properly, _contractile circular fibres_.] which contract behind the food to force it forward, and widen before it to give it free passage.

proceedverbUS /prəˈsiːd/

continue talking

From this reading Once in the _oesophagus_ (you remember this is the name of the tube which leads to the stomach), the mouthful of food has nothing to do but to proceed on its way.

propelverbUS /prəˈpel/

cause to move forward with force

From this reading They thus propel it forward, one after another, till it reaches the entrance to the stomach, into which the last ring pushes it, closing upon it at the same time.

ProperlyadverbUS /ˈprɑːpərli/

in the right manner; correctly; suitably

From this reading All along this tube there is a succession of small elastic rings, [Footnote: Properly, _contractile circular fibres_.] which contract behind the food to force it forward, and widen before it to give it free passage.

pushesnounUS /ˈpʊʃəz/

plural of “push” — the act of applying force in order to move something away

From this reading They thus propel it forward, one after another, till it reaches the entrance to the stomach, into which the last ring pushes it, closing upon it at the same time.

reachesnounUS /ˈriːtʃəz/

plural of “reach” — the limits within which something can be effective

From this reading They thus propel it forward, one after another, till it reaches the entrance to the stomach, into which the last ring pushes it, closing upon it at the same time.

rememberverbUS /rɪˈmɛm.bər/

To recall to mind.

From this reading Once in the _oesophagus_ (you remember this is the name of the tube which leads to the stomach), the mouthful of food has nothing to do but to proceed on its way.

ringverbUS /rɪŋ/

sound loudly and sonorously

From this reading They thus propel it forward, one after another, till it reaches the entrance to the stomach, into which the last ring pushes it, closing upon it at the same time.

ringsnounUS /rɪŋz/

gymnastic apparatus consisting of a pair of heavy metal circles (usually covered with leather) suspended by ropes; used for gymnastic exercises

From this reading All along this tube there is a succession of small elastic rings, [Footnote: Properly, _contractile circular fibres_.] which contract behind the food to force it forward, and widen before it to give it free passage.

sameadjectiveUS /seɪm/

Identical; not different.

From this reading They thus propel it forward, one after another, till it reaches the entrance to the stomach, into which the last ring pushes it, closing upon it at the same time.

smalladjectiveUS /smɔːl/

limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading All along this tube there is a succession of small elastic rings, [Footnote: Properly, _contractile circular fibres_.] which contract behind the food to force it forward, and widen before it to give it free passage.

STOMACHnounUS /ˈstʌmək/

an enlarged and muscular saclike organ of the alimentary canal; the principal organ of digestion

From this reading THE STOMACH.

successionnounUS /səkˈseʃən/

a following of one thing after another in time

From this reading All along this tube there is a succession of small elastic rings, [Footnote: Properly, _contractile circular fibres_.] which contract behind the food to force it forward, and widen before it to give it free passage.

THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading THE STOMACH.

thereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading All along this tube there is a succession of small elastic rings, [Footnote: Properly, _contractile circular fibres_.] which contract behind the food to force it forward, and widen before it to give it free passage.

TheypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading They thus propel it forward, one after another, till it reaches the entrance to the stomach, into which the last ring pushes it, closing upon it at the same time.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading Once in the _oesophagus_ (you remember this is the name of the tube which leads to the stomach), the mouthful of food has nothing to do but to proceed on its way.

thusadverbUS /ðʌs/

(used to introduce a logical conclusion) from that fact or reason or as a result

From this reading They thus propel it forward, one after another, till it reaches the entrance to the stomach, into which the last ring pushes it, closing upon it at the same time.

tillprepositionUS /tɪl/

up to a particular time

From this reading They thus propel it forward, one after another, till it reaches the entrance to the stomach, into which the last ring pushes it, closing upon it at the same time.

timenounUS /taɪm/

an instance or single occasion for some event

From this reading They thus propel it forward, one after another, till it reaches the entrance to the stomach, into which the last ring pushes it, closing upon it at the same time.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Once in the _oesophagus_ (you remember this is the name of the tube which leads to the stomach), the mouthful of food has nothing to do but to proceed on its way.

tubenounUS /tuːb/

conduit consisting of a long hollow object (usually cylindrical) used to hold and conduct objects or liquids or gases

From this reading Once in the _oesophagus_ (you remember this is the name of the tube which leads to the stomach), the mouthful of food has nothing to do but to proceed on its way.

uponprepositionUS /əˈpɑːn/

a formal word for “on”

From this reading They thus propel it forward, one after another, till it reaches the entrance to the stomach, into which the last ring pushes it, closing upon it at the same time.

waynounUS /weɪ/

how something is done or how it happens

From this reading Once in the _oesophagus_ (you remember this is the name of the tube which leads to the stomach), the mouthful of food has nothing to do but to proceed on its way.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading Once in the _oesophagus_ (you remember this is the name of the tube which leads to the stomach), the mouthful of food has nothing to do but to proceed on its way.

widenverbUS /ˈwaɪdən/

become broader or wider or more extensive

From this reading All along this tube there is a succession of small elastic rings, [Footnote: Properly, _contractile circular fibres_.] which contract behind the food to force it forward, and widen before it to give it free passage.

wormnounUS /wɜːrm/

any of numerous relatively small elongated soft-bodied animals especially of the phyla Annelida and Chaetognatha and Nematoda and Nemertea and Platyhelminthes; also many insect larvae

From this reading Have you ever observed a worm or a leech in motion?

youpronounUS /juː/

the person or people being spoken to

From this reading Once in the _oesophagus_ (you remember this is the name of the tube which leads to the stomach), the mouthful of food has nothing to do but to proceed on its way.

Chapter 7 of The history of a mouthful of bread by Jean Macé holds 100 sentences, grouped into 20 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 7 of The history of a mouthful of bread contain?

Chapter 7 holds 100 sentences of The history of a mouthful of bread, unabridged, divided into 20 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 7 of The history of a mouthful of bread by Jean Macé exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 100 sentences, grouped into 20 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 7 of The history of a mouthful of bread?

Work through the 20 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 20 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 7 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 7 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading The history of a mouthful of bread

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Yes. All 3984 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #6970 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

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Project Gutenberg eBook #6970, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

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About 332 minutes of reading across 797 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

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Vocabulary met early in The history of a mouthful of bread

Words and structures a reader meets early in The history of a mouthful of bread, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Mountains
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The history of a mouthful of bread; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Whence
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The history of a mouthful of bread; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Write
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The history of a mouthful of bread; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Child
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The history of a mouthful of bread; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.