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The history of a mouthful of bread
The history of a mouthful of bread

Chapter XVIII · Chapter 18

Chapter 18 of The history of a mouthful of bread is here in full — 185 sentences across 37 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for The history of a mouthful of bread
Context Illustration Reading 1/37 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
THE ACTION OF THE LUNGS.
I hope I have told you enough, my dear child, to enable you fully to estimate the force with which air presses upon everything on the surface of the earth, and consequently upon our own bodies among the rest.
If you understand this, nothing is easier than to understand how air comes and goes in our lungs.
When the cook wants to light her fire with two or three hot coals, what does she do?
She takes the bellows and blows it, does she not?
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AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The history of a mouthful of bread

Chapter XVIII · Chapter 18

Chapter 18 of The history of a mouthful of bread is here in full — 185 sentences across 37 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/37 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
THE ACTION OF THE LUNGS.
/ðə ˈækʃən ʌv ðə lʌŋz/
Line 2
I hope I have told you enough, my dear child, to enable you fully to estimate the force with which air presses upon everything on the surface of the earth, and consequently upon our own bodies among the rest.
/aɪ hoʊp aɪ hæv toʊld juː ɪˈnʌf maɪ dɪr tʃaɪld tuː eˈneɪbəl juː ˈfʊli tuː ˈestəmət ðə fɔːrs wɪð wɪtʃ er ˈpresəz əˈpɑːn ˈevriθɪŋ ɑːn ðə ˈsɜːrfəs ʌv ðə ɜːrθ ənd ˈkɑːnsəkwəntli əˈpɑːn ˈaʊər oʊn ˈbɑːdiz əˈmʌŋ ðə rest/
Line 3
If you understand this, nothing is easier than to understand how air comes and goes in our lungs.
Line 4
When the cook wants to light her fire with two or three hot coals, what does she do?
/wen ðə kʊk wɑːnts tuː laɪt hɜːr ˈfaɪər wɪð tuː ɔːr θriː hɑːt koʊlz wʌt dʌz ʃiː duː/
Line 5
She takes the bellows and blows it, does she not?
/ʃiː teɪks ðə ˈbeloʊz ənd bloʊz ɪt dʌz ʃiː nɑːt/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

bellows noun US /ˈbeloʊz/

(used in the plural) a mechanical device that blows a strong current of air; used to make a fire burn more fiercely or to sound a musical instrument

From this reading “She takes the bellows and blows it, does she not?”

coals noun US /koʊlz/

plural of “coal” — fossil fuel consisting of carbonized vegetable matter deposited in the Carboniferous period

From this reading “When the cook wants to light her fire with two or three hot coals, what does she do?”

consequently adverb US /ˈkɑːnsəkwəntli/

(sentence connectors) because of the reason given

From this reading “I hope I have told you enough, my dear child, to enable you fully to estimate the force with which air presses upon everything on the surface of the earth, and consequently upon our own bodies among the rest.”

easier adjective US /ˈiːziər/

comparative of “easy” — posing no difficulty; requiring little effort

From this reading “If you understand this, nothing is easier than to understand how air comes and goes in our lungs.”

enable verb US /eˈneɪbəl/

render capable or able for some task

From this reading “I hope I have told you enough, my dear child, to enable you fully to estimate the force with which air presses upon everything on the surface of the earth, and consequently upon our own bodies among the rest.”

estimate noun US /ˈestəmət/

an approximate calculation of quantity or degree or worth

From this reading “I hope I have told you enough, my dear child, to enable you fully to estimate the force with which air presses upon everything on the surface of the earth, and consequently upon our own bodies among the rest.”

lungs noun US /lʌŋz/

plural of “lung” — either of two saclike respiratory organs in the chest of vertebrates; serves to remove carbon dioxide and provide oxygen to the blood

From this reading “THE ACTION OF THE LUNGS.”

presses noun US /ˈpresəz/

plural of “press” — the state of demanding notice or attention

From this reading “I hope I have told you enough, my dear child, to enable you fully to estimate the force with which air presses upon everything on the surface of the earth, and consequently upon our own bodies among the rest.”

All words in this reading · 65

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

ACTIONnounUS /ˈækʃən/

something done (usually as opposed to something said)

From this reading THE ACTION OF THE LUNGS.

airnounUS /er/

a mixture of gases (especially oxygen) required for breathing; the stuff that the wind consists of

From this reading I hope I have told you enough, my dear child, to enable you fully to estimate the force with which air presses upon everything on the surface of the earth, and consequently upon our own bodies among the rest.

amongprepositionUS /əˈmʌŋ/

surrounded by; in the middle of a group

From this reading I hope I have told you enough, my dear child, to enable you fully to estimate the force with which air presses upon everything on the surface of the earth, and consequently upon our own bodies among the rest.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading I hope I have told you enough, my dear child, to enable you fully to estimate the force with which air presses upon everything on the surface of the earth, and consequently upon our own bodies among the rest.

bellowsnounUS /ˈbeloʊz/

(used in the plural) a mechanical device that blows a strong current of air; used to make a fire burn more fiercely or to sound a musical instrument

From this reading She takes the bellows and blows it, does she not?

blowsnounUS /bloʊz/

plural of “blow” — a powerful stroke with the fist or a weapon

From this reading She takes the bellows and blows it, does she not?

bodiesnounUS /ˈbɑːdiz/

plural of “body” — the entire physical structure of an organism (an animal, plant, or human being)

From this reading I hope I have told you enough, my dear child, to enable you fully to estimate the force with which air presses upon everything on the surface of the earth, and consequently upon our own bodies among the rest.

childnounUS /tʃaɪld/

a young person of either sex

From this reading I hope I have told you enough, my dear child, to enable you fully to estimate the force with which air presses upon everything on the surface of the earth, and consequently upon our own bodies among the rest.

coalsnounUS /koʊlz/

plural of “coal” — fossil fuel consisting of carbonized vegetable matter deposited in the Carboniferous period

From this reading When the cook wants to light her fire with two or three hot coals, what does she do?

comesnounUS /kʌmz/

plural of “come” — the thick white fluid containing spermatozoa that is ejaculated by the male genital tract

From this reading If you understand this, nothing is easier than to understand how air comes and goes in our lungs.

consequentlyadverbUS /ˈkɑːnsəkwəntli/

(sentence connectors) because of the reason given

From this reading I hope I have told you enough, my dear child, to enable you fully to estimate the force with which air presses upon everything on the surface of the earth, and consequently upon our own bodies among the rest.

cookverbUS /kʊk/

prepare a hot meal

From this reading When the cook wants to light her fire with two or three hot coals, what does she do?

dearadjectiveUS /dɪr/

dearly loved

From this reading I hope I have told you enough, my dear child, to enable you fully to estimate the force with which air presses upon everything on the surface of the earth, and consequently upon our own bodies among the rest.

doauxiliary verbUS /duː/

used to form questions and negatives, and to give emphasis

From this reading When the cook wants to light her fire with two or three hot coals, what does she do?

doesauxiliary verbUS /dʌz/

the form of “do” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading When the cook wants to light her fire with two or three hot coals, what does she do?

earthnounUS /ɜːrθ/

the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on

From this reading I hope I have told you enough, my dear child, to enable you fully to estimate the force with which air presses upon everything on the surface of the earth, and consequently upon our own bodies among the rest.

easieradjectiveUS /ˈiːziər/

comparative of “easy” — posing no difficulty; requiring little effort

From this reading If you understand this, nothing is easier than to understand how air comes and goes in our lungs.

enableverbUS /eˈneɪbəl/

render capable or able for some task

From this reading I hope I have told you enough, my dear child, to enable you fully to estimate the force with which air presses upon everything on the surface of the earth, and consequently upon our own bodies among the rest.

enoughnounUS /ɪˈnʌf/

an adequate quantity; a quantity that is large enough to achieve a purpose

From this reading I hope I have told you enough, my dear child, to enable you fully to estimate the force with which air presses upon everything on the surface of the earth, and consequently upon our own bodies among the rest.

estimatenounUS /ˈestəmət/

an approximate calculation of quantity or degree or worth

From this reading I hope I have told you enough, my dear child, to enable you fully to estimate the force with which air presses upon everything on the surface of the earth, and consequently upon our own bodies among the rest.

everythingpronounUS /ˈevriθɪŋ/

all things; all of a situation

From this reading I hope I have told you enough, my dear child, to enable you fully to estimate the force with which air presses upon everything on the surface of the earth, and consequently upon our own bodies among the rest.

fireverbUS /ˈfaɪər/

start firing a weapon

From this reading When the cook wants to light her fire with two or three hot coals, what does she do?

forcenounUS /fɔːrs/

a powerful effect or influence

From this reading I hope I have told you enough, my dear child, to enable you fully to estimate the force with which air presses upon everything on the surface of the earth, and consequently upon our own bodies among the rest.

fullyadverbUS /ˈfʊli/

to the greatest degree or extent; completely or entirely; (“full” in this sense is used as a combining form)

From this reading I hope I have told you enough, my dear child, to enable you fully to estimate the force with which air presses upon everything on the surface of the earth, and consequently upon our own bodies among the rest.

goesnounUS /ɡoʊz/

plural of “go” — a time period for working (after which you will be relieved by someone else)

From this reading If you understand this, nothing is easier than to understand how air comes and goes in our lungs.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading I hope I have told you enough, my dear child, to enable you fully to estimate the force with which air presses upon everything on the surface of the earth, and consequently upon our own bodies among the rest.

herdeterminerUS /hɜːr/

belonging to a woman, girl, or female animal already mentioned

From this reading When the cook wants to light her fire with two or three hot coals, what does she do?

hopenounUS /hoʊp/

a specific instance of feeling hopeful

From this reading I hope I have told you enough, my dear child, to enable you fully to estimate the force with which air presses upon everything on the surface of the earth, and consequently upon our own bodies among the rest.

hotadjectiveUS /hɑːt/

used of physical heat; having a high or higher than desirable temperature or giving off heat or feeling or causing a sensation of heat or burning

From this reading When the cook wants to light her fire with two or three hot coals, what does she do?

how

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading If you understand this, nothing is easier than to understand how air comes and goes in our lungs.

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading I hope I have told you enough, my dear child, to enable you fully to estimate the force with which air presses upon everything on the surface of the earth, and consequently upon our own bodies among the rest.

IfconjunctionUS /ɪf/

on condition that; in the event that

From this reading If you understand this, nothing is easier than to understand how air comes and goes in our lungs.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading If you understand this, nothing is easier than to understand how air comes and goes in our lungs.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading If you understand this, nothing is easier than to understand how air comes and goes in our lungs.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading She takes the bellows and blows it, does she not?

lightadjectiveUS /laɪt/

of comparatively little physical weight or density

From this reading When the cook wants to light her fire with two or three hot coals, what does she do?

LUNGSnounUS /lʌŋz/

plural of “lung” — either of two saclike respiratory organs in the chest of vertebrates; serves to remove carbon dioxide and provide oxygen to the blood

From this reading THE ACTION OF THE LUNGS.

mydeterminerUS /maɪ/

belonging to the person speaking

From this reading I hope I have told you enough, my dear child, to enable you fully to estimate the force with which air presses upon everything on the surface of the earth, and consequently upon our own bodies among the rest.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading She takes the bellows and blows it, does she not?

nothingpronounUS /ˈnʌθɪŋ/

not one thing; not anything

From this reading If you understand this, nothing is easier than to understand how air comes and goes in our lungs.

OFprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading THE ACTION OF THE LUNGS.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading I hope I have told you enough, my dear child, to enable you fully to estimate the force with which air presses upon everything on the surface of the earth, and consequently upon our own bodies among the rest.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading When the cook wants to light her fire with two or three hot coals, what does she do?

ourdeterminerUS /ˈaʊər/

belonging to the speaker and others

From this reading I hope I have told you enough, my dear child, to enable you fully to estimate the force with which air presses upon everything on the surface of the earth, and consequently upon our own bodies among the rest.

ownverbUS /oʊn/

have ownership or possession of

From this reading I hope I have told you enough, my dear child, to enable you fully to estimate the force with which air presses upon everything on the surface of the earth, and consequently upon our own bodies among the rest.

pressesnounUS /ˈpresəz/

plural of “press” — the state of demanding notice or attention

From this reading I hope I have told you enough, my dear child, to enable you fully to estimate the force with which air presses upon everything on the surface of the earth, and consequently upon our own bodies among the rest.

restverbUS /rest/

not move; be in a resting position

From this reading I hope I have told you enough, my dear child, to enable you fully to estimate the force with which air presses upon everything on the surface of the earth, and consequently upon our own bodies among the rest.

shepronounUS /ʃiː/

a woman, girl, or female animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading When the cook wants to light her fire with two or three hot coals, what does she do?

surfacenounUS /ˈsɜːrfəs/

the outer boundary of an artifact or a material layer constituting or resembling such a boundary

From this reading I hope I have told you enough, my dear child, to enable you fully to estimate the force with which air presses upon everything on the surface of the earth, and consequently upon our own bodies among the rest.

takesnounUS /teɪks/

plural of “take” — the income or profit arising from such transactions as the sale of land or other property

From this reading She takes the bellows and blows it, does she not?

thanconjunctionUS /ðæn/

used to introduce the second part of a comparison

From this reading If you understand this, nothing is easier than to understand how air comes and goes in our lungs.

THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading THE ACTION OF THE LUNGS.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading If you understand this, nothing is easier than to understand how air comes and goes in our lungs.

threenounUS /θriː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one and one

From this reading When the cook wants to light her fire with two or three hot coals, what does she do?

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading I hope I have told you enough, my dear child, to enable you fully to estimate the force with which air presses upon everything on the surface of the earth, and consequently upon our own bodies among the rest.

toldverbUS /toʊld/

inflected form of “tell” — express in words

From this reading I hope I have told you enough, my dear child, to enable you fully to estimate the force with which air presses upon everything on the surface of the earth, and consequently upon our own bodies among the rest.

twonounUS /tuː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one or a numeral representing this number

From this reading When the cook wants to light her fire with two or three hot coals, what does she do?

understandverbUS /ˌʌndərˈstænd/

know and comprehend the nature or meaning of

From this reading If you understand this, nothing is easier than to understand how air comes and goes in our lungs.

uponprepositionUS /əˈpɑːn/

a formal word for “on”

From this reading I hope I have told you enough, my dear child, to enable you fully to estimate the force with which air presses upon everything on the surface of the earth, and consequently upon our own bodies among the rest.

wantsnounUS /wɑːnts/

plural of “want” — a state of extreme poverty

From this reading When the cook wants to light her fire with two or three hot coals, what does she do?

whatpronounUS /wʌt/

used to ask for information about something

From this reading When the cook wants to light her fire with two or three hot coals, what does she do?

WhenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading When the cook wants to light her fire with two or three hot coals, what does she do?

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading I hope I have told you enough, my dear child, to enable you fully to estimate the force with which air presses upon everything on the surface of the earth, and consequently upon our own bodies among the rest.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading I hope I have told you enough, my dear child, to enable you fully to estimate the force with which air presses upon everything on the surface of the earth, and consequently upon our own bodies among the rest.

youpronounUS /juː/

the person or people being spoken to

From this reading I hope I have told you enough, my dear child, to enable you fully to estimate the force with which air presses upon everything on the surface of the earth, and consequently upon our own bodies among the rest.

Chapter 18 of The history of a mouthful of bread by Jean Macé holds 185 sentences, grouped into 37 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 18 of The history of a mouthful of bread contain?

Chapter 18 holds 185 sentences of The history of a mouthful of bread, unabridged, divided into 37 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 18 of The history of a mouthful of bread by Jean Macé exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 185 sentences, grouped into 37 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 18 of The history of a mouthful of bread?

Work through the 37 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 37 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 18 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 18 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading The history of a mouthful of bread

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Is this the complete text of The history of a mouthful of bread?

Yes. All 3984 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #6970 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

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Project Gutenberg eBook #6970, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

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About 332 minutes of reading across 797 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

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Vocabulary met early in The history of a mouthful of bread

Words and structures a reader meets early in The history of a mouthful of bread, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Mountains
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The history of a mouthful of bread; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Whence
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The history of a mouthful of bread; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Write
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The history of a mouthful of bread; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Child
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The history of a mouthful of bread; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.