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The history of a mouthful of bread
The history of a mouthful of bread

Chapter XXXVI · Chapter 36

Chapter 36 of The history of a mouthful of bread is here in full — 168 sentences across 34 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for The history of a mouthful of bread
Context Illustration Reading 1/33 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
INSECTA.
(_Insects._) Before speaking of insects, my dear child, it will be necessary, in the first place, to tell you to what primary division they belong and on what characters this division has been established.
And here I find myself in a difficulty.
We have been but too learned already, and now we run the risk of becoming still more so, if we commence an attack on the three primary divisions which follow the vertebrates.
We shall have to encounter terrible names and tedious details, besides having to take into account a thousand things of which we have not yet spoken.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The history of a mouthful of bread

Chapter XXXVI · Chapter 36

Chapter 36 of The history of a mouthful of bread is here in full — 168 sentences across 34 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/33 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
INSECTA.
Line 2
(_Insects._) Before speaking of insects, my dear child, it will be necessary, in the first place, to tell you to what primary division they belong and on what characters this division has been established.
/ˈɪnsekts bɪˈfɔːr ˈspiːkɪŋ ʌv ˈɪnsekts maɪ dɪr tʃaɪld ɪt wɪl biː ˈnesəseri ɪn ðə fɜːrst pleɪs tuː tel juː tuː wʌt ˈpraɪmeri dɪˈvɪʒən ðeɪ bɪˈlɔːŋ ənd ɑːn wʌt ˈkærəktərz ðɪs dɪˈvɪʒən hæz bɪn ɪˈstæblɪʃt/
Line 3
And here I find myself in a difficulty.
/ənd hiːr aɪ faɪnd ˌmaɪˈself ɪn ə ˈdɪfəkəlti/
Line 4
We have been but too learned already, and now we run the risk of becoming still more so, if we commence an attack on the three primary divisions which follow the vertebrates.
/wiː hæv bɪn bʌt tuː lɜːrnd ɔːlˈredi ənd naʊ wiː rʌn ðə rɪsk ʌv bɪˈkʌmɪŋ stɪl mɔːr soʊ ɪf wiː kəˈmens æn əˈtæk ɑːn ðə θriː ˈpraɪmeri dɪˈvɪʒənz wɪtʃ ˈfɑːloʊ ðə ˈvɜːrtəbreɪts/
Line 5
We shall have to encounter terrible names and tedious details, besides having to take into account a thousand things of which we have not yet spoken.
/wiː ʃæl hæv tuː ɪnˈkaʊntər ˈterəbəl neɪmz ənd ˈtiːdiəs dɪˈteɪlz bɪˈsaɪdz ˈhævɪŋ tuː teɪk ˈɪntuː əˈkaʊnt ə ˈθaʊzənd θɪŋz ʌv wɪtʃ wiː hæv nɑːt jet ˈspoʊkən/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

commence verb US /kəˈmens/

take the first step or steps in carrying out an action

From this reading “We have been but too learned already, and now we run the risk of becoming still more so, if we commence an attack on the three primary divisions which follow the vertebrates.”

division noun US /dɪˈvɪʒən/

an army unit large enough to sustain combat

From this reading “(_Insects._) Before speaking of insects, my dear child, it will be necessary, in the first place, to tell you to what primary division they belong and on what characters this division has been established.”

divisions noun US /dɪˈvɪʒənz/

plural of “division” — an army unit large enough to sustain combat

From this reading “We have been but too learned already, and now we run the risk of becoming still more so, if we commence an attack on the three primary divisions which follow the vertebrates.”

encounter verb US /ɪnˈkaʊntər/

come together

From this reading “We shall have to encounter terrible names and tedious details, besides having to take into account a thousand things of which we have not yet spoken.”

insects noun US /ˈɪnsekts/

plural of “insect” — small air-breathing arthropod

From this reading “(_Insects._) Before speaking of insects, my dear child, it will be necessary, in the first place, to tell you to what primary division they belong and on what characters this division has been established.”

primary adjective US /ˈpraɪmeri/

of first rank or importance or value; direct and immediate rather than secondary

From this reading “(_Insects._) Before speaking of insects, my dear child, it will be necessary, in the first place, to tell you to what primary division they belong and on what characters this division has been established.”

tedious adjective US /ˈtiːdiəs/

so lacking in interest as to cause mental weariness

From this reading “We shall have to encounter terrible names and tedious details, besides having to take into account a thousand things of which we have not yet spoken.”

vertebrates noun US /ˈvɜːrtəbreɪts/

plural of “vertebrate” — animals having a bony or cartilaginous skeleton with a segmented spinal column and a large brain enclosed in a skull or cranium

From this reading “We have been but too learned already, and now we run the risk of becoming still more so, if we commence an attack on the three primary divisions which follow the vertebrates.”

All words in this reading · 75

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading And here I find myself in a difficulty.

accountnounUS /əˈkaʊnt/

a record or narrative description of past events

From this reading We shall have to encounter terrible names and tedious details, besides having to take into account a thousand things of which we have not yet spoken.

alreadyadverbUS /ɔːlˈredi/

prior to a specified or implied time

From this reading We have been but too learned already, and now we run the risk of becoming still more so, if we commence an attack on the three primary divisions which follow the vertebrates.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading We have been but too learned already, and now we run the risk of becoming still more so, if we commence an attack on the three primary divisions which follow the vertebrates.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading (_Insects._) Before speaking of insects, my dear child, it will be necessary, in the first place, to tell you to what primary division they belong and on what characters this division has been established.

attacknounUS /əˈtæk/

(military) an offensive against an enemy (using weapons)

From this reading We have been but too learned already, and now we run the risk of becoming still more so, if we commence an attack on the three primary divisions which follow the vertebrates.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading (_Insects._) Before speaking of insects, my dear child, it will be necessary, in the first place, to tell you to what primary division they belong and on what characters this division has been established.

becomingadjectiveUS /bɪˈkʌmɪŋ/

according with custom or propriety

From this reading We have been but too learned already, and now we run the risk of becoming still more so, if we commence an attack on the three primary divisions which follow the vertebrates.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading (_Insects._) Before speaking of insects, my dear child, it will be necessary, in the first place, to tell you to what primary division they belong and on what characters this division has been established.

BeforeprepositionUS /bɪˈfɔːr/

earlier than; in front of

From this reading (_Insects._) Before speaking of insects, my dear child, it will be necessary, in the first place, to tell you to what primary division they belong and on what characters this division has been established.

belongverbUS /bɪˈlɔːŋ/

be owned by; be in the possession of

From this reading (_Insects._) Before speaking of insects, my dear child, it will be necessary, in the first place, to tell you to what primary division they belong and on what characters this division has been established.

besidesprepositionUS /bɪˈsaɪdz/

in addition to; as well as

From this reading We shall have to encounter terrible names and tedious details, besides having to take into account a thousand things of which we have not yet spoken.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading We have been but too learned already, and now we run the risk of becoming still more so, if we commence an attack on the three primary divisions which follow the vertebrates.

charactersnounUS /ˈkærəktərz/

plural of “character” — an imaginary person represented in a work of fiction (play or film or story)

From this reading (_Insects._) Before speaking of insects, my dear child, it will be necessary, in the first place, to tell you to what primary division they belong and on what characters this division has been established.

childnounUS /tʃaɪld/

a young person of either sex

From this reading (_Insects._) Before speaking of insects, my dear child, it will be necessary, in the first place, to tell you to what primary division they belong and on what characters this division has been established.

commenceverbUS /kəˈmens/

take the first step or steps in carrying out an action

From this reading We have been but too learned already, and now we run the risk of becoming still more so, if we commence an attack on the three primary divisions which follow the vertebrates.

dearadjectiveUS /dɪr/

dearly loved

From this reading (_Insects._) Before speaking of insects, my dear child, it will be necessary, in the first place, to tell you to what primary division they belong and on what characters this division has been established.

detailsnounUS /dɪˈteɪlz/

true confidential information

From this reading We shall have to encounter terrible names and tedious details, besides having to take into account a thousand things of which we have not yet spoken.

difficultynounUS /ˈdɪfəkəlti/

an effort that is inconvenient

From this reading And here I find myself in a difficulty.

divisionnounUS /dɪˈvɪʒən/

an army unit large enough to sustain combat

From this reading (_Insects._) Before speaking of insects, my dear child, it will be necessary, in the first place, to tell you to what primary division they belong and on what characters this division has been established.

divisionsnounUS /dɪˈvɪʒənz/

plural of “division” — an army unit large enough to sustain combat

From this reading We have been but too learned already, and now we run the risk of becoming still more so, if we commence an attack on the three primary divisions which follow the vertebrates.

encounterverbUS /ɪnˈkaʊntər/

come together

From this reading We shall have to encounter terrible names and tedious details, besides having to take into account a thousand things of which we have not yet spoken.

establishedadjectiveUS /ɪˈstæblɪʃt/

brought about or set up or accepted; especially long established

From this reading (_Insects._) Before speaking of insects, my dear child, it will be necessary, in the first place, to tell you to what primary division they belong and on what characters this division has been established.

findverbUS /faɪnd/

come upon, as if by accident; meet with

From this reading And here I find myself in a difficulty.

firstadjectiveUS /fɜːrst/

preceding all others in time or space or degree

From this reading (_Insects._) Before speaking of insects, my dear child, it will be necessary, in the first place, to tell you to what primary division they belong and on what characters this division has been established.

followverbUS /ˈfɑːloʊ/

to travel behind, go after, come after

From this reading We have been but too learned already, and now we run the risk of becoming still more so, if we commence an attack on the three primary divisions which follow the vertebrates.

hasauxiliary verbUS /hæz/

the form of “have” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading (_Insects._) Before speaking of insects, my dear child, it will be necessary, in the first place, to tell you to what primary division they belong and on what characters this division has been established.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading We have been but too learned already, and now we run the risk of becoming still more so, if we commence an attack on the three primary divisions which follow the vertebrates.

havingauxiliary verbUS /ˈhævɪŋ/

the -ing form of “have”

From this reading We shall have to encounter terrible names and tedious details, besides having to take into account a thousand things of which we have not yet spoken.

hereadverbUS /hiːr/

in or at this place; where the speaker or writer is

From this reading And here I find myself in a difficulty.

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading And here I find myself in a difficulty.

ifconjunctionUS /ɪf/

on condition that; in the event that

From this reading We have been but too learned already, and now we run the risk of becoming still more so, if we commence an attack on the three primary divisions which follow the vertebrates.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading (_Insects._) Before speaking of insects, my dear child, it will be necessary, in the first place, to tell you to what primary division they belong and on what characters this division has been established.

INSECTAnoun

insects; about five-sixths of all known animal species

From this reading INSECTA.

InsectsnounUS /ˈɪnsekts/

plural of “insect” — small air-breathing arthropod

From this reading (_Insects._) Before speaking of insects, my dear child, it will be necessary, in the first place, to tell you to what primary division they belong and on what characters this division has been established.

intoprepositionUS /ˈɪntuː/

moving to the inside of something

From this reading We shall have to encounter terrible names and tedious details, besides having to take into account a thousand things of which we have not yet spoken.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading (_Insects._) Before speaking of insects, my dear child, it will be necessary, in the first place, to tell you to what primary division they belong and on what characters this division has been established.

learnedadjectiveUS /lɜːrnd/

having or showing profound knowledge

From this reading We have been but too learned already, and now we run the risk of becoming still more so, if we commence an attack on the three primary divisions which follow the vertebrates.

moreadjectiveUS /mɔːr/

(comparative of “much” used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree

From this reading We have been but too learned already, and now we run the risk of becoming still more so, if we commence an attack on the three primary divisions which follow the vertebrates.

mydeterminerUS /maɪ/

belonging to the person speaking

From this reading (_Insects._) Before speaking of insects, my dear child, it will be necessary, in the first place, to tell you to what primary division they belong and on what characters this division has been established.

myselfpronounUS /ˌmaɪˈself/

used when the speaker is also the object of the action

From this reading And here I find myself in a difficulty.

namesnounUS /neɪmz/

verbal abuse; a crude substitute for argument

From this reading We shall have to encounter terrible names and tedious details, besides having to take into account a thousand things of which we have not yet spoken.

necessaryadjectiveUS /ˈnesəseri/

absolutely essential

From this reading (_Insects._) Before speaking of insects, my dear child, it will be necessary, in the first place, to tell you to what primary division they belong and on what characters this division has been established.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading We shall have to encounter terrible names and tedious details, besides having to take into account a thousand things of which we have not yet spoken.

nowadverbUS /naʊ/

in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events

From this reading We have been but too learned already, and now we run the risk of becoming still more so, if we commence an attack on the three primary divisions which follow the vertebrates.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading (_Insects._) Before speaking of insects, my dear child, it will be necessary, in the first place, to tell you to what primary division they belong and on what characters this division has been established.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading (_Insects._) Before speaking of insects, my dear child, it will be necessary, in the first place, to tell you to what primary division they belong and on what characters this division has been established.

placenounUS /pleɪs/

a point located with respect to surface features of some region

From this reading (_Insects._) Before speaking of insects, my dear child, it will be necessary, in the first place, to tell you to what primary division they belong and on what characters this division has been established.

primaryadjectiveUS /ˈpraɪmeri/

of first rank or importance or value; direct and immediate rather than secondary

From this reading (_Insects._) Before speaking of insects, my dear child, it will be necessary, in the first place, to tell you to what primary division they belong and on what characters this division has been established.

risknounUS /rɪsk/

a source of danger; a possibility of incurring loss or misfortune

From this reading We have been but too learned already, and now we run the risk of becoming still more so, if we commence an attack on the three primary divisions which follow the vertebrates.

runverbUS /rʌn/

move fast by using one's feet, with one foot off the ground at any given time

From this reading We have been but too learned already, and now we run the risk of becoming still more so, if we commence an attack on the three primary divisions which follow the vertebrates.

shallmodal verbUS /ʃæl/

used with I and we for the future, or to offer and suggest

From this reading We shall have to encounter terrible names and tedious details, besides having to take into account a thousand things of which we have not yet spoken.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading We have been but too learned already, and now we run the risk of becoming still more so, if we commence an attack on the three primary divisions which follow the vertebrates.

speakingnounUS /ˈspiːkɪŋ/

the utterance of intelligible speech

From this reading (_Insects._) Before speaking of insects, my dear child, it will be necessary, in the first place, to tell you to what primary division they belong and on what characters this division has been established.

spokenadjectiveUS /ˈspoʊkən/

uttered through the medium of speech or characterized by speech; sometimes used in combination

From this reading We shall have to encounter terrible names and tedious details, besides having to take into account a thousand things of which we have not yet spoken.

stilladjectiveUS /stɪl/

not in physical motion

From this reading We have been but too learned already, and now we run the risk of becoming still more so, if we commence an attack on the three primary divisions which follow the vertebrates.

takeverbUS /teɪk/

carry out

From this reading We shall have to encounter terrible names and tedious details, besides having to take into account a thousand things of which we have not yet spoken.

tediousadjectiveUS /ˈtiːdiəs/

so lacking in interest as to cause mental weariness

From this reading We shall have to encounter terrible names and tedious details, besides having to take into account a thousand things of which we have not yet spoken.

tellverbUS /tel/

express in words

From this reading (_Insects._) Before speaking of insects, my dear child, it will be necessary, in the first place, to tell you to what primary division they belong and on what characters this division has been established.

terribleadjectiveUS /ˈterəbəl/

causing fear or dread or terror

From this reading We shall have to encounter terrible names and tedious details, besides having to take into account a thousand things of which we have not yet spoken.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading (_Insects._) Before speaking of insects, my dear child, it will be necessary, in the first place, to tell you to what primary division they belong and on what characters this division has been established.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading (_Insects._) Before speaking of insects, my dear child, it will be necessary, in the first place, to tell you to what primary division they belong and on what characters this division has been established.

thingsnounUS /θɪŋz/

any movable possession (especially articles of clothing)

From this reading We shall have to encounter terrible names and tedious details, besides having to take into account a thousand things of which we have not yet spoken.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading (_Insects._) Before speaking of insects, my dear child, it will be necessary, in the first place, to tell you to what primary division they belong and on what characters this division has been established.

thousandnounUS /ˈθaʊzənd/

the cardinal number that is the product of 10 and 100

From this reading We shall have to encounter terrible names and tedious details, besides having to take into account a thousand things of which we have not yet spoken.

threenounUS /θriː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one and one

From this reading We have been but too learned already, and now we run the risk of becoming still more so, if we commence an attack on the three primary divisions which follow the vertebrates.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading (_Insects._) Before speaking of insects, my dear child, it will be necessary, in the first place, to tell you to what primary division they belong and on what characters this division has been established.

tooadverbUS /tuː/

to a degree exceeding normal or proper limits

From this reading We have been but too learned already, and now we run the risk of becoming still more so, if we commence an attack on the three primary divisions which follow the vertebrates.

vertebratesnounUS /ˈvɜːrtəbreɪts/

plural of “vertebrate” — animals having a bony or cartilaginous skeleton with a segmented spinal column and a large brain enclosed in a skull or cranium

From this reading We have been but too learned already, and now we run the risk of becoming still more so, if we commence an attack on the three primary divisions which follow the vertebrates.

WepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading We have been but too learned already, and now we run the risk of becoming still more so, if we commence an attack on the three primary divisions which follow the vertebrates.

whatpronounUS /wʌt/

used to ask for information about something

From this reading (_Insects._) Before speaking of insects, my dear child, it will be necessary, in the first place, to tell you to what primary division they belong and on what characters this division has been established.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading We have been but too learned already, and now we run the risk of becoming still more so, if we commence an attack on the three primary divisions which follow the vertebrates.

willmodal verbUS /wɪl/

used to talk about the future, or about willingness

From this reading (_Insects._) Before speaking of insects, my dear child, it will be necessary, in the first place, to tell you to what primary division they belong and on what characters this division has been established.

yetconjunctionUS /jet/

but in spite of that

From this reading We shall have to encounter terrible names and tedious details, besides having to take into account a thousand things of which we have not yet spoken.

youpronounUS /juː/

the person or people being spoken to

From this reading (_Insects._) Before speaking of insects, my dear child, it will be necessary, in the first place, to tell you to what primary division they belong and on what characters this division has been established.

Chapter 36 of The history of a mouthful of bread by Jean Macé holds 168 sentences, grouped into 34 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 36 of The history of a mouthful of bread contain?

Chapter 36 holds 168 sentences of The history of a mouthful of bread, unabridged, divided into 34 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 36 of The history of a mouthful of bread by Jean Macé exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 168 sentences, grouped into 34 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 36 of The history of a mouthful of bread?

Work through the 34 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 34 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 36 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 36 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading The history of a mouthful of bread

Common questions about reading The history of a mouthful of bread by Jean Macé on this page, its source edition and its audio.

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Yes. All 3984 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #6970 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

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Project Gutenberg eBook #6970, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

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About 332 minutes of reading across 797 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

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Vocabulary met early in The history of a mouthful of bread

Words and structures a reader meets early in The history of a mouthful of bread, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Mountains
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The history of a mouthful of bread; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Whence
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The history of a mouthful of bread; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Write
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The history of a mouthful of bread; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Child
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The history of a mouthful of bread; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.