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The history of a mouthful of bread
The history of a mouthful of bread

Chapter XXXVII · Chapter 37

Chapter 37 of The history of a mouthful of bread is here in full — 114 sentences across 23 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for The history of a mouthful of bread
Context Illustration Reading 1/22 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
CRUSTACEA--MOLLUSCA.
(_Crustaceans and Mollusks._) _Crustaceans._ Crustaceans consist of cray-fish, crabs, lobsters, and prawns, who may be considered cousins-german of insects, among which more than one naturalist has thought they ought to be placed.
Like them they are divided into _grinders_, having the same action of the mandibles; and _suckers_, who are also parasites, and have tubular sheaths containing stilettos.
Mammals and birds are the victims of parasitical insects; fishes have been reserved for the crustaceans, who do not disdain also to fasten upon their humble neighbors, the mollusks; and even among themselves the little ones settle down on the great.
A few live on land, but an immense majority in water, and seem destined to represent, in the aquatic world, the aerial class of insects, from whom, however, they differ in many ways.
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AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The history of a mouthful of bread

Chapter XXXVII · Chapter 37

Chapter 37 of The history of a mouthful of bread is here in full — 114 sentences across 23 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/22 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
CRUSTACEA--MOLLUSCA.
Line 2
(_Crustaceans and Mollusks._) _Crustaceans._ Crustaceans consist of cray-fish, crabs, lobsters, and prawns, who may be considered cousins-german of insects, among which more than one naturalist has thought they ought to be placed.
Line 3
Like them they are divided into _grinders_, having the same action of the mandibles; and _suckers_, who are also parasites, and have tubular sheaths containing stilettos.
Line 4
Mammals and birds are the victims of parasitical insects; fishes have been reserved for the crustaceans, who do not disdain also to fasten upon their humble neighbors, the mollusks; and even among themselves the little ones settle down on the great.
Line 5
A few live on land, but an immense majority in water, and seem destined to represent, in the aquatic world, the aerial class of insects, from whom, however, they differ in many ways.
/ə fjuː laɪv ɑːn lænd bʌt æn ˌɪˈmens məˈdʒɔːrəti ɪn ˈwɔːtər ənd siːm ˈdestɪnd tuː ˌreprɪˈzent ɪn ðə əˈkwɑːtɪk wɜːrld ðə ˈeriəl klæs ʌv ˈɪnsekts frʌm huːm ˌhaʊˈevər ðeɪ ˈdɪfər ɪn ˈmeni weɪz/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

crustaceans noun US /krəˈsteɪʃənz/

plural of “crustacean” — any mainly aquatic arthropod usually having a segmented body and chitinous exoskeleton

From this reading “(_Crustaceans and Mollusks._) _Crustaceans._ Crustaceans consist of cray-fish, crabs, lobsters, and prawns, who may be considered cousins-german of insects, among which more than one naturalist has thought they ought to be placed.”

grinders noun US /ˈɡraɪndərz/

plural of “grinder” — a large sandwich made of a long crusty roll split lengthwise and filled with meats and cheese (and tomato and onion and lettuce and condiments); different names are used in different sections of the United States

Mammals noun US /ˈmæməlz/

plural of “mammal” — any warm-blooded vertebrate having the skin more or less covered with hair; young are born alive except for the small subclass of monotremes and nourished with milk

From this reading “Mammals and birds are the victims of parasitical insects; fishes have been reserved for the crustaceans, who do not disdain also to fasten upon their humble neighbors, the mollusks; and even among themselves the little ones settle down on the great.”

mollusks noun US /ˈmɑːləsks/

plural of “mollusk” — invertebrate having a soft unsegmented body usually enclosed in a shell

From this reading “(_Crustaceans and Mollusks._) _Crustaceans._ Crustaceans consist of cray-fish, crabs, lobsters, and prawns, who may be considered cousins-german of insects, among which more than one naturalist has thought they ought to be placed.”

prawns noun US /prɔːnz/

plural of “prawn” — any of various edible decapod crustaceans

From this reading “(_Crustaceans and Mollusks._) _Crustaceans._ Crustaceans consist of cray-fish, crabs, lobsters, and prawns, who may be considered cousins-german of insects, among which more than one naturalist has thought they ought to be placed.”

stilettos noun US /stəˈletoʊz/

plural of “stiletto” — a small dagger with a tapered blade

From this reading “Like them they are divided into _grinders_, having the same action of the mandibles; and _suckers_, who are also parasites, and have tubular sheaths containing stilettos.”

suckers noun US /ˈsʌkərz/

plural of “sucker” — a person who is gullible and easy to take advantage of

tubular adjective US /ˈtuːbjələr/

constituting a tube; having hollow tubes (as for the passage of fluids)

From this reading “Like them they are divided into _grinders_, having the same action of the mandibles; and _suckers_, who are also parasites, and have tubular sheaths containing stilettos.”

All words in this reading · 95

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

AdeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading A few live on land, but an immense majority in water, and seem destined to represent, in the aquatic world, the aerial class of insects, from whom, however, they differ in many ways.

actionnounUS /ˈækʃən/

something done (usually as opposed to something said)

From this reading Like them they are divided into _grinders_, having the same action of the mandibles; and _suckers_, who are also parasites, and have tubular sheaths containing stilettos.

aerialnounUS /ˈeriəl/

a pass to a receiver downfield from the passer

From this reading A few live on land, but an immense majority in water, and seem destined to represent, in the aquatic world, the aerial class of insects, from whom, however, they differ in many ways.

alsoadverbUS /ˈɔːlsoʊ/

in addition

From this reading Like them they are divided into _grinders_, having the same action of the mandibles; and _suckers_, who are also parasites, and have tubular sheaths containing stilettos.

amongprepositionUS /əˈmʌŋ/

surrounded by; in the middle of a group

From this reading (_Crustaceans and Mollusks._) _Crustaceans._ Crustaceans consist of cray-fish, crabs, lobsters, and prawns, who may be considered cousins-german of insects, among which more than one naturalist has thought they ought to be placed.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading A few live on land, but an immense majority in water, and seem destined to represent, in the aquatic world, the aerial class of insects, from whom, however, they differ in many ways.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading (_Crustaceans and Mollusks._) _Crustaceans._ Crustaceans consist of cray-fish, crabs, lobsters, and prawns, who may be considered cousins-german of insects, among which more than one naturalist has thought they ought to be placed.

aquaticadjectiveUS /əˈkwɑːtɪk/

relating to or consisting of or being in water

From this reading A few live on land, but an immense majority in water, and seem destined to represent, in the aquatic world, the aerial class of insects, from whom, however, they differ in many ways.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading Like them they are divided into _grinders_, having the same action of the mandibles; and _suckers_, who are also parasites, and have tubular sheaths containing stilettos.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading (_Crustaceans and Mollusks._) _Crustaceans._ Crustaceans consist of cray-fish, crabs, lobsters, and prawns, who may be considered cousins-german of insects, among which more than one naturalist has thought they ought to be placed.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading Mammals and birds are the victims of parasitical insects; fishes have been reserved for the crustaceans, who do not disdain also to fasten upon their humble neighbors, the mollusks; and even among themselves the little ones settle down on the great.

birdsnounUS /bɜːrdz/

plural of “bird” — warm-blooded egg-laying vertebrates characterized by feathers and forelimbs modified as wings

From this reading Mammals and birds are the victims of parasitical insects; fishes have been reserved for the crustaceans, who do not disdain also to fasten upon their humble neighbors, the mollusks; and even among themselves the little ones settle down on the great.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading A few live on land, but an immense majority in water, and seem destined to represent, in the aquatic world, the aerial class of insects, from whom, however, they differ in many ways.

classnounUS /klæs/

a collection of things sharing a common attribute

From this reading A few live on land, but an immense majority in water, and seem destined to represent, in the aquatic world, the aerial class of insects, from whom, however, they differ in many ways.

consideredadjectiveUS /kənˈsɪdərd/

carefully weighed

From this reading (_Crustaceans and Mollusks._) _Crustaceans._ Crustaceans consist of cray-fish, crabs, lobsters, and prawns, who may be considered cousins-german of insects, among which more than one naturalist has thought they ought to be placed.

consistverbUS /kənˈsɪst/

originate

From this reading (_Crustaceans and Mollusks._) _Crustaceans._ Crustaceans consist of cray-fish, crabs, lobsters, and prawns, who may be considered cousins-german of insects, among which more than one naturalist has thought they ought to be placed.

containingverbUS /kənˈteɪnɪŋ/

-ing form of “contain” — include or contain; have as a component

From this reading Like them they are divided into _grinders_, having the same action of the mandibles; and _suckers_, who are also parasites, and have tubular sheaths containing stilettos.

cousins-german

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading (_Crustaceans and Mollusks._) _Crustaceans._ Crustaceans consist of cray-fish, crabs, lobsters, and prawns, who may be considered cousins-german of insects, among which more than one naturalist has thought they ought to be placed.

crabsnounUS /kræbz/

infestation of the pubic hair by crab lice

From this reading (_Crustaceans and Mollusks._) _Crustaceans._ Crustaceans consist of cray-fish, crabs, lobsters, and prawns, who may be considered cousins-german of insects, among which more than one naturalist has thought they ought to be placed.

cray-fish

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading (_Crustaceans and Mollusks._) _Crustaceans._ Crustaceans consist of cray-fish, crabs, lobsters, and prawns, who may be considered cousins-german of insects, among which more than one naturalist has thought they ought to be placed.

CRUSTACEAnoun

class of mandibulate arthropods including: lobsters; crabs; shrimps; woodlice; barnacles; decapods; water fleas

From this reading CRUSTACEA--MOLLUSCA.

CrustaceansnounUS /krəˈsteɪʃənz/

plural of “crustacean” — any mainly aquatic arthropod usually having a segmented body and chitinous exoskeleton

From this reading (_Crustaceans and Mollusks._) _Crustaceans._ Crustaceans consist of cray-fish, crabs, lobsters, and prawns, who may be considered cousins-german of insects, among which more than one naturalist has thought they ought to be placed.

destinedadjectiveUS /ˈdestɪnd/

headed or intending to head in a certain direction; often used as a combining form as in “college-bound students”

From this reading A few live on land, but an immense majority in water, and seem destined to represent, in the aquatic world, the aerial class of insects, from whom, however, they differ in many ways.

differverbUS /ˈdɪfər/

be different

From this reading A few live on land, but an immense majority in water, and seem destined to represent, in the aquatic world, the aerial class of insects, from whom, however, they differ in many ways.

disdainverbUS /dɪsˈdeɪn/

look down on with disdain

From this reading Mammals and birds are the victims of parasitical insects; fishes have been reserved for the crustaceans, who do not disdain also to fasten upon their humble neighbors, the mollusks; and even among themselves the little ones settle down on the great.

dividedadjectiveUS /dɪˈvaɪdɪd/

separated into parts or pieces

From this reading Like them they are divided into _grinders_, having the same action of the mandibles; and _suckers_, who are also parasites, and have tubular sheaths containing stilettos.

doauxiliary verbUS /duː/

used to form questions and negatives, and to give emphasis

From this reading Mammals and birds are the victims of parasitical insects; fishes have been reserved for the crustaceans, who do not disdain also to fasten upon their humble neighbors, the mollusks; and even among themselves the little ones settle down on the great.

downadjectiveUS /daʊn/

being or moving lower in position or less in some value

From this reading Mammals and birds are the victims of parasitical insects; fishes have been reserved for the crustaceans, who do not disdain also to fasten upon their humble neighbors, the mollusks; and even among themselves the little ones settle down on the great.

evenadjectiveUS /ˈiːvɪn/

divisible by two

From this reading Mammals and birds are the victims of parasitical insects; fishes have been reserved for the crustaceans, who do not disdain also to fasten upon their humble neighbors, the mollusks; and even among themselves the little ones settle down on the great.

fastenverbUS /ˈfæsən/

cause to be firmly attached

From this reading Mammals and birds are the victims of parasitical insects; fishes have been reserved for the crustaceans, who do not disdain also to fasten upon their humble neighbors, the mollusks; and even among themselves the little ones settle down on the great.

fewadjectiveUS /fjuː/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “a”; a small but indefinite number

From this reading A few live on land, but an immense majority in water, and seem destined to represent, in the aquatic world, the aerial class of insects, from whom, however, they differ in many ways.

fishesnounUS /ˈfɪʃəz/

plural of “fish” — any of various mostly cold-blooded aquatic vertebrates usually having scales and breathing through gills

From this reading Mammals and birds are the victims of parasitical insects; fishes have been reserved for the crustaceans, who do not disdain also to fasten upon their humble neighbors, the mollusks; and even among themselves the little ones settle down on the great.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading Mammals and birds are the victims of parasitical insects; fishes have been reserved for the crustaceans, who do not disdain also to fasten upon their humble neighbors, the mollusks; and even among themselves the little ones settle down on the great.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading A few live on land, but an immense majority in water, and seem destined to represent, in the aquatic world, the aerial class of insects, from whom, however, they differ in many ways.

greatadjectiveUS /ɡreɪt/

relatively large in size or number or extent; larger than others of its kind

From this reading Mammals and birds are the victims of parasitical insects; fishes have been reserved for the crustaceans, who do not disdain also to fasten upon their humble neighbors, the mollusks; and even among themselves the little ones settle down on the great.

grindersnounUS /ˈɡraɪndərz/

plural of “grinder” — a large sandwich made of a long crusty roll split lengthwise and filled with meats and cheese (and tomato and onion and lettuce and condiments); different names are used in different sections of the United States

From this reading Like them they are divided into _grinders_, having the same action of the mandibles; and _suckers_, who are also parasites, and have tubular sheaths containing stilettos.

hasauxiliary verbUS /hæz/

the form of “have” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading (_Crustaceans and Mollusks._) _Crustaceans._ Crustaceans consist of cray-fish, crabs, lobsters, and prawns, who may be considered cousins-german of insects, among which more than one naturalist has thought they ought to be placed.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading Like them they are divided into _grinders_, having the same action of the mandibles; and _suckers_, who are also parasites, and have tubular sheaths containing stilettos.

havingauxiliary verbUS /ˈhævɪŋ/

the -ing form of “have”

From this reading Like them they are divided into _grinders_, having the same action of the mandibles; and _suckers_, who are also parasites, and have tubular sheaths containing stilettos.

howeveradverbUS /ˌhaʊˈevər/

used to add a contrasting statement

From this reading A few live on land, but an immense majority in water, and seem destined to represent, in the aquatic world, the aerial class of insects, from whom, however, they differ in many ways.

humbleadjectiveUS /ˈhʌmbəl/

low or inferior in station or quality

From this reading Mammals and birds are the victims of parasitical insects; fishes have been reserved for the crustaceans, who do not disdain also to fasten upon their humble neighbors, the mollusks; and even among themselves the little ones settle down on the great.

immenseadjectiveUS /ˌɪˈmens/

unusually great in size or amount or degree or especially extent or scope

From this reading A few live on land, but an immense majority in water, and seem destined to represent, in the aquatic world, the aerial class of insects, from whom, however, they differ in many ways.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading A few live on land, but an immense majority in water, and seem destined to represent, in the aquatic world, the aerial class of insects, from whom, however, they differ in many ways.

insectsnounUS /ˈɪnsekts/

plural of “insect” — small air-breathing arthropod

From this reading (_Crustaceans and Mollusks._) _Crustaceans._ Crustaceans consist of cray-fish, crabs, lobsters, and prawns, who may be considered cousins-german of insects, among which more than one naturalist has thought they ought to be placed.

intoprepositionUS /ˈɪntuː/

moving to the inside of something

From this reading Like them they are divided into _grinders_, having the same action of the mandibles; and _suckers_, who are also parasites, and have tubular sheaths containing stilettos.

landnounUS /lænd/

the land on which real estate is located

From this reading A few live on land, but an immense majority in water, and seem destined to represent, in the aquatic world, the aerial class of insects, from whom, however, they differ in many ways.

LikeverbUS /laɪk/

prefer or wish to do something

From this reading Like them they are divided into _grinders_, having the same action of the mandibles; and _suckers_, who are also parasites, and have tubular sheaths containing stilettos.

littleadjectiveUS /ˈlɪtəl/

limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading Mammals and birds are the victims of parasitical insects; fishes have been reserved for the crustaceans, who do not disdain also to fasten upon their humble neighbors, the mollusks; and even among themselves the little ones settle down on the great.

liveverbUS /laɪv/

be an inhabitant of or reside in

From this reading A few live on land, but an immense majority in water, and seem destined to represent, in the aquatic world, the aerial class of insects, from whom, however, they differ in many ways.

lobstersnounUS /ˈlɑːbstərz/

plural of “lobster” — flesh of a lobster

From this reading (_Crustaceans and Mollusks._) _Crustaceans._ Crustaceans consist of cray-fish, crabs, lobsters, and prawns, who may be considered cousins-german of insects, among which more than one naturalist has thought they ought to be placed.

majoritynounUS /məˈdʒɔːrəti/

the property resulting from being or relating to the greater in number of two parts; the main part

From this reading A few live on land, but an immense majority in water, and seem destined to represent, in the aquatic world, the aerial class of insects, from whom, however, they differ in many ways.

MammalsnounUS /ˈmæməlz/

plural of “mammal” — any warm-blooded vertebrate having the skin more or less covered with hair; young are born alive except for the small subclass of monotremes and nourished with milk

From this reading Mammals and birds are the victims of parasitical insects; fishes have been reserved for the crustaceans, who do not disdain also to fasten upon their humble neighbors, the mollusks; and even among themselves the little ones settle down on the great.

mandibles

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Like them they are divided into _grinders_, having the same action of the mandibles; and _suckers_, who are also parasites, and have tubular sheaths containing stilettos.

manyadjectiveUS /ˈmeni/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “as” or “too” or “so” or “that”; amounting to a large but indefinite number

From this reading A few live on land, but an immense majority in water, and seem destined to represent, in the aquatic world, the aerial class of insects, from whom, however, they differ in many ways.

maymodal verbUS /meɪ/

used to say something is possible, or to give permission

From this reading (_Crustaceans and Mollusks._) _Crustaceans._ Crustaceans consist of cray-fish, crabs, lobsters, and prawns, who may be considered cousins-german of insects, among which more than one naturalist has thought they ought to be placed.

MOLLUSCAnoun

gastropods; bivalves; cephalopods; chitons

From this reading CRUSTACEA--MOLLUSCA.

MollusksnounUS /ˈmɑːləsks/

plural of “mollusk” — invertebrate having a soft unsegmented body usually enclosed in a shell

From this reading (_Crustaceans and Mollusks._) _Crustaceans._ Crustaceans consist of cray-fish, crabs, lobsters, and prawns, who may be considered cousins-german of insects, among which more than one naturalist has thought they ought to be placed.

moreadjectiveUS /mɔːr/

(comparative of “much” used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree

From this reading (_Crustaceans and Mollusks._) _Crustaceans._ Crustaceans consist of cray-fish, crabs, lobsters, and prawns, who may be considered cousins-german of insects, among which more than one naturalist has thought they ought to be placed.

naturalistnounUS /ˈnætʃərələst/

an advocate of the doctrine that the world can be understood in scientific terms

From this reading (_Crustaceans and Mollusks._) _Crustaceans._ Crustaceans consist of cray-fish, crabs, lobsters, and prawns, who may be considered cousins-german of insects, among which more than one naturalist has thought they ought to be placed.

neighborsnounUS /ˈneɪbərz/

plural of “neighbor” — a person who lives (or is located) near another

From this reading Mammals and birds are the victims of parasitical insects; fishes have been reserved for the crustaceans, who do not disdain also to fasten upon their humble neighbors, the mollusks; and even among themselves the little ones settle down on the great.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading Mammals and birds are the victims of parasitical insects; fishes have been reserved for the crustaceans, who do not disdain also to fasten upon their humble neighbors, the mollusks; and even among themselves the little ones settle down on the great.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading (_Crustaceans and Mollusks._) _Crustaceans._ Crustaceans consist of cray-fish, crabs, lobsters, and prawns, who may be considered cousins-german of insects, among which more than one naturalist has thought they ought to be placed.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading Mammals and birds are the victims of parasitical insects; fishes have been reserved for the crustaceans, who do not disdain also to fasten upon their humble neighbors, the mollusks; and even among themselves the little ones settle down on the great.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading (_Crustaceans and Mollusks._) _Crustaceans._ Crustaceans consist of cray-fish, crabs, lobsters, and prawns, who may be considered cousins-german of insects, among which more than one naturalist has thought they ought to be placed.

onesnounUS /wʌnz/

plural of “one” — the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number

From this reading Mammals and birds are the victims of parasitical insects; fishes have been reserved for the crustaceans, who do not disdain also to fasten upon their humble neighbors, the mollusks; and even among themselves the little ones settle down on the great.

oughtmodal verbUS /ɔːt/

used with “to” to say what is right or advisable

From this reading (_Crustaceans and Mollusks._) _Crustaceans._ Crustaceans consist of cray-fish, crabs, lobsters, and prawns, who may be considered cousins-german of insects, among which more than one naturalist has thought they ought to be placed.

parasitesnounUS /ˈperəsaɪts/

plural of “parasite” — an animal or plant that lives in or on a host (another animal or plant); it obtains nourishment from the host without benefiting or killing the host

From this reading Like them they are divided into _grinders_, having the same action of the mandibles; and _suckers_, who are also parasites, and have tubular sheaths containing stilettos.

parasiticaladjective

relating to or caused by parasites

From this reading Mammals and birds are the victims of parasitical insects; fishes have been reserved for the crustaceans, who do not disdain also to fasten upon their humble neighbors, the mollusks; and even among themselves the little ones settle down on the great.

placedadjectiveUS /pleɪst/

situated in a particular spot or position

From this reading (_Crustaceans and Mollusks._) _Crustaceans._ Crustaceans consist of cray-fish, crabs, lobsters, and prawns, who may be considered cousins-german of insects, among which more than one naturalist has thought they ought to be placed.

prawnsnounUS /prɔːnz/

plural of “prawn” — any of various edible decapod crustaceans

From this reading (_Crustaceans and Mollusks._) _Crustaceans._ Crustaceans consist of cray-fish, crabs, lobsters, and prawns, who may be considered cousins-german of insects, among which more than one naturalist has thought they ought to be placed.

representverbUS /ˌreprɪˈzent/

take the place of or be parallel or equivalent to

From this reading A few live on land, but an immense majority in water, and seem destined to represent, in the aquatic world, the aerial class of insects, from whom, however, they differ in many ways.

reservedadjectiveUS /rɪˈzɜːrvd/

set aside for the use of a particular person or party

From this reading Mammals and birds are the victims of parasitical insects; fishes have been reserved for the crustaceans, who do not disdain also to fasten upon their humble neighbors, the mollusks; and even among themselves the little ones settle down on the great.

sameadjectiveUS /seɪm/

Identical; not different.

From this reading Like them they are divided into _grinders_, having the same action of the mandibles; and _suckers_, who are also parasites, and have tubular sheaths containing stilettos.

seemverbUS /siːm/

give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect

From this reading A few live on land, but an immense majority in water, and seem destined to represent, in the aquatic world, the aerial class of insects, from whom, however, they differ in many ways.

settleverbUS /ˈsetəl/

settle into a position, usually on a surface or ground

From this reading Mammals and birds are the victims of parasitical insects; fishes have been reserved for the crustaceans, who do not disdain also to fasten upon their humble neighbors, the mollusks; and even among themselves the little ones settle down on the great.

sheaths

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Like them they are divided into _grinders_, having the same action of the mandibles; and _suckers_, who are also parasites, and have tubular sheaths containing stilettos.

stilettosnounUS /stəˈletoʊz/

plural of “stiletto” — a small dagger with a tapered blade

From this reading Like them they are divided into _grinders_, having the same action of the mandibles; and _suckers_, who are also parasites, and have tubular sheaths containing stilettos.

suckersnounUS /ˈsʌkərz/

plural of “sucker” — a person who is gullible and easy to take advantage of

From this reading Like them they are divided into _grinders_, having the same action of the mandibles; and _suckers_, who are also parasites, and have tubular sheaths containing stilettos.

thanconjunctionUS /ðæn/

used to introduce the second part of a comparison

From this reading (_Crustaceans and Mollusks._) _Crustaceans._ Crustaceans consist of cray-fish, crabs, lobsters, and prawns, who may be considered cousins-german of insects, among which more than one naturalist has thought they ought to be placed.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading Like them they are divided into _grinders_, having the same action of the mandibles; and _suckers_, who are also parasites, and have tubular sheaths containing stilettos.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading Mammals and birds are the victims of parasitical insects; fishes have been reserved for the crustaceans, who do not disdain also to fasten upon their humble neighbors, the mollusks; and even among themselves the little ones settle down on the great.

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading Like them they are divided into _grinders_, having the same action of the mandibles; and _suckers_, who are also parasites, and have tubular sheaths containing stilettos.

themselvespronounUS /ðemˈselvz/

used when the people doing the action are also its object

From this reading Mammals and birds are the victims of parasitical insects; fishes have been reserved for the crustaceans, who do not disdain also to fasten upon their humble neighbors, the mollusks; and even among themselves the little ones settle down on the great.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading (_Crustaceans and Mollusks._) _Crustaceans._ Crustaceans consist of cray-fish, crabs, lobsters, and prawns, who may be considered cousins-german of insects, among which more than one naturalist has thought they ought to be placed.

thoughtnounUS /θɔːt/

the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about

From this reading (_Crustaceans and Mollusks._) _Crustaceans._ Crustaceans consist of cray-fish, crabs, lobsters, and prawns, who may be considered cousins-german of insects, among which more than one naturalist has thought they ought to be placed.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading (_Crustaceans and Mollusks._) _Crustaceans._ Crustaceans consist of cray-fish, crabs, lobsters, and prawns, who may be considered cousins-german of insects, among which more than one naturalist has thought they ought to be placed.

tubularadjectiveUS /ˈtuːbjələr/

constituting a tube; having hollow tubes (as for the passage of fluids)

From this reading Like them they are divided into _grinders_, having the same action of the mandibles; and _suckers_, who are also parasites, and have tubular sheaths containing stilettos.

uponprepositionUS /əˈpɑːn/

a formal word for “on”

From this reading Mammals and birds are the victims of parasitical insects; fishes have been reserved for the crustaceans, who do not disdain also to fasten upon their humble neighbors, the mollusks; and even among themselves the little ones settle down on the great.

victimsnounUS /ˈvɪktəmz/

plural of “victim” — an unfortunate person who suffers from some adverse circumstance

From this reading Mammals and birds are the victims of parasitical insects; fishes have been reserved for the crustaceans, who do not disdain also to fasten upon their humble neighbors, the mollusks; and even among themselves the little ones settle down on the great.

waternounUS /ˈwɔːtər/

binary compound that occurs at room temperature as a clear colorless odorless tasteless liquid; freezes into ice below 0 degrees centigrade and boils above 100 degrees centigrade; widely used as a solvent

From this reading A few live on land, but an immense majority in water, and seem destined to represent, in the aquatic world, the aerial class of insects, from whom, however, they differ in many ways.

waysnounUS /weɪz/

structure consisting of a sloping way down to the water from the place where ships are built or repaired

From this reading A few live on land, but an immense majority in water, and seem destined to represent, in the aquatic world, the aerial class of insects, from whom, however, they differ in many ways.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading (_Crustaceans and Mollusks._) _Crustaceans._ Crustaceans consist of cray-fish, crabs, lobsters, and prawns, who may be considered cousins-german of insects, among which more than one naturalist has thought they ought to be placed.

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading (_Crustaceans and Mollusks._) _Crustaceans._ Crustaceans consist of cray-fish, crabs, lobsters, and prawns, who may be considered cousins-german of insects, among which more than one naturalist has thought they ought to be placed.

whompronounUS /huːm/

the form of “who” used as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading A few live on land, but an immense majority in water, and seem destined to represent, in the aquatic world, the aerial class of insects, from whom, however, they differ in many ways.

worldnounUS /wɜːrld/

everything that exists anywhere

From this reading A few live on land, but an immense majority in water, and seem destined to represent, in the aquatic world, the aerial class of insects, from whom, however, they differ in many ways.

Chapter 37 of The history of a mouthful of bread by Jean Macé holds 114 sentences, grouped into 23 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 37 of The history of a mouthful of bread contain?

Chapter 37 holds 114 sentences of The history of a mouthful of bread, unabridged, divided into 23 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 37 of The history of a mouthful of bread by Jean Macé exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 114 sentences, grouped into 23 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 37 of The history of a mouthful of bread?

Work through the 23 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

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Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 37 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

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Project Gutenberg eBook #6970, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

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About 332 minutes of reading across 797 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

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Vocabulary met early in The history of a mouthful of bread

Words and structures a reader meets early in The history of a mouthful of bread, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Mountains
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The history of a mouthful of bread; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Whence
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The history of a mouthful of bread; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Write
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The history of a mouthful of bread; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Child
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The history of a mouthful of bread; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.