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The History of John Bull
The History of John Bull

Chapter XXXI · Chapter 31

Chapter 31 of The History of John Bull is here in full — 75 sentences across 15 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/15 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
friends, who broke their words, and left his neck in the noose.
Jack was a professed enemy to implicit faith, and yet I dare say it was never more strongly exerted nor more basely abused than upon this occasion.
He was now, with his old friends, in the state of a poor disbanded officer after a peace, or rather a wounded soldier after a battle; like an old favourite of a cunning Minister after the job is over, or a decayed beauty to a cloyed lover in quest of new game, or like a hundred such things that one sees every day.
There were new intrigues, new views, new projects, on foot.
Jack's life was the purchase of Diego's friendship; much good may it do them.
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AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The History of John Bull

Chapter XXXI · Chapter 31

Chapter 31 of The History of John Bull is here in full — 75 sentences across 15 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/15 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
friends, who broke their words, and left his neck in the noose.
/frendz huː broʊk ðer wɜːrdz ənd left hɪz nek ɪn ðə nuːs/
Line 2
Jack was a professed enemy to implicit faith, and yet I dare say it was never more strongly exerted nor more basely abused than upon this occasion.
Line 3
He was now, with his old friends, in the state of a poor disbanded officer after a peace, or rather a wounded soldier after a battle; like an old favourite of a cunning Minister after the job is over, or a decayed beauty to a cloyed lover in quest of new game, or like a hundred such things that one sees every day.
Line 4
There were new intrigues, new views, new projects, on foot.
/ðer wɜːr nuː ˌɪnˈtriːɡz nuː vjuːz nuː ˈprɑːdʒekts ɑːn fʊt/
Line 5
Jack's life was the purchase of Diego's friendship; much good may it do them.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

decayed adjective US /dəˈkeɪd/

damaged by decay; hence unsound and useless

From this reading “He was now, with his old friends, in the state of a poor disbanded officer after a peace, or rather a wounded soldier after a battle; like an old favourite of a cunning Minister after the job is over, or a decayed beauty to a cloyed lover in quest of new game, or like a hundred such things that one sees every day.”

disbanded verb US /dɪsˈbændɪd/

past form of “disband” — cause to break up or cease to function

From this reading “He was now, with his old friends, in the state of a poor disbanded officer after a peace, or rather a wounded soldier after a battle; like an old favourite of a cunning Minister after the job is over, or a decayed beauty to a cloyed lover in quest of new game, or like a hundred such things that one sees every day.”

exerted verb US /ɪɡˈzɜːrtɪd/

past form of “exert” — put to use

From this reading “Jack was a professed enemy to implicit faith, and yet I dare say it was never more strongly exerted nor more basely abused than upon this occasion.”

implicit adjective US /ˌɪmˈplɪsət/

implied though not directly expressed; inherent in the nature of something

From this reading “Jack was a professed enemy to implicit faith, and yet I dare say it was never more strongly exerted nor more basely abused than upon this occasion.”

intrigues noun US /ˌɪnˈtriːɡz/

plural of “intrigue” — a crafty and involved plot to achieve your (usually sinister) ends

From this reading “There were new intrigues, new views, new projects, on foot.”

Jack's noun US /dʒæks/

possessive form of “jack” — a small worthless amount

From this reading “Jack's life was the purchase of Diego's friendship; much good may it do them.”

noose noun US /nuːs/

a trap for birds or small mammals; often has a slip noose

From this reading “friends, who broke their words, and left his neck in the noose.”

projects noun US /ˈprɑːdʒekts/

plural of “project” — any piece of work that is undertaken or attempted

From this reading “There were new intrigues, new views, new projects, on foot.”

All words in this reading · 92

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Jack was a professed enemy to implicit faith, and yet I dare say it was never more strongly exerted nor more basely abused than upon this occasion.

abusedadjectiveUS /əˈbjuːzd/

used improperly or excessively especially drugs

From this reading Jack was a professed enemy to implicit faith, and yet I dare say it was never more strongly exerted nor more basely abused than upon this occasion.

afterprepositionUS /ˈæftər/

later than; following

From this reading He was now, with his old friends, in the state of a poor disbanded officer after a peace, or rather a wounded soldier after a battle; like an old favourite of a cunning Minister after the job is over, or a decayed beauty to a cloyed lover in quest of new game, or like a hundred such things that one sees every day.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading He was now, with his old friends, in the state of a poor disbanded officer after a peace, or rather a wounded soldier after a battle; like an old favourite of a cunning Minister after the job is over, or a decayed beauty to a cloyed lover in quest of new game, or like a hundred such things that one sees every day.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading friends, who broke their words, and left his neck in the noose.

baselyadverb

in a despicable, ignoble manner

From this reading Jack was a professed enemy to implicit faith, and yet I dare say it was never more strongly exerted nor more basely abused than upon this occasion.

battlenounUS /ˈbætəl/

a hostile meeting of opposing military forces in the course of a war

From this reading He was now, with his old friends, in the state of a poor disbanded officer after a peace, or rather a wounded soldier after a battle; like an old favourite of a cunning Minister after the job is over, or a decayed beauty to a cloyed lover in quest of new game, or like a hundred such things that one sees every day.

beautynounUS /ˈbjuːti/

the qualities that give pleasure to the senses

From this reading He was now, with his old friends, in the state of a poor disbanded officer after a peace, or rather a wounded soldier after a battle; like an old favourite of a cunning Minister after the job is over, or a decayed beauty to a cloyed lover in quest of new game, or like a hundred such things that one sees every day.

brokeadjectiveUS /broʊk/

lacking funds

From this reading friends, who broke their words, and left his neck in the noose.

cloyed

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading He was now, with his old friends, in the state of a poor disbanded officer after a peace, or rather a wounded soldier after a battle; like an old favourite of a cunning Minister after the job is over, or a decayed beauty to a cloyed lover in quest of new game, or like a hundred such things that one sees every day.

cunningadjectiveUS /ˈkʌnɪŋ/

attractive especially by means of smallness or prettiness or quaintness

From this reading He was now, with his old friends, in the state of a poor disbanded officer after a peace, or rather a wounded soldier after a battle; like an old favourite of a cunning Minister after the job is over, or a decayed beauty to a cloyed lover in quest of new game, or like a hundred such things that one sees every day.

dareverbUS /der/

take upon oneself; act presumptuously, without permission

From this reading Jack was a professed enemy to implicit faith, and yet I dare say it was never more strongly exerted nor more basely abused than upon this occasion.

daynounUS /deɪ/

time for Earth to make a complete rotation on its axis

From this reading He was now, with his old friends, in the state of a poor disbanded officer after a peace, or rather a wounded soldier after a battle; like an old favourite of a cunning Minister after the job is over, or a decayed beauty to a cloyed lover in quest of new game, or like a hundred such things that one sees every day.

decayedadjectiveUS /dəˈkeɪd/

damaged by decay; hence unsound and useless

From this reading He was now, with his old friends, in the state of a poor disbanded officer after a peace, or rather a wounded soldier after a battle; like an old favourite of a cunning Minister after the job is over, or a decayed beauty to a cloyed lover in quest of new game, or like a hundred such things that one sees every day.

Diego's

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Jack's life was the purchase of Diego's friendship; much good may it do them.

disbandedverbUS /dɪsˈbændɪd/

past form of “disband” — cause to break up or cease to function

From this reading He was now, with his old friends, in the state of a poor disbanded officer after a peace, or rather a wounded soldier after a battle; like an old favourite of a cunning Minister after the job is over, or a decayed beauty to a cloyed lover in quest of new game, or like a hundred such things that one sees every day.

doauxiliary verbUS /duː/

used to form questions and negatives, and to give emphasis

From this reading Jack's life was the purchase of Diego's friendship; much good may it do them.

enemynounUS /ˈenəmi/

an opposing military force

From this reading Jack was a professed enemy to implicit faith, and yet I dare say it was never more strongly exerted nor more basely abused than upon this occasion.

everydeterminerUS /ˈevəri/

all the members of a group, with none left out

From this reading He was now, with his old friends, in the state of a poor disbanded officer after a peace, or rather a wounded soldier after a battle; like an old favourite of a cunning Minister after the job is over, or a decayed beauty to a cloyed lover in quest of new game, or like a hundred such things that one sees every day.

exertedverbUS /ɪɡˈzɜːrtɪd/

past form of “exert” — put to use

From this reading Jack was a professed enemy to implicit faith, and yet I dare say it was never more strongly exerted nor more basely abused than upon this occasion.

faithnounUS /feɪθ/

a strong belief in a supernatural power or powers that control human destiny

From this reading Jack was a professed enemy to implicit faith, and yet I dare say it was never more strongly exerted nor more basely abused than upon this occasion.

favouritenounUS /ˈfeɪvərɪt/

a competitor thought likely to win

From this reading He was now, with his old friends, in the state of a poor disbanded officer after a peace, or rather a wounded soldier after a battle; like an old favourite of a cunning Minister after the job is over, or a decayed beauty to a cloyed lover in quest of new game, or like a hundred such things that one sees every day.

footnounUS /fʊt/

the part of the leg of a human being below the ankle joint

From this reading There were new intrigues, new views, new projects, on foot.

friendsnounUS /frendz/

plural of “friend” — a person you know well and regard with affection and trust

From this reading friends, who broke their words, and left his neck in the noose.

friendshipnounUS /ˈfrendʃɪp/

the state of being friends (or friendly)

From this reading Jack's life was the purchase of Diego's friendship; much good may it do them.

gamenounUS /ɡeɪm/

a contest with rules to determine a winner

From this reading He was now, with his old friends, in the state of a poor disbanded officer after a peace, or rather a wounded soldier after a battle; like an old favourite of a cunning Minister after the job is over, or a decayed beauty to a cloyed lover in quest of new game, or like a hundred such things that one sees every day.

goodadjectiveUS /ɡʊd/

having desirable or positive qualities especially those suitable for a thing specified

From this reading Jack's life was the purchase of Diego's friendship; much good may it do them.

HepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading He was now, with his old friends, in the state of a poor disbanded officer after a peace, or rather a wounded soldier after a battle; like an old favourite of a cunning Minister after the job is over, or a decayed beauty to a cloyed lover in quest of new game, or like a hundred such things that one sees every day.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading friends, who broke their words, and left his neck in the noose.

hundrednounUS /ˈhʌndrəd/

ten 10s

From this reading He was now, with his old friends, in the state of a poor disbanded officer after a peace, or rather a wounded soldier after a battle; like an old favourite of a cunning Minister after the job is over, or a decayed beauty to a cloyed lover in quest of new game, or like a hundred such things that one sees every day.

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading Jack was a professed enemy to implicit faith, and yet I dare say it was never more strongly exerted nor more basely abused than upon this occasion.

implicitadjectiveUS /ˌɪmˈplɪsət/

implied though not directly expressed; inherent in the nature of something

From this reading Jack was a professed enemy to implicit faith, and yet I dare say it was never more strongly exerted nor more basely abused than upon this occasion.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading friends, who broke their words, and left his neck in the noose.

intriguesnounUS /ˌɪnˈtriːɡz/

plural of “intrigue” — a crafty and involved plot to achieve your (usually sinister) ends

From this reading There were new intrigues, new views, new projects, on foot.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading He was now, with his old friends, in the state of a poor disbanded officer after a peace, or rather a wounded soldier after a battle; like an old favourite of a cunning Minister after the job is over, or a decayed beauty to a cloyed lover in quest of new game, or like a hundred such things that one sees every day.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading Jack was a professed enemy to implicit faith, and yet I dare say it was never more strongly exerted nor more basely abused than upon this occasion.

JacknounUS /dʒæk/

a small worthless amount

From this reading Jack was a professed enemy to implicit faith, and yet I dare say it was never more strongly exerted nor more basely abused than upon this occasion.

Jack'snounUS /dʒæks/

possessive form of “jack” — a small worthless amount

From this reading Jack's life was the purchase of Diego's friendship; much good may it do them.

jobnounUS /dʒɑːb/

the principal activity in your life that you do to earn money

From this reading He was now, with his old friends, in the state of a poor disbanded officer after a peace, or rather a wounded soldier after a battle; like an old favourite of a cunning Minister after the job is over, or a decayed beauty to a cloyed lover in quest of new game, or like a hundred such things that one sees every day.

leftnounUS /left/

location near or direction toward the left side; i.e. the side to the north when a person or object faces east

From this reading friends, who broke their words, and left his neck in the noose.

lifenounUS /laɪf/

a characteristic state or mode of living

From this reading Jack's life was the purchase of Diego's friendship; much good may it do them.

likeverbUS /laɪk/

prefer or wish to do something

From this reading He was now, with his old friends, in the state of a poor disbanded officer after a peace, or rather a wounded soldier after a battle; like an old favourite of a cunning Minister after the job is over, or a decayed beauty to a cloyed lover in quest of new game, or like a hundred such things that one sees every day.

lovernounUS /ˈlʌvər/

a person who loves someone or is loved by someone

From this reading He was now, with his old friends, in the state of a poor disbanded officer after a peace, or rather a wounded soldier after a battle; like an old favourite of a cunning Minister after the job is over, or a decayed beauty to a cloyed lover in quest of new game, or like a hundred such things that one sees every day.

maymodal verbUS /meɪ/

used to say something is possible, or to give permission

From this reading Jack's life was the purchase of Diego's friendship; much good may it do them.

MinisternounUS /ˈmɪnəstər/

a person authorized to conduct religious worship

From this reading He was now, with his old friends, in the state of a poor disbanded officer after a peace, or rather a wounded soldier after a battle; like an old favourite of a cunning Minister after the job is over, or a decayed beauty to a cloyed lover in quest of new game, or like a hundred such things that one sees every day.

moreadjectiveUS /mɔːr/

(comparative of “much” used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree

From this reading Jack was a professed enemy to implicit faith, and yet I dare say it was never more strongly exerted nor more basely abused than upon this occasion.

muchadverbUS /mʌtʃ/

to a great degree or extent

From this reading Jack's life was the purchase of Diego's friendship; much good may it do them.

necknounUS /nek/

the part of an organism (human or animal) that connects the head to the rest of the body

From this reading friends, who broke their words, and left his neck in the noose.

neveradverbUS /ˈnevər/

not ever; at no time in the past or future

From this reading Jack was a professed enemy to implicit faith, and yet I dare say it was never more strongly exerted nor more basely abused than upon this occasion.

newadjectiveUS /nuː/

not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered

From this reading He was now, with his old friends, in the state of a poor disbanded officer after a peace, or rather a wounded soldier after a battle; like an old favourite of a cunning Minister after the job is over, or a decayed beauty to a cloyed lover in quest of new game, or like a hundred such things that one sees every day.

noosenounUS /nuːs/

a trap for birds or small mammals; often has a slip noose

From this reading friends, who broke their words, and left his neck in the noose.

norconjunctionUS /nɔːr/

and not; used after a negative to add a second negative

From this reading Jack was a professed enemy to implicit faith, and yet I dare say it was never more strongly exerted nor more basely abused than upon this occasion.

nowadverbUS /naʊ/

in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events

From this reading He was now, with his old friends, in the state of a poor disbanded officer after a peace, or rather a wounded soldier after a battle; like an old favourite of a cunning Minister after the job is over, or a decayed beauty to a cloyed lover in quest of new game, or like a hundred such things that one sees every day.

occasionnounUS /əˈkeɪʒən/

an event that occurs at a critical time

From this reading Jack was a professed enemy to implicit faith, and yet I dare say it was never more strongly exerted nor more basely abused than upon this occasion.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading He was now, with his old friends, in the state of a poor disbanded officer after a peace, or rather a wounded soldier after a battle; like an old favourite of a cunning Minister after the job is over, or a decayed beauty to a cloyed lover in quest of new game, or like a hundred such things that one sees every day.

officernounUS /ˈɔːfəsər/

any person in the armed services who holds a position of authority or command

From this reading He was now, with his old friends, in the state of a poor disbanded officer after a peace, or rather a wounded soldier after a battle; like an old favourite of a cunning Minister after the job is over, or a decayed beauty to a cloyed lover in quest of new game, or like a hundred such things that one sees every day.

oldadjectiveUS /oʊld/

(used especially of persons) having lived for a relatively long time or attained a specific age

From this reading He was now, with his old friends, in the state of a poor disbanded officer after a peace, or rather a wounded soldier after a battle; like an old favourite of a cunning Minister after the job is over, or a decayed beauty to a cloyed lover in quest of new game, or like a hundred such things that one sees every day.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading There were new intrigues, new views, new projects, on foot.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading He was now, with his old friends, in the state of a poor disbanded officer after a peace, or rather a wounded soldier after a battle; like an old favourite of a cunning Minister after the job is over, or a decayed beauty to a cloyed lover in quest of new game, or like a hundred such things that one sees every day.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading He was now, with his old friends, in the state of a poor disbanded officer after a peace, or rather a wounded soldier after a battle; like an old favourite of a cunning Minister after the job is over, or a decayed beauty to a cloyed lover in quest of new game, or like a hundred such things that one sees every day.

overprepositionUS /ˈoʊvər/

above and across; more than

From this reading He was now, with his old friends, in the state of a poor disbanded officer after a peace, or rather a wounded soldier after a battle; like an old favourite of a cunning Minister after the job is over, or a decayed beauty to a cloyed lover in quest of new game, or like a hundred such things that one sees every day.

peacenounUS /piːs/

the state prevailing during the absence of war

From this reading He was now, with his old friends, in the state of a poor disbanded officer after a peace, or rather a wounded soldier after a battle; like an old favourite of a cunning Minister after the job is over, or a decayed beauty to a cloyed lover in quest of new game, or like a hundred such things that one sees every day.

pooradjectiveUS /puːr/

deserving or inciting pity

From this reading He was now, with his old friends, in the state of a poor disbanded officer after a peace, or rather a wounded soldier after a battle; like an old favourite of a cunning Minister after the job is over, or a decayed beauty to a cloyed lover in quest of new game, or like a hundred such things that one sees every day.

professedadjectiveUS /prəˈfest/

professing to be qualified

From this reading Jack was a professed enemy to implicit faith, and yet I dare say it was never more strongly exerted nor more basely abused than upon this occasion.

projectsnounUS /ˈprɑːdʒekts/

plural of “project” — any piece of work that is undertaken or attempted

From this reading There were new intrigues, new views, new projects, on foot.

purchasenounUS /ˈpɜːrtʃəs/

the acquisition of something for payment

From this reading Jack's life was the purchase of Diego's friendship; much good may it do them.

questnounUS /kwest/

a search for an alternative that meets cognitive criteria

From this reading He was now, with his old friends, in the state of a poor disbanded officer after a peace, or rather a wounded soldier after a battle; like an old favourite of a cunning Minister after the job is over, or a decayed beauty to a cloyed lover in quest of new game, or like a hundred such things that one sees every day.

ratheradverbUS /ˈræðər/

on the contrary

From this reading He was now, with his old friends, in the state of a poor disbanded officer after a peace, or rather a wounded soldier after a battle; like an old favourite of a cunning Minister after the job is over, or a decayed beauty to a cloyed lover in quest of new game, or like a hundred such things that one sees every day.

sayverbUS /seɪ/

express in words

From this reading Jack was a professed enemy to implicit faith, and yet I dare say it was never more strongly exerted nor more basely abused than upon this occasion.

seesnounUS /siːz/

plural of “see” — the seat within a bishop's diocese where his cathedral is located

From this reading He was now, with his old friends, in the state of a poor disbanded officer after a peace, or rather a wounded soldier after a battle; like an old favourite of a cunning Minister after the job is over, or a decayed beauty to a cloyed lover in quest of new game, or like a hundred such things that one sees every day.

soldiernounUS /ˈsoʊldʒər/

an enlisted man or woman who serves in an army

From this reading He was now, with his old friends, in the state of a poor disbanded officer after a peace, or rather a wounded soldier after a battle; like an old favourite of a cunning Minister after the job is over, or a decayed beauty to a cloyed lover in quest of new game, or like a hundred such things that one sees every day.

statenounUS /steɪt/

the territory occupied by one of the constituent administrative districts of a nation

From this reading He was now, with his old friends, in the state of a poor disbanded officer after a peace, or rather a wounded soldier after a battle; like an old favourite of a cunning Minister after the job is over, or a decayed beauty to a cloyed lover in quest of new game, or like a hundred such things that one sees every day.

stronglyadverbUS /ˈstrɔːŋli/

with strength or in a strong manner

From this reading Jack was a professed enemy to implicit faith, and yet I dare say it was never more strongly exerted nor more basely abused than upon this occasion.

suchdeterminerUS /sʌtʃ/

of the kind already mentioned

From this reading He was now, with his old friends, in the state of a poor disbanded officer after a peace, or rather a wounded soldier after a battle; like an old favourite of a cunning Minister after the job is over, or a decayed beauty to a cloyed lover in quest of new game, or like a hundred such things that one sees every day.

thanconjunctionUS /ðæn/

used to introduce the second part of a comparison

From this reading Jack was a professed enemy to implicit faith, and yet I dare say it was never more strongly exerted nor more basely abused than upon this occasion.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading He was now, with his old friends, in the state of a poor disbanded officer after a peace, or rather a wounded soldier after a battle; like an old favourite of a cunning Minister after the job is over, or a decayed beauty to a cloyed lover in quest of new game, or like a hundred such things that one sees every day.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading friends, who broke their words, and left his neck in the noose.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading friends, who broke their words, and left his neck in the noose.

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading Jack's life was the purchase of Diego's friendship; much good may it do them.

ThereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading There were new intrigues, new views, new projects, on foot.

thingsnounUS /θɪŋz/

any movable possession (especially articles of clothing)

From this reading He was now, with his old friends, in the state of a poor disbanded officer after a peace, or rather a wounded soldier after a battle; like an old favourite of a cunning Minister after the job is over, or a decayed beauty to a cloyed lover in quest of new game, or like a hundred such things that one sees every day.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading Jack was a professed enemy to implicit faith, and yet I dare say it was never more strongly exerted nor more basely abused than upon this occasion.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Jack was a professed enemy to implicit faith, and yet I dare say it was never more strongly exerted nor more basely abused than upon this occasion.

uponprepositionUS /əˈpɑːn/

a formal word for “on”

From this reading Jack was a professed enemy to implicit faith, and yet I dare say it was never more strongly exerted nor more basely abused than upon this occasion.

viewsnounUS /vjuːz/

plural of “view” — a way of regarding situations or topics etc.

From this reading There were new intrigues, new views, new projects, on foot.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Jack was a professed enemy to implicit faith, and yet I dare say it was never more strongly exerted nor more basely abused than upon this occasion.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading There were new intrigues, new views, new projects, on foot.

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading friends, who broke their words, and left his neck in the noose.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading He was now, with his old friends, in the state of a poor disbanded officer after a peace, or rather a wounded soldier after a battle; like an old favourite of a cunning Minister after the job is over, or a decayed beauty to a cloyed lover in quest of new game, or like a hundred such things that one sees every day.

wordsnounUS /wɜːrdz/

the words that are spoken

From this reading friends, who broke their words, and left his neck in the noose.

woundednounUS /ˈwuːndɪd/

people who are wounded

From this reading He was now, with his old friends, in the state of a poor disbanded officer after a peace, or rather a wounded soldier after a battle; like an old favourite of a cunning Minister after the job is over, or a decayed beauty to a cloyed lover in quest of new game, or like a hundred such things that one sees every day.

yetconjunctionUS /jet/

but in spite of that

From this reading Jack was a professed enemy to implicit faith, and yet I dare say it was never more strongly exerted nor more basely abused than upon this occasion.

Chapter 31 of The History of John Bull by John Arbuthnot holds 75 sentences, grouped into 15 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the public-domain source, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 31 of The History of John Bull contain?

Chapter 31 holds 75 sentences of The History of John Bull, unabridged, divided into 15 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 31 of The History of John Bull by John Arbuthnot exactly as it stands in the public-domain source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 75 sentences, grouped into 15 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 31 of The History of John Bull?

Work through the 15 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 15 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 31 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 31 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading The History of John Bull

Common questions about reading The History of John Bull by John Arbuthnot on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of The History of John Bull?

Yes. All 1582 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #2643 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of The History of John Bull is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #2643, a public-domain edition. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does The History of John Bull take to read?

About 131 minutes of reading across 317 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read The History of John Bull section by section

How to work through The History of John Bull section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 40 chapters of The History of John Bull to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in The History of John Bull

Words and structures a reader meets early in The History of John Bull, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Great
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The History of John Bull; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Quarrels
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The History of John Bull; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Happened
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The History of John Bull; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Neighbourhood
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The History of John Bull; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.