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The Invisible Foe
The Invisible Foe

Chapter II

Chapter 2 of The Invisible Foe is here in full — 67 sentences across 14 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for The Invisible Foe
Context Illustration Reading 1/13 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
Richard Bransby had few friends because he tolerated few.
Unloving towards most, rather than unlovable, his life and his personality cut deep, but in narrow channels.
To him pictures were—canvas and paint, and a considerable item of expense; for he was too shrewd a business man to buy anything cheap or inferior.
Knowing his own limitations as few men have the self-searching gift to do, he took no risks with his strenuously earned sovereigns, lavishly as he spent them.
He spent magnificently, but he never misspent.
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AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The Invisible Foe

Chapter II

Chapter 2 of The Invisible Foe is here in full — 67 sentences across 14 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/13 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
Richard Bransby had few friends because he tolerated few.
Line 2
Unloving towards most, rather than unlovable, his life and his personality cut deep, but in narrow channels.
Line 3
To him pictures were—canvas and paint, and a considerable item of expense; for he was too shrewd a business man to buy anything cheap or inferior.
Line 4
Knowing his own limitations as few men have the self-searching gift to do, he took no risks with his strenuously earned sovereigns, lavishly as he spent them.
Line 5
He spent magnificently, but he never misspent.
/hiː spent mæɡˈnɪfəsəntli bʌt hiː ˈnevər mɪsˈspent/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

channels noun US /ˈtʃænəlz/

official routes of communication

From this reading “Unloving towards most, rather than unlovable, his life and his personality cut deep, but in narrow channels.”

lavishly adverb US /ˈlævɪʃli/

in a wasteful manner

From this reading “Knowing his own limitations as few men have the self-searching gift to do, he took no risks with his strenuously earned sovereigns, lavishly as he spent them.”

limitations noun US /ˌlɪmɪˈteɪʃənz/

plural of “limitation” — a principle that limits the extent of something

From this reading “Knowing his own limitations as few men have the self-searching gift to do, he took no risks with his strenuously earned sovereigns, lavishly as he spent them.”

magnificently adverb US /mæɡˈnɪfəsəntli/

extremely well

From this reading “He spent magnificently, but he never misspent.”

misspent verb US /mɪsˈspent/

inflected form of “misspend” — spend time badly or unwisely

From this reading “He spent magnificently, but he never misspent.”

sovereigns noun US /ˈsɑːvrənz/

plural of “sovereign” — a nation's ruler or head of state usually by hereditary right

From this reading “Knowing his own limitations as few men have the self-searching gift to do, he took no risks with his strenuously earned sovereigns, lavishly as he spent them.”

strenuously adverb US /ˈstrenjuːəsli/

in a strenuous manner; strongly or vigorously

From this reading “Knowing his own limitations as few men have the self-searching gift to do, he took no risks with his strenuously earned sovereigns, lavishly as he spent them.”

tolerated verb US /ˈtɑːləreɪtɪd/

past form of “tolerate” — put up with something or somebody unpleasant

From this reading “Richard Bransby had few friends because he tolerated few.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

too shrewd adverb + adjective

In this reading “To him pictures were—canvas and paint, and a considerable item of expense; for he was too shrewd a business man to buy anything cheap or inferior.”

few men adjective + noun

In this reading “Knowing his own limitations as few men have the self-searching gift to do, he took no risks with his strenuously earned sovereigns, lavishly as he spent them.”

business man noun + noun

In this reading “To him pictures were—canvas and paint, and a considerable item of expense; for he was too shrewd a business man to buy anything cheap or inferior.”

All words in this reading · 69

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading To him pictures were—canvas and paint, and a considerable item of expense; for he was too shrewd a business man to buy anything cheap or inferior.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Unloving towards most, rather than unlovable, his life and his personality cut deep, but in narrow channels.

anythingpronounUS /ˈeniθɪŋ/

any thing at all

From this reading To him pictures were—canvas and paint, and a considerable item of expense; for he was too shrewd a business man to buy anything cheap or inferior.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading Knowing his own limitations as few men have the self-searching gift to do, he took no risks with his strenuously earned sovereigns, lavishly as he spent them.

becauseconjunctionUS /bɪˈkɔːz/

for the reason that

From this reading Richard Bransby had few friends because he tolerated few.

Bransby

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Richard Bransby had few friends because he tolerated few.

businessnounUS /ˈbɪznəs/

a commercial or industrial enterprise and the people who constitute it

From this reading To him pictures were—canvas and paint, and a considerable item of expense; for he was too shrewd a business man to buy anything cheap or inferior.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading Unloving towards most, rather than unlovable, his life and his personality cut deep, but in narrow channels.

buyverbUS /baɪ/

obtain by purchase; acquire by means of a financial transaction

From this reading To him pictures were—canvas and paint, and a considerable item of expense; for he was too shrewd a business man to buy anything cheap or inferior.

canvasnounUS /ˈkænvəs/

a heavy, closely woven fabric (used for clothing or chairs or sails or tents)

From this reading To him pictures were—canvas and paint, and a considerable item of expense; for he was too shrewd a business man to buy anything cheap or inferior.

channelsnounUS /ˈtʃænəlz/

official routes of communication

From this reading Unloving towards most, rather than unlovable, his life and his personality cut deep, but in narrow channels.

cheapadjectiveUS /tʃiːp/

relatively low in price or charging low prices

From this reading To him pictures were—canvas and paint, and a considerable item of expense; for he was too shrewd a business man to buy anything cheap or inferior.

considerableadjectiveUS /kənˈsɪdərəbəl/

large or relatively large in number or amount or extent or degree

From this reading To him pictures were—canvas and paint, and a considerable item of expense; for he was too shrewd a business man to buy anything cheap or inferior.

cutverbUS /kʌt/

separate with or as if with an instrument

From this reading Unloving towards most, rather than unlovable, his life and his personality cut deep, but in narrow channels.

deepadjectiveUS /diːp/

relatively deep or strong; affecting one deeply

From this reading Unloving towards most, rather than unlovable, his life and his personality cut deep, but in narrow channels.

doauxiliary verbUS /duː/

used to form questions and negatives, and to give emphasis

From this reading Knowing his own limitations as few men have the self-searching gift to do, he took no risks with his strenuously earned sovereigns, lavishly as he spent them.

earnedadjectiveUS /ɜːrnd/

gained or acquired; especially through merit or as a result of effort or action

From this reading Knowing his own limitations as few men have the self-searching gift to do, he took no risks with his strenuously earned sovereigns, lavishly as he spent them.

expensenounUS /ɪkˈspens/

amounts paid for goods and services that may be currently tax deductible (as opposed to capital expenditures)

From this reading To him pictures were—canvas and paint, and a considerable item of expense; for he was too shrewd a business man to buy anything cheap or inferior.

fewadjectiveUS /fjuː/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “a”; a small but indefinite number

From this reading Richard Bransby had few friends because he tolerated few.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading To him pictures were—canvas and paint, and a considerable item of expense; for he was too shrewd a business man to buy anything cheap or inferior.

friendsnounUS /frendz/

plural of “friend” — a person you know well and regard with affection and trust

From this reading Richard Bransby had few friends because he tolerated few.

giftnounUS /ɡɪft/

something acquired without compensation

From this reading Knowing his own limitations as few men have the self-searching gift to do, he took no risks with his strenuously earned sovereigns, lavishly as he spent them.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading Richard Bransby had few friends because he tolerated few.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading Knowing his own limitations as few men have the self-searching gift to do, he took no risks with his strenuously earned sovereigns, lavishly as he spent them.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading Richard Bransby had few friends because he tolerated few.

himpronounUS /hɪm/

the male already mentioned, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading To him pictures were—canvas and paint, and a considerable item of expense; for he was too shrewd a business man to buy anything cheap or inferior.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading Unloving towards most, rather than unlovable, his life and his personality cut deep, but in narrow channels.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Unloving towards most, rather than unlovable, his life and his personality cut deep, but in narrow channels.

inferioradjectiveUS /ˌɪnˈfɪriər/

of or characteristic of low rank or importance

From this reading To him pictures were—canvas and paint, and a considerable item of expense; for he was too shrewd a business man to buy anything cheap or inferior.

itemnounUS /ˈaɪtəm/

a distinct part that can be specified separately in a group of things that could be enumerated on a list

From this reading To him pictures were—canvas and paint, and a considerable item of expense; for he was too shrewd a business man to buy anything cheap or inferior.

KnowingadjectiveUS /ˈnoʊɪŋ/

evidencing the possession of inside information

From this reading Knowing his own limitations as few men have the self-searching gift to do, he took no risks with his strenuously earned sovereigns, lavishly as he spent them.

lavishlyadverbUS /ˈlævɪʃli/

in a wasteful manner

From this reading Knowing his own limitations as few men have the self-searching gift to do, he took no risks with his strenuously earned sovereigns, lavishly as he spent them.

lifenounUS /laɪf/

a characteristic state or mode of living

From this reading Unloving towards most, rather than unlovable, his life and his personality cut deep, but in narrow channels.

limitationsnounUS /ˌlɪmɪˈteɪʃənz/

plural of “limitation” — a principle that limits the extent of something

From this reading Knowing his own limitations as few men have the self-searching gift to do, he took no risks with his strenuously earned sovereigns, lavishly as he spent them.

magnificentlyadverbUS /mæɡˈnɪfəsəntli/

extremely well

From this reading He spent magnificently, but he never misspent.

mannounUS /mæn/

an adult person who is male (as opposed to a woman)

From this reading To him pictures were—canvas and paint, and a considerable item of expense; for he was too shrewd a business man to buy anything cheap or inferior.

mennounUS /men/

the force of workers available

From this reading Knowing his own limitations as few men have the self-searching gift to do, he took no risks with his strenuously earned sovereigns, lavishly as he spent them.

misspentverbUS /mɪsˈspent/

inflected form of “misspend” — spend time badly or unwisely

From this reading He spent magnificently, but he never misspent.

mostadverbUS /moʊst/

used to form the superlative

From this reading Unloving towards most, rather than unlovable, his life and his personality cut deep, but in narrow channels.

narrowverbUS /ˈneroʊ/

make or become more narrow or restricted

From this reading Unloving towards most, rather than unlovable, his life and his personality cut deep, but in narrow channels.

neveradverbUS /ˈnevər/

not ever; at no time in the past or future

From this reading He spent magnificently, but he never misspent.

nodeterminerUS /noʊ/

not any; not one

From this reading Knowing his own limitations as few men have the self-searching gift to do, he took no risks with his strenuously earned sovereigns, lavishly as he spent them.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading To him pictures were—canvas and paint, and a considerable item of expense; for he was too shrewd a business man to buy anything cheap or inferior.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading To him pictures were—canvas and paint, and a considerable item of expense; for he was too shrewd a business man to buy anything cheap or inferior.

ownverbUS /oʊn/

have ownership or possession of

From this reading Knowing his own limitations as few men have the self-searching gift to do, he took no risks with his strenuously earned sovereigns, lavishly as he spent them.

paintverbUS /peɪnt/

make a painting

From this reading To him pictures were—canvas and paint, and a considerable item of expense; for he was too shrewd a business man to buy anything cheap or inferior.

personalitynounUS /ˌpɜːrsəˈnælɪti/

the complex of all the attributes--behavioral, temperamental, emotional and mental--that characterize a unique individual

From this reading Unloving towards most, rather than unlovable, his life and his personality cut deep, but in narrow channels.

picturesnounUS /ˈpɪktʃərz/

plural of “picture” — a visual representation (of an object or scene or person or abstraction) produced on a surface

From this reading To him pictures were—canvas and paint, and a considerable item of expense; for he was too shrewd a business man to buy anything cheap or inferior.

ratheradverbUS /ˈræðər/

on the contrary

From this reading Unloving towards most, rather than unlovable, his life and his personality cut deep, but in narrow channels.

Richard

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Richard Bransby had few friends because he tolerated few.

risksnounUS /rɪsks/

plural of “risk” — a source of danger; a possibility of incurring loss or misfortune

From this reading Knowing his own limitations as few men have the self-searching gift to do, he took no risks with his strenuously earned sovereigns, lavishly as he spent them.

self-searching

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Knowing his own limitations as few men have the self-searching gift to do, he took no risks with his strenuously earned sovereigns, lavishly as he spent them.

shrewdadjectiveUS /ʃruːd/

marked by practical hardheaded intelligence

From this reading To him pictures were—canvas and paint, and a considerable item of expense; for he was too shrewd a business man to buy anything cheap or inferior.

sovereignsnounUS /ˈsɑːvrənz/

plural of “sovereign” — a nation's ruler or head of state usually by hereditary right

From this reading Knowing his own limitations as few men have the self-searching gift to do, he took no risks with his strenuously earned sovereigns, lavishly as he spent them.

spentadjectiveUS /spent/

depleted of energy, force, or strength

From this reading Knowing his own limitations as few men have the self-searching gift to do, he took no risks with his strenuously earned sovereigns, lavishly as he spent them.

strenuouslyadverbUS /ˈstrenjuːəsli/

in a strenuous manner; strongly or vigorously

From this reading Knowing his own limitations as few men have the self-searching gift to do, he took no risks with his strenuously earned sovereigns, lavishly as he spent them.

thanconjunctionUS /ðæn/

used to introduce the second part of a comparison

From this reading Unloving towards most, rather than unlovable, his life and his personality cut deep, but in narrow channels.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading Knowing his own limitations as few men have the self-searching gift to do, he took no risks with his strenuously earned sovereigns, lavishly as he spent them.

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading Knowing his own limitations as few men have the self-searching gift to do, he took no risks with his strenuously earned sovereigns, lavishly as he spent them.

ToparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading To him pictures were—canvas and paint, and a considerable item of expense; for he was too shrewd a business man to buy anything cheap or inferior.

toleratedverbUS /ˈtɑːləreɪtɪd/

past form of “tolerate” — put up with something or somebody unpleasant

From this reading Richard Bransby had few friends because he tolerated few.

tooadverbUS /tuː/

to a degree exceeding normal or proper limits

From this reading To him pictures were—canvas and paint, and a considerable item of expense; for he was too shrewd a business man to buy anything cheap or inferior.

tookverbUS /tʊk/

inflected form of “take” — carry out

From this reading Knowing his own limitations as few men have the self-searching gift to do, he took no risks with his strenuously earned sovereigns, lavishly as he spent them.

towardsprepositionUS /təˈwɔːrdz/

in the direction of

From this reading Unloving towards most, rather than unlovable, his life and his personality cut deep, but in narrow channels.

unlovableadjective

incapable of inspiring love or affection

From this reading Unloving towards most, rather than unlovable, his life and his personality cut deep, but in narrow channels.

Unlovingadjective

not giving or reciprocating affection

From this reading Unloving towards most, rather than unlovable, his life and his personality cut deep, but in narrow channels.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading To him pictures were—canvas and paint, and a considerable item of expense; for he was too shrewd a business man to buy anything cheap or inferior.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading To him pictures were—canvas and paint, and a considerable item of expense; for he was too shrewd a business man to buy anything cheap or inferior.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading Knowing his own limitations as few men have the self-searching gift to do, he took no risks with his strenuously earned sovereigns, lavishly as he spent them.

Chapter 2 of The Invisible Foe by Louise Jordan Miln holds 67 sentences, grouped into 14 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 2 of The Invisible Foe contain?

Chapter 2 holds 67 sentences of The Invisible Foe, unabridged, divided into 14 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 2 of The Invisible Foe by Louise Jordan Miln exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 67 sentences, grouped into 14 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 2 of The Invisible Foe?

Work through the 14 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 14 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 2 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 2 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading The Invisible Foe

Common questions about reading The Invisible Foe by Louise Jordan Miln on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of The Invisible Foe?

Yes. All 5167 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #50188 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of The Invisible Foe is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #50188, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does The Invisible Foe take to read?

About 430 minutes of reading across 1034 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read The Invisible Foe section by section

How to work through The Invisible Foe section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 35 chapters of The Invisible Foe to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in The Invisible Foe

Words and structures a reader meets early in The Invisible Foe, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Stephen
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Invisible Foe; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Stomach
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Invisible Foe; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Sharp
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Invisible Foe; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Elbow
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Invisible Foe; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.