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The iron heel
The iron heel

Chapter XVII · Chapter 17

Chapter 17 of The iron heel is here in full — 181 sentences across 37 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for The iron heel
Context Illustration Reading 1/36 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
THE SCARLET LIVERY With the destruction of the Granger states, the Grangers in Congress disappeared.
They were being tried for high treason, and their places were taken by the creatures of the Iron Heel.
The socialists were in a pitiful minority, and they knew that their end was near.
Congress and the Senate were empty pretences, farces.
Public questions were gravely debated and passed upon according to the old forms, while in reality all that was done was to give the stamp of constitutional procedure to the mandates of the Oligarchy.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The iron heel

Chapter XVII · Chapter 17

Chapter 17 of The iron heel is here in full — 181 sentences across 37 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/36 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
THE SCARLET LIVERY With the destruction of the Granger states, the Grangers in Congress disappeared.
/ðə ˈskɑːrlət ˈlɪvəri wɪð ðə dɪˈstrʌkʃən ʌv ðə ˈɡreɪndʒər steɪts ðə ˈɡreɪndʒərz ɪn ˈkɑːŋɡrəs ˌdɪsəˈpɪrd/
Line 2
They were being tried for high treason, and their places were taken by the creatures of the Iron Heel.
/ðeɪ wɜːr ˈbiːɪŋ traɪd fɔːr haɪ ˈtriːzən ənd ðer ˈpleɪsəz wɜːr ˈteɪkən baɪ ðə ˈkriːtʃərz ʌv ðə ˈaɪərn hiːl/
Line 3
The socialists were in a pitiful minority, and they knew that their end was near.
/ðə ˈsoʊʃələsts wɜːr ɪn ə ˈpɪtəfəl maɪˈnɔːrəti ənd ðeɪ nuː ðæt ðer end wɑːz nɪr/
Line 4
Congress and the Senate were empty pretences, farces.
Line 5
Public questions were gravely debated and passed upon according to the old forms, while in reality all that was done was to give the stamp of constitutional procedure to the mandates of the Oligarchy.
/ˈpʌblɪk ˈkwestʃənz wɜːr ˈɡreɪvli dəˈbeɪtɪd ənd pæst əˈpɑːn əˈkɔːrdɪŋ tuː ðə oʊld fɔːrmz waɪl ɪn ˌriːˈælətiː ɔːl ðæt wɑːz dʌn wɑːz tuː ɡɪv ðə stæmp ʌv ˌkɑːnstəˈtuːʃənəl prəˈsiːdʒər tuː ðə ˈmændeɪts ʌv ðə ˈɑːləɡɑːrki/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

debated verb US /dəˈbeɪtɪd/

past form of “debate” — argue with one another

From this reading “Public questions were gravely debated and passed upon according to the old forms, while in reality all that was done was to give the stamp of constitutional procedure to the mandates of the Oligarchy.”

Granger noun US /ˈɡreɪndʒər/

a person who operates a farm

From this reading “THE SCARLET LIVERY With the destruction of the Granger states, the Grangers in Congress disappeared.”

Grangers noun US /ˈɡreɪndʒərz/

plural of “granger” — a person who operates a farm

From this reading “THE SCARLET LIVERY With the destruction of the Granger states, the Grangers in Congress disappeared.”

mandates noun US /ˈmændeɪts/

plural of “mandate” — a document giving an official instruction or command

From this reading “Public questions were gravely debated and passed upon according to the old forms, while in reality all that was done was to give the stamp of constitutional procedure to the mandates of the Oligarchy.”

minority noun US /maɪˈnɔːrəti/

a group of people who differ racially or politically from a larger group of which it is a part

From this reading “The socialists were in a pitiful minority, and they knew that their end was near.”

Oligarchy noun US /ˈɑːləɡɑːrki/

a political system governed by a few people

From this reading “Public questions were gravely debated and passed upon according to the old forms, while in reality all that was done was to give the stamp of constitutional procedure to the mandates of the Oligarchy.”

procedure noun US /prəˈsiːdʒər/

a particular course of action intended to achieve a result

From this reading “Public questions were gravely debated and passed upon according to the old forms, while in reality all that was done was to give the stamp of constitutional procedure to the mandates of the Oligarchy.”

socialists noun US /ˈsoʊʃələsts/

plural of “socialist” — a political advocate of socialism

From this reading “The socialists were in a pitiful minority, and they knew that their end was near.”

All words in this reading · 60

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading The socialists were in a pitiful minority, and they knew that their end was near.

accordingadjectiveUS /əˈkɔːrdɪŋ/

(followed by “to”) in agreement with or accordant with

From this reading Public questions were gravely debated and passed upon according to the old forms, while in reality all that was done was to give the stamp of constitutional procedure to the mandates of the Oligarchy.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading Public questions were gravely debated and passed upon according to the old forms, while in reality all that was done was to give the stamp of constitutional procedure to the mandates of the Oligarchy.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading They were being tried for high treason, and their places were taken by the creatures of the Iron Heel.

beingauxiliary verbUS /ˈbiːɪŋ/

the -ing form of “be”

From this reading They were being tried for high treason, and their places were taken by the creatures of the Iron Heel.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading They were being tried for high treason, and their places were taken by the creatures of the Iron Heel.

CongressnounUS /ˈkɑːŋɡrəs/

the legislature of the United States government

From this reading THE SCARLET LIVERY With the destruction of the Granger states, the Grangers in Congress disappeared.

constitutionaladjectiveUS /ˌkɑːnstəˈtuːʃənəl/

of benefit to or intended to benefit your physical makeup

From this reading Public questions were gravely debated and passed upon according to the old forms, while in reality all that was done was to give the stamp of constitutional procedure to the mandates of the Oligarchy.

creaturesnounUS /ˈkriːtʃərz/

plural of “creature” — a living organism characterized by voluntary movement

From this reading They were being tried for high treason, and their places were taken by the creatures of the Iron Heel.

debatedverbUS /dəˈbeɪtɪd/

past form of “debate” — argue with one another

From this reading Public questions were gravely debated and passed upon according to the old forms, while in reality all that was done was to give the stamp of constitutional procedure to the mandates of the Oligarchy.

destructionnounUS /dɪˈstrʌkʃən/

the termination of something by causing so much damage to it that it cannot be repaired or no longer exists

From this reading THE SCARLET LIVERY With the destruction of the Granger states, the Grangers in Congress disappeared.

disappearedverbUS /ˌdɪsəˈpɪrd/

past form of “disappear” — get lost, as without warning or explanation

From this reading THE SCARLET LIVERY With the destruction of the Granger states, the Grangers in Congress disappeared.

doneadjectiveUS /dʌn/

having finished or arrived at completion

From this reading Public questions were gravely debated and passed upon according to the old forms, while in reality all that was done was to give the stamp of constitutional procedure to the mandates of the Oligarchy.

emptyverbUS /ˈempti/

make void or empty of contents

From this reading Congress and the Senate were empty pretences, farces.

endnounUS /end/

either extremity of something that has length

From this reading The socialists were in a pitiful minority, and they knew that their end was near.

farces

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Congress and the Senate were empty pretences, farces.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading They were being tried for high treason, and their places were taken by the creatures of the Iron Heel.

formsnounUS /fɔːrmz/

plural of “form” — the phonological or orthographic sound or appearance of a word that can be used to describe or identify something

From this reading Public questions were gravely debated and passed upon according to the old forms, while in reality all that was done was to give the stamp of constitutional procedure to the mandates of the Oligarchy.

giveverbUS /ɡɪv/

cause to have, in the abstract sense or physical sense

From this reading Public questions were gravely debated and passed upon according to the old forms, while in reality all that was done was to give the stamp of constitutional procedure to the mandates of the Oligarchy.

GrangernounUS /ˈɡreɪndʒər/

a person who operates a farm

From this reading THE SCARLET LIVERY With the destruction of the Granger states, the Grangers in Congress disappeared.

GrangersnounUS /ˈɡreɪndʒərz/

plural of “granger” — a person who operates a farm

From this reading THE SCARLET LIVERY With the destruction of the Granger states, the Grangers in Congress disappeared.

gravelyadverbUS /ˈɡreɪvli/

in a grave and sober manner

From this reading Public questions were gravely debated and passed upon according to the old forms, while in reality all that was done was to give the stamp of constitutional procedure to the mandates of the Oligarchy.

HeelnounUS /hiːl/

the bottom of a shoe or boot; the back part of a shoe or boot that touches the ground and provides elevation

From this reading They were being tried for high treason, and their places were taken by the creatures of the Iron Heel.

highadjectiveUS /haɪ/

greater than normal in degree or intensity or amount

From this reading They were being tried for high treason, and their places were taken by the creatures of the Iron Heel.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading THE SCARLET LIVERY With the destruction of the Granger states, the Grangers in Congress disappeared.

IronnounUS /ˈaɪərn/

a heavy ductile magnetic metallic element; is silver-white in pure form but readily rusts; used in construction and tools and armament; plays a role in the transport of oxygen by the blood

From this reading They were being tried for high treason, and their places were taken by the creatures of the Iron Heel.

knewverbUS /nuː/

inflected form of “know” — be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about

From this reading The socialists were in a pitiful minority, and they knew that their end was near.

LIVERYnounUS /ˈlɪvəri/

uniform worn by some menservants and chauffeurs

From this reading THE SCARLET LIVERY With the destruction of the Granger states, the Grangers in Congress disappeared.

mandatesnounUS /ˈmændeɪts/

plural of “mandate” — a document giving an official instruction or command

From this reading Public questions were gravely debated and passed upon according to the old forms, while in reality all that was done was to give the stamp of constitutional procedure to the mandates of the Oligarchy.

minoritynounUS /maɪˈnɔːrəti/

a group of people who differ racially or politically from a larger group of which it is a part

From this reading The socialists were in a pitiful minority, and they knew that their end was near.

nearadverbUS /nɪr/

near in time or place or relationship

From this reading The socialists were in a pitiful minority, and they knew that their end was near.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading THE SCARLET LIVERY With the destruction of the Granger states, the Grangers in Congress disappeared.

oldadjectiveUS /oʊld/

(used especially of persons) having lived for a relatively long time or attained a specific age

From this reading Public questions were gravely debated and passed upon according to the old forms, while in reality all that was done was to give the stamp of constitutional procedure to the mandates of the Oligarchy.

OligarchynounUS /ˈɑːləɡɑːrki/

a political system governed by a few people

From this reading Public questions were gravely debated and passed upon according to the old forms, while in reality all that was done was to give the stamp of constitutional procedure to the mandates of the Oligarchy.

passedverbUS /pæst/

past form of “pass” — go across or through

From this reading Public questions were gravely debated and passed upon according to the old forms, while in reality all that was done was to give the stamp of constitutional procedure to the mandates of the Oligarchy.

pitifuladjectiveUS /ˈpɪtəfəl/

inspiring mixed contempt and pity

From this reading The socialists were in a pitiful minority, and they knew that their end was near.

placesnounUS /ˈpleɪsəz/

plural of “place” — a point located with respect to surface features of some region

From this reading They were being tried for high treason, and their places were taken by the creatures of the Iron Heel.

pretences

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Congress and the Senate were empty pretences, farces.

procedurenounUS /prəˈsiːdʒər/

a particular course of action intended to achieve a result

From this reading Public questions were gravely debated and passed upon according to the old forms, while in reality all that was done was to give the stamp of constitutional procedure to the mandates of the Oligarchy.

PublicnounUS /ˈpʌblɪk/

people in general considered as a whole

From this reading Public questions were gravely debated and passed upon according to the old forms, while in reality all that was done was to give the stamp of constitutional procedure to the mandates of the Oligarchy.

questionsnounUS /ˈkwestʃənz/

plural of “question” — an instance of questioning

From this reading Public questions were gravely debated and passed upon according to the old forms, while in reality all that was done was to give the stamp of constitutional procedure to the mandates of the Oligarchy.

realitynounUS /ˌriːˈælətiː/

all of your experiences that determine how things appear to you

From this reading Public questions were gravely debated and passed upon according to the old forms, while in reality all that was done was to give the stamp of constitutional procedure to the mandates of the Oligarchy.

SCARLETnounUS /ˈskɑːrlət/

a variable color that is vivid red but sometimes with an orange tinge

From this reading THE SCARLET LIVERY With the destruction of the Granger states, the Grangers in Congress disappeared.

SenatenounUS /ˈsenət/

assembly possessing high legislative powers

From this reading Congress and the Senate were empty pretences, farces.

socialistsnounUS /ˈsoʊʃələsts/

plural of “socialist” — a political advocate of socialism

From this reading The socialists were in a pitiful minority, and they knew that their end was near.

stampverbUS /stæmp/

walk heavily

From this reading Public questions were gravely debated and passed upon according to the old forms, while in reality all that was done was to give the stamp of constitutional procedure to the mandates of the Oligarchy.

statesnounUS /steɪts/

plural of “state” — the territory occupied by one of the constituent administrative districts of a nation

From this reading THE SCARLET LIVERY With the destruction of the Granger states, the Grangers in Congress disappeared.

takenadjectiveUS /ˈteɪkən/

understood in a certain way; made sense of

From this reading They were being tried for high treason, and their places were taken by the creatures of the Iron Heel.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading The socialists were in a pitiful minority, and they knew that their end was near.

THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading THE SCARLET LIVERY With the destruction of the Granger states, the Grangers in Congress disappeared.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading They were being tried for high treason, and their places were taken by the creatures of the Iron Heel.

TheypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading They were being tried for high treason, and their places were taken by the creatures of the Iron Heel.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Public questions were gravely debated and passed upon according to the old forms, while in reality all that was done was to give the stamp of constitutional procedure to the mandates of the Oligarchy.

treasonnounUS /ˈtriːzən/

a crime that undermines the offender's government

From this reading They were being tried for high treason, and their places were taken by the creatures of the Iron Heel.

triedadjectiveUS /traɪd/

tested and proved useful or correct

From this reading They were being tried for high treason, and their places were taken by the creatures of the Iron Heel.

uponprepositionUS /əˈpɑːn/

a formal word for “on”

From this reading Public questions were gravely debated and passed upon according to the old forms, while in reality all that was done was to give the stamp of constitutional procedure to the mandates of the Oligarchy.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The socialists were in a pitiful minority, and they knew that their end was near.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading They were being tried for high treason, and their places were taken by the creatures of the Iron Heel.

whileconjunctionUS /waɪl/

during the time that

From this reading Public questions were gravely debated and passed upon according to the old forms, while in reality all that was done was to give the stamp of constitutional procedure to the mandates of the Oligarchy.

WithprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading THE SCARLET LIVERY With the destruction of the Granger states, the Grangers in Congress disappeared.

Chapter 17 of The iron heel by Jack London holds 181 sentences, grouped into 37 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the public-domain source, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 17 of The iron heel contain?

Chapter 17 holds 181 sentences of The iron heel, unabridged, divided into 37 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 17 of The iron heel by Jack London exactly as it stands in the public-domain source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 181 sentences, grouped into 37 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 17 of The iron heel?

Work through the 37 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 37 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 17 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 17 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading The iron heel

Common questions about reading The iron heel by Jack London on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of The iron heel?

Yes. All 5889 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #1164 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of The iron heel is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #1164, a public-domain edition. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does The iron heel take to read?

About 490 minutes of reading across 1178 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read The iron heel section by section

How to work through The iron heel section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 25 chapters of The iron heel to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in The iron heel

Words and structures a reader meets early in The iron heel, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Summer
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The iron heel; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Stirs
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The iron heel; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Redwoods
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The iron heel; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Wild-water
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The iron heel; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.