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The Italians: A Novel
The Italians: A Novel

Chapter IV · Chapter 4

Chapter 4 of The Italians: A Novel is here in full — 91 sentences across 19 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/18 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
ENRICA.
The marchesa was in a very bad humor.
Not only did she stay at home all the day of the festival of the Holy Countenance by reason of the solemn anniversary which occurred at that time, but she shut herself up the following day also.
When the old servant (old inside and out) in his shabby livery, who acted as butler, crept into her room, and asked at what time "the eccellenza would take her airing on the ramparts"--the usual drive of the Lucchese ladies--when they not only drive, but draw up under the plane-trees, gossip, and eat sweetmeats and ices--she had answered, in a tone she would have used to a decrepit dog who troubled her, "Shut the door and begone!"
She had been snappish to Enrica.
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AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The Italians: A Novel

Chapter IV · Chapter 4

Chapter 4 of The Italians: A Novel is here in full — 91 sentences across 19 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/18 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
ENRICA.
Line 2
The marchesa was in a very bad humor.
Line 3
Not only did she stay at home all the day of the festival of the Holy Countenance by reason of the solemn anniversary which occurred at that time, but she shut herself up the following day also.
/nɑːt ˈoʊnli dɪd ʃiː steɪ æt hoʊm ɔːl ðə deɪ ʌv ðə ˈfestəvəl ʌv ðə ˈhoʊli ˈkaʊntənəns baɪ ˈriːzən ʌv ðə ˈsɑːləm ˌænəˈvɜːrsəri wɪtʃ əˈkɜːrd æt ðæt taɪm bʌt ʃiː ʃʌt hərˈself ʌp ðə ˈfɑːloʊɪŋ deɪ ˈɔːlsoʊ/
Line 4
When the old servant (old inside and out) in his shabby livery, who acted as butler, crept into her room, and asked at what time "the eccellenza would take her airing on the ramparts"--the usual drive of the Lucchese ladies--when they not only drive, but draw up under the plane-trees, gossip, and eat sweetmeats and ices--she had answered, in a tone she would have used to a decrepit dog who troubled her, "Shut the door and begone!"
Line 5
She had been snappish to Enrica.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

airing noun US /ˈerɪŋ/

the opening of a subject to widespread discussion and debate

From this reading “When the old servant (old inside and out) in his shabby livery, who acted as butler, crept into her room, and asked at what time "the eccellenza would take her airing on the ramparts"--the usual drive of the Lucchese ladies--when they not only drive, but draw up under the plane-trees, gossip, and eat sweetmeats and ices--she had answered, in a tone she would have used to a decrepit dog who troubled her, "Shut the door and begone!"”

anniversary noun US /ˌænəˈvɜːrsəri/

the date on which an event occurred in some previous year (or the celebration of it)

From this reading “Not only did she stay at home all the day of the festival of the Holy Countenance by reason of the solemn anniversary which occurred at that time, but she shut herself up the following day also.”

decrepit adjective US /dəˈkrepɪt/

worn and broken down by hard use

From this reading “When the old servant (old inside and out) in his shabby livery, who acted as butler, crept into her room, and asked at what time "the eccellenza would take her airing on the ramparts"--the usual drive of the Lucchese ladies--when they not only drive, but draw up under the plane-trees, gossip, and eat sweetmeats and ices--she had answered, in a tone she would have used to a decrepit dog who troubled her, "Shut the door and begone!"”

festival noun US /ˈfestəvəl/

a day or period of time set aside for feasting and celebration

From this reading “Not only did she stay at home all the day of the festival of the Holy Countenance by reason of the solemn anniversary which occurred at that time, but she shut herself up the following day also.”

ices noun US /ˈaɪsəz/

plural of “ice” — water frozen in the solid state

From this reading “When the old servant (old inside and out) in his shabby livery, who acted as butler, crept into her room, and asked at what time "the eccellenza would take her airing on the ramparts"--the usual drive of the Lucchese ladies--when they not only drive, but draw up under the plane-trees, gossip, and eat sweetmeats and ices--she had answered, in a tone she would have used to a decrepit dog who troubled her, "Shut the door and begone!"”

livery noun US /ˈlɪvəri/

uniform worn by some menservants and chauffeurs

From this reading “When the old servant (old inside and out) in his shabby livery, who acted as butler, crept into her room, and asked at what time "the eccellenza would take her airing on the ramparts"--the usual drive of the Lucchese ladies--when they not only drive, but draw up under the plane-trees, gossip, and eat sweetmeats and ices--she had answered, in a tone she would have used to a decrepit dog who troubled her, "Shut the door and begone!"”

ramparts noun US /ˈræmpɑːrts/

plural of “rampart” — an embankment built around a space for defensive purposes

From this reading “When the old servant (old inside and out) in his shabby livery, who acted as butler, crept into her room, and asked at what time "the eccellenza would take her airing on the ramparts"--the usual drive of the Lucchese ladies--when they not only drive, but draw up under the plane-trees, gossip, and eat sweetmeats and ices--she had answered, in a tone she would have used to a decrepit dog who troubled her, "Shut the door and begone!"”

shabby adjective US /ˈʃæbi/

showing signs of wear and tear

From this reading “When the old servant (old inside and out) in his shabby livery, who acted as butler, crept into her room, and asked at what time "the eccellenza would take her airing on the ramparts"--the usual drive of the Lucchese ladies--when they not only drive, but draw up under the plane-trees, gossip, and eat sweetmeats and ices--she had answered, in a tone she would have used to a decrepit dog who troubled her, "Shut the door and begone!"”

All words in this reading · 86

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading The marchesa was in a very bad humor.

actedverbUS /ˈæktɪd/

past form of “act” — perform an action, or work out or perform (an action)

From this reading When the old servant (old inside and out) in his shabby livery, who acted as butler, crept into her room, and asked at what time "the eccellenza would take her airing on the ramparts"--the usual drive of the Lucchese ladies--when they not only drive, but draw up under the plane-trees, gossip, and eat sweetmeats and ices--she had answered, in a tone she would have used to a decrepit dog who troubled her, "Shut the door and begone!"

airingnounUS /ˈerɪŋ/

the opening of a subject to widespread discussion and debate

From this reading When the old servant (old inside and out) in his shabby livery, who acted as butler, crept into her room, and asked at what time "the eccellenza would take her airing on the ramparts"--the usual drive of the Lucchese ladies--when they not only drive, but draw up under the plane-trees, gossip, and eat sweetmeats and ices--she had answered, in a tone she would have used to a decrepit dog who troubled her, "Shut the door and begone!"

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading Not only did she stay at home all the day of the festival of the Holy Countenance by reason of the solemn anniversary which occurred at that time, but she shut herself up the following day also.

alsoadverbUS /ˈɔːlsoʊ/

in addition

From this reading Not only did she stay at home all the day of the festival of the Holy Countenance by reason of the solemn anniversary which occurred at that time, but she shut herself up the following day also.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading When the old servant (old inside and out) in his shabby livery, who acted as butler, crept into her room, and asked at what time "the eccellenza would take her airing on the ramparts"--the usual drive of the Lucchese ladies--when they not only drive, but draw up under the plane-trees, gossip, and eat sweetmeats and ices--she had answered, in a tone she would have used to a decrepit dog who troubled her, "Shut the door and begone!"

anniversarynounUS /ˌænəˈvɜːrsəri/

the date on which an event occurred in some previous year (or the celebration of it)

From this reading Not only did she stay at home all the day of the festival of the Holy Countenance by reason of the solemn anniversary which occurred at that time, but she shut herself up the following day also.

answeredverbUS /ˈænsərd/

past form of “answer” — react verbally

From this reading When the old servant (old inside and out) in his shabby livery, who acted as butler, crept into her room, and asked at what time "the eccellenza would take her airing on the ramparts"--the usual drive of the Lucchese ladies--when they not only drive, but draw up under the plane-trees, gossip, and eat sweetmeats and ices--she had answered, in a tone she would have used to a decrepit dog who troubled her, "Shut the door and begone!"

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading When the old servant (old inside and out) in his shabby livery, who acted as butler, crept into her room, and asked at what time "the eccellenza would take her airing on the ramparts"--the usual drive of the Lucchese ladies--when they not only drive, but draw up under the plane-trees, gossip, and eat sweetmeats and ices--she had answered, in a tone she would have used to a decrepit dog who troubled her, "Shut the door and begone!"

askedverbUS /æskt/

past form of “ask” — make a request or demand for something to somebody

From this reading When the old servant (old inside and out) in his shabby livery, who acted as butler, crept into her room, and asked at what time "the eccellenza would take her airing on the ramparts"--the usual drive of the Lucchese ladies--when they not only drive, but draw up under the plane-trees, gossip, and eat sweetmeats and ices--she had answered, in a tone she would have used to a decrepit dog who troubled her, "Shut the door and begone!"

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading Not only did she stay at home all the day of the festival of the Holy Countenance by reason of the solemn anniversary which occurred at that time, but she shut herself up the following day also.

badadjectiveUS /bæd/

having undesirable or negative qualities

From this reading The marchesa was in a very bad humor.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading She had been snappish to Enrica.

begone

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading When the old servant (old inside and out) in his shabby livery, who acted as butler, crept into her room, and asked at what time "the eccellenza would take her airing on the ramparts"--the usual drive of the Lucchese ladies--when they not only drive, but draw up under the plane-trees, gossip, and eat sweetmeats and ices--she had answered, in a tone she would have used to a decrepit dog who troubled her, "Shut the door and begone!"

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading Not only did she stay at home all the day of the festival of the Holy Countenance by reason of the solemn anniversary which occurred at that time, but she shut herself up the following day also.

butlernounUS /ˈbʌtlər/

a manservant (usually the head servant of a household) who has charge of wines and the table

From this reading When the old servant (old inside and out) in his shabby livery, who acted as butler, crept into her room, and asked at what time "the eccellenza would take her airing on the ramparts"--the usual drive of the Lucchese ladies--when they not only drive, but draw up under the plane-trees, gossip, and eat sweetmeats and ices--she had answered, in a tone she would have used to a decrepit dog who troubled her, "Shut the door and begone!"

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading Not only did she stay at home all the day of the festival of the Holy Countenance by reason of the solemn anniversary which occurred at that time, but she shut herself up the following day also.

CountenancenounUS /ˈkaʊntənəns/

the appearance conveyed by a person's face

From this reading Not only did she stay at home all the day of the festival of the Holy Countenance by reason of the solemn anniversary which occurred at that time, but she shut herself up the following day also.

creptverbUS /krept/

inflected form of “creep” — move slowly; in the case of people or animals with the body near the ground

From this reading When the old servant (old inside and out) in his shabby livery, who acted as butler, crept into her room, and asked at what time "the eccellenza would take her airing on the ramparts"--the usual drive of the Lucchese ladies--when they not only drive, but draw up under the plane-trees, gossip, and eat sweetmeats and ices--she had answered, in a tone she would have used to a decrepit dog who troubled her, "Shut the door and begone!"

daynounUS /deɪ/

time for Earth to make a complete rotation on its axis

From this reading Not only did she stay at home all the day of the festival of the Holy Countenance by reason of the solemn anniversary which occurred at that time, but she shut herself up the following day also.

decrepitadjectiveUS /dəˈkrepɪt/

worn and broken down by hard use

From this reading When the old servant (old inside and out) in his shabby livery, who acted as butler, crept into her room, and asked at what time "the eccellenza would take her airing on the ramparts"--the usual drive of the Lucchese ladies--when they not only drive, but draw up under the plane-trees, gossip, and eat sweetmeats and ices--she had answered, in a tone she would have used to a decrepit dog who troubled her, "Shut the door and begone!"

didauxiliary verbUS /dɪd/

the past form of “do”, used in questions and negatives

From this reading Not only did she stay at home all the day of the festival of the Holy Countenance by reason of the solemn anniversary which occurred at that time, but she shut herself up the following day also.

dognounUS /dɔːɡ/

a member of the genus Canis (probably descended from the common wolf) that has been domesticated by man since prehistoric times; occurs in many breeds

From this reading When the old servant (old inside and out) in his shabby livery, who acted as butler, crept into her room, and asked at what time "the eccellenza would take her airing on the ramparts"--the usual drive of the Lucchese ladies--when they not only drive, but draw up under the plane-trees, gossip, and eat sweetmeats and ices--she had answered, in a tone she would have used to a decrepit dog who troubled her, "Shut the door and begone!"

doornounUS /dɔːr/

a swinging or sliding barrier that will close the entrance to a room or building or vehicle

From this reading When the old servant (old inside and out) in his shabby livery, who acted as butler, crept into her room, and asked at what time "the eccellenza would take her airing on the ramparts"--the usual drive of the Lucchese ladies--when they not only drive, but draw up under the plane-trees, gossip, and eat sweetmeats and ices--she had answered, in a tone she would have used to a decrepit dog who troubled her, "Shut the door and begone!"

drawverbUS /drɔː/

cause to move by pulling

From this reading When the old servant (old inside and out) in his shabby livery, who acted as butler, crept into her room, and asked at what time "the eccellenza would take her airing on the ramparts"--the usual drive of the Lucchese ladies--when they not only drive, but draw up under the plane-trees, gossip, and eat sweetmeats and ices--she had answered, in a tone she would have used to a decrepit dog who troubled her, "Shut the door and begone!"

driveverbUS /draɪv/

operate or control a vehicle

From this reading When the old servant (old inside and out) in his shabby livery, who acted as butler, crept into her room, and asked at what time "the eccellenza would take her airing on the ramparts"--the usual drive of the Lucchese ladies--when they not only drive, but draw up under the plane-trees, gossip, and eat sweetmeats and ices--she had answered, in a tone she would have used to a decrepit dog who troubled her, "Shut the door and begone!"

eatverbUS /iːt/

take in solid food

From this reading When the old servant (old inside and out) in his shabby livery, who acted as butler, crept into her room, and asked at what time "the eccellenza would take her airing on the ramparts"--the usual drive of the Lucchese ladies--when they not only drive, but draw up under the plane-trees, gossip, and eat sweetmeats and ices--she had answered, in a tone she would have used to a decrepit dog who troubled her, "Shut the door and begone!"

eccellenza

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading When the old servant (old inside and out) in his shabby livery, who acted as butler, crept into her room, and asked at what time "the eccellenza would take her airing on the ramparts"--the usual drive of the Lucchese ladies--when they not only drive, but draw up under the plane-trees, gossip, and eat sweetmeats and ices--she had answered, in a tone she would have used to a decrepit dog who troubled her, "Shut the door and begone!"

ENRICA

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading ENRICA.

festivalnounUS /ˈfestəvəl/

a day or period of time set aside for feasting and celebration

From this reading Not only did she stay at home all the day of the festival of the Holy Countenance by reason of the solemn anniversary which occurred at that time, but she shut herself up the following day also.

followingadjectiveUS /ˈfɑːloʊɪŋ/

about to be mentioned or specified

From this reading Not only did she stay at home all the day of the festival of the Holy Countenance by reason of the solemn anniversary which occurred at that time, but she shut herself up the following day also.

gossipnounUS /ˈɡɑːsəp/

light informal conversation for social occasions

From this reading When the old servant (old inside and out) in his shabby livery, who acted as butler, crept into her room, and asked at what time "the eccellenza would take her airing on the ramparts"--the usual drive of the Lucchese ladies--when they not only drive, but draw up under the plane-trees, gossip, and eat sweetmeats and ices--she had answered, in a tone she would have used to a decrepit dog who troubled her, "Shut the door and begone!"

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading When the old servant (old inside and out) in his shabby livery, who acted as butler, crept into her room, and asked at what time "the eccellenza would take her airing on the ramparts"--the usual drive of the Lucchese ladies--when they not only drive, but draw up under the plane-trees, gossip, and eat sweetmeats and ices--she had answered, in a tone she would have used to a decrepit dog who troubled her, "Shut the door and begone!"

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading When the old servant (old inside and out) in his shabby livery, who acted as butler, crept into her room, and asked at what time "the eccellenza would take her airing on the ramparts"--the usual drive of the Lucchese ladies--when they not only drive, but draw up under the plane-trees, gossip, and eat sweetmeats and ices--she had answered, in a tone she would have used to a decrepit dog who troubled her, "Shut the door and begone!"

herdeterminerUS /hɜːr/

belonging to a woman, girl, or female animal already mentioned

From this reading When the old servant (old inside and out) in his shabby livery, who acted as butler, crept into her room, and asked at what time "the eccellenza would take her airing on the ramparts"--the usual drive of the Lucchese ladies--when they not only drive, but draw up under the plane-trees, gossip, and eat sweetmeats and ices--she had answered, in a tone she would have used to a decrepit dog who troubled her, "Shut the door and begone!"

herselfpronounUS /hərˈself/

used when the woman or girl doing the action is also its object

From this reading Not only did she stay at home all the day of the festival of the Holy Countenance by reason of the solemn anniversary which occurred at that time, but she shut herself up the following day also.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading When the old servant (old inside and out) in his shabby livery, who acted as butler, crept into her room, and asked at what time "the eccellenza would take her airing on the ramparts"--the usual drive of the Lucchese ladies--when they not only drive, but draw up under the plane-trees, gossip, and eat sweetmeats and ices--she had answered, in a tone she would have used to a decrepit dog who troubled her, "Shut the door and begone!"

HolynounUS /ˈhoʊli/

a sacred place of pilgrimage

From this reading Not only did she stay at home all the day of the festival of the Holy Countenance by reason of the solemn anniversary which occurred at that time, but she shut herself up the following day also.

homenounUS /hoʊm/

where you live at a particular time

From this reading Not only did she stay at home all the day of the festival of the Holy Countenance by reason of the solemn anniversary which occurred at that time, but she shut herself up the following day also.

humornounUS /ˈhjuːmər/

a message whose ingenuity or verbal skill or incongruity has the power to evoke laughter

From this reading The marchesa was in a very bad humor.

icesnounUS /ˈaɪsəz/

plural of “ice” — water frozen in the solid state

From this reading When the old servant (old inside and out) in his shabby livery, who acted as butler, crept into her room, and asked at what time "the eccellenza would take her airing on the ramparts"--the usual drive of the Lucchese ladies--when they not only drive, but draw up under the plane-trees, gossip, and eat sweetmeats and ices--she had answered, in a tone she would have used to a decrepit dog who troubled her, "Shut the door and begone!"

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading The marchesa was in a very bad humor.

insideadjectiveUS /ˌɪnˈsaɪd/

relating to or being on the side closer to the center or within a defined space

From this reading When the old servant (old inside and out) in his shabby livery, who acted as butler, crept into her room, and asked at what time "the eccellenza would take her airing on the ramparts"--the usual drive of the Lucchese ladies--when they not only drive, but draw up under the plane-trees, gossip, and eat sweetmeats and ices--she had answered, in a tone she would have used to a decrepit dog who troubled her, "Shut the door and begone!"

intoprepositionUS /ˈɪntuː/

moving to the inside of something

From this reading When the old servant (old inside and out) in his shabby livery, who acted as butler, crept into her room, and asked at what time "the eccellenza would take her airing on the ramparts"--the usual drive of the Lucchese ladies--when they not only drive, but draw up under the plane-trees, gossip, and eat sweetmeats and ices--she had answered, in a tone she would have used to a decrepit dog who troubled her, "Shut the door and begone!"

ladiesnounUS /ˈleɪdiz/

plural of “lady” — a polite name for any woman

From this reading When the old servant (old inside and out) in his shabby livery, who acted as butler, crept into her room, and asked at what time "the eccellenza would take her airing on the ramparts"--the usual drive of the Lucchese ladies--when they not only drive, but draw up under the plane-trees, gossip, and eat sweetmeats and ices--she had answered, in a tone she would have used to a decrepit dog who troubled her, "Shut the door and begone!"

liverynounUS /ˈlɪvəri/

uniform worn by some menservants and chauffeurs

From this reading When the old servant (old inside and out) in his shabby livery, who acted as butler, crept into her room, and asked at what time "the eccellenza would take her airing on the ramparts"--the usual drive of the Lucchese ladies--when they not only drive, but draw up under the plane-trees, gossip, and eat sweetmeats and ices--she had answered, in a tone she would have used to a decrepit dog who troubled her, "Shut the door and begone!"

Lucchese

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading When the old servant (old inside and out) in his shabby livery, who acted as butler, crept into her room, and asked at what time "the eccellenza would take her airing on the ramparts"--the usual drive of the Lucchese ladies--when they not only drive, but draw up under the plane-trees, gossip, and eat sweetmeats and ices--she had answered, in a tone she would have used to a decrepit dog who troubled her, "Shut the door and begone!"

marchesa

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The marchesa was in a very bad humor.

NotadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading Not only did she stay at home all the day of the festival of the Holy Countenance by reason of the solemn anniversary which occurred at that time, but she shut herself up the following day also.

occurredverbUS /əˈkɜːrd/

inflected form of “occur” — come to pass

From this reading Not only did she stay at home all the day of the festival of the Holy Countenance by reason of the solemn anniversary which occurred at that time, but she shut herself up the following day also.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading Not only did she stay at home all the day of the festival of the Holy Countenance by reason of the solemn anniversary which occurred at that time, but she shut herself up the following day also.

oldadjectiveUS /oʊld/

(used especially of persons) having lived for a relatively long time or attained a specific age

From this reading When the old servant (old inside and out) in his shabby livery, who acted as butler, crept into her room, and asked at what time "the eccellenza would take her airing on the ramparts"--the usual drive of the Lucchese ladies--when they not only drive, but draw up under the plane-trees, gossip, and eat sweetmeats and ices--she had answered, in a tone she would have used to a decrepit dog who troubled her, "Shut the door and begone!"

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading When the old servant (old inside and out) in his shabby livery, who acted as butler, crept into her room, and asked at what time "the eccellenza would take her airing on the ramparts"--the usual drive of the Lucchese ladies--when they not only drive, but draw up under the plane-trees, gossip, and eat sweetmeats and ices--she had answered, in a tone she would have used to a decrepit dog who troubled her, "Shut the door and begone!"

onlyadverbUS /ˈoʊnli/

and nothing more

From this reading Not only did she stay at home all the day of the festival of the Holy Countenance by reason of the solemn anniversary which occurred at that time, but she shut herself up the following day also.

outadjectiveUS /aʊt/

not allowed to continue to bat or run

From this reading When the old servant (old inside and out) in his shabby livery, who acted as butler, crept into her room, and asked at what time "the eccellenza would take her airing on the ramparts"--the usual drive of the Lucchese ladies--when they not only drive, but draw up under the plane-trees, gossip, and eat sweetmeats and ices--she had answered, in a tone she would have used to a decrepit dog who troubled her, "Shut the door and begone!"

plane-trees

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading When the old servant (old inside and out) in his shabby livery, who acted as butler, crept into her room, and asked at what time "the eccellenza would take her airing on the ramparts"--the usual drive of the Lucchese ladies--when they not only drive, but draw up under the plane-trees, gossip, and eat sweetmeats and ices--she had answered, in a tone she would have used to a decrepit dog who troubled her, "Shut the door and begone!"

rampartsnounUS /ˈræmpɑːrts/

plural of “rampart” — an embankment built around a space for defensive purposes

From this reading When the old servant (old inside and out) in his shabby livery, who acted as butler, crept into her room, and asked at what time "the eccellenza would take her airing on the ramparts"--the usual drive of the Lucchese ladies--when they not only drive, but draw up under the plane-trees, gossip, and eat sweetmeats and ices--she had answered, in a tone she would have used to a decrepit dog who troubled her, "Shut the door and begone!"

reasonnounUS /ˈriːzən/

a rational motive for a belief or action

From this reading Not only did she stay at home all the day of the festival of the Holy Countenance by reason of the solemn anniversary which occurred at that time, but she shut herself up the following day also.

roomnounUS /ruːm/

an area within a building enclosed by walls and floor and ceiling

From this reading When the old servant (old inside and out) in his shabby livery, who acted as butler, crept into her room, and asked at what time "the eccellenza would take her airing on the ramparts"--the usual drive of the Lucchese ladies--when they not only drive, but draw up under the plane-trees, gossip, and eat sweetmeats and ices--she had answered, in a tone she would have used to a decrepit dog who troubled her, "Shut the door and begone!"

servantnounUS /ˈsɜːrvənt/

a person working in the service of another (especially in the household)

From this reading When the old servant (old inside and out) in his shabby livery, who acted as butler, crept into her room, and asked at what time "the eccellenza would take her airing on the ramparts"--the usual drive of the Lucchese ladies--when they not only drive, but draw up under the plane-trees, gossip, and eat sweetmeats and ices--she had answered, in a tone she would have used to a decrepit dog who troubled her, "Shut the door and begone!"

shabbyadjectiveUS /ˈʃæbi/

showing signs of wear and tear

From this reading When the old servant (old inside and out) in his shabby livery, who acted as butler, crept into her room, and asked at what time "the eccellenza would take her airing on the ramparts"--the usual drive of the Lucchese ladies--when they not only drive, but draw up under the plane-trees, gossip, and eat sweetmeats and ices--she had answered, in a tone she would have used to a decrepit dog who troubled her, "Shut the door and begone!"

shepronounUS /ʃiː/

a woman, girl, or female animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading Not only did she stay at home all the day of the festival of the Holy Countenance by reason of the solemn anniversary which occurred at that time, but she shut herself up the following day also.

shutverbUS /ʃʌt/

move so that an opening or passage is obstructed; make shut

From this reading Not only did she stay at home all the day of the festival of the Holy Countenance by reason of the solemn anniversary which occurred at that time, but she shut herself up the following day also.

snappishadjective

apt to speak irritably

From this reading She had been snappish to Enrica.

solemnadjectiveUS /ˈsɑːləm/

dignified and somber in manner or character and committed to keeping promises

From this reading Not only did she stay at home all the day of the festival of the Holy Countenance by reason of the solemn anniversary which occurred at that time, but she shut herself up the following day also.

stayverbUS /steɪ/

stay the same; remain in a certain state

From this reading Not only did she stay at home all the day of the festival of the Holy Countenance by reason of the solemn anniversary which occurred at that time, but she shut herself up the following day also.

sweetmeats

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading When the old servant (old inside and out) in his shabby livery, who acted as butler, crept into her room, and asked at what time "the eccellenza would take her airing on the ramparts"--the usual drive of the Lucchese ladies--when they not only drive, but draw up under the plane-trees, gossip, and eat sweetmeats and ices--she had answered, in a tone she would have used to a decrepit dog who troubled her, "Shut the door and begone!"

takeverbUS /teɪk/

carry out

From this reading When the old servant (old inside and out) in his shabby livery, who acted as butler, crept into her room, and asked at what time "the eccellenza would take her airing on the ramparts"--the usual drive of the Lucchese ladies--when they not only drive, but draw up under the plane-trees, gossip, and eat sweetmeats and ices--she had answered, in a tone she would have used to a decrepit dog who troubled her, "Shut the door and begone!"

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading Not only did she stay at home all the day of the festival of the Holy Countenance by reason of the solemn anniversary which occurred at that time, but she shut herself up the following day also.

ThedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading The marchesa was in a very bad humor.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading When the old servant (old inside and out) in his shabby livery, who acted as butler, crept into her room, and asked at what time "the eccellenza would take her airing on the ramparts"--the usual drive of the Lucchese ladies--when they not only drive, but draw up under the plane-trees, gossip, and eat sweetmeats and ices--she had answered, in a tone she would have used to a decrepit dog who troubled her, "Shut the door and begone!"

timenounUS /taɪm/

an instance or single occasion for some event

From this reading Not only did she stay at home all the day of the festival of the Holy Countenance by reason of the solemn anniversary which occurred at that time, but she shut herself up the following day also.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading When the old servant (old inside and out) in his shabby livery, who acted as butler, crept into her room, and asked at what time "the eccellenza would take her airing on the ramparts"--the usual drive of the Lucchese ladies--when they not only drive, but draw up under the plane-trees, gossip, and eat sweetmeats and ices--she had answered, in a tone she would have used to a decrepit dog who troubled her, "Shut the door and begone!"

tonenounUS /toʊn/

the quality of a person's voice

From this reading When the old servant (old inside and out) in his shabby livery, who acted as butler, crept into her room, and asked at what time "the eccellenza would take her airing on the ramparts"--the usual drive of the Lucchese ladies--when they not only drive, but draw up under the plane-trees, gossip, and eat sweetmeats and ices--she had answered, in a tone she would have used to a decrepit dog who troubled her, "Shut the door and begone!"

troubledadjectiveUS /ˈtrʌbəld/

characterized by or indicative of distress or affliction or danger or need

From this reading When the old servant (old inside and out) in his shabby livery, who acted as butler, crept into her room, and asked at what time "the eccellenza would take her airing on the ramparts"--the usual drive of the Lucchese ladies--when they not only drive, but draw up under the plane-trees, gossip, and eat sweetmeats and ices--she had answered, in a tone she would have used to a decrepit dog who troubled her, "Shut the door and begone!"

underprepositionUS /ˈʌndər/

below or beneath something; less than

From this reading When the old servant (old inside and out) in his shabby livery, who acted as butler, crept into her room, and asked at what time "the eccellenza would take her airing on the ramparts"--the usual drive of the Lucchese ladies--when they not only drive, but draw up under the plane-trees, gossip, and eat sweetmeats and ices--she had answered, in a tone she would have used to a decrepit dog who troubled her, "Shut the door and begone!"

upadjectiveUS /ʌp/

being or moving higher in position or greater in some value; being above a former position or level

From this reading Not only did she stay at home all the day of the festival of the Holy Countenance by reason of the solemn anniversary which occurred at that time, but she shut herself up the following day also.

usedadjectiveUS /juːzd/

employed in accomplishing something

From this reading When the old servant (old inside and out) in his shabby livery, who acted as butler, crept into her room, and asked at what time "the eccellenza would take her airing on the ramparts"--the usual drive of the Lucchese ladies--when they not only drive, but draw up under the plane-trees, gossip, and eat sweetmeats and ices--she had answered, in a tone she would have used to a decrepit dog who troubled her, "Shut the door and begone!"

usualadjectiveUS /ˈjuːʒəwəl/

occurring or encountered or experienced or observed frequently or in accordance with regular practice or procedure

From this reading When the old servant (old inside and out) in his shabby livery, who acted as butler, crept into her room, and asked at what time "the eccellenza would take her airing on the ramparts"--the usual drive of the Lucchese ladies--when they not only drive, but draw up under the plane-trees, gossip, and eat sweetmeats and ices--she had answered, in a tone she would have used to a decrepit dog who troubled her, "Shut the door and begone!"

veryadjectiveUS /ˈveri/

precisely as stated

From this reading The marchesa was in a very bad humor.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The marchesa was in a very bad humor.

whatpronounUS /wʌt/

used to ask for information about something

From this reading When the old servant (old inside and out) in his shabby livery, who acted as butler, crept into her room, and asked at what time "the eccellenza would take her airing on the ramparts"--the usual drive of the Lucchese ladies--when they not only drive, but draw up under the plane-trees, gossip, and eat sweetmeats and ices--she had answered, in a tone she would have used to a decrepit dog who troubled her, "Shut the door and begone!"

WhenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading When the old servant (old inside and out) in his shabby livery, who acted as butler, crept into her room, and asked at what time "the eccellenza would take her airing on the ramparts"--the usual drive of the Lucchese ladies--when they not only drive, but draw up under the plane-trees, gossip, and eat sweetmeats and ices--she had answered, in a tone she would have used to a decrepit dog who troubled her, "Shut the door and begone!"

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading Not only did she stay at home all the day of the festival of the Holy Countenance by reason of the solemn anniversary which occurred at that time, but she shut herself up the following day also.

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading When the old servant (old inside and out) in his shabby livery, who acted as butler, crept into her room, and asked at what time "the eccellenza would take her airing on the ramparts"--the usual drive of the Lucchese ladies--when they not only drive, but draw up under the plane-trees, gossip, and eat sweetmeats and ices--she had answered, in a tone she would have used to a decrepit dog who troubled her, "Shut the door and begone!"

wouldmodal verbUS /wʊd/

used for something imagined, polite, or habitual in the past

From this reading When the old servant (old inside and out) in his shabby livery, who acted as butler, crept into her room, and asked at what time "the eccellenza would take her airing on the ramparts"--the usual drive of the Lucchese ladies--when they not only drive, but draw up under the plane-trees, gossip, and eat sweetmeats and ices--she had answered, in a tone she would have used to a decrepit dog who troubled her, "Shut the door and begone!"

Chapter 4 of The Italians: A Novel by Frances Minto Dickinson Elliot holds 91 sentences, grouped into 19 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 4 of The Italians: A Novel contain?

Chapter 4 holds 91 sentences of The Italians: A Novel, unabridged, divided into 19 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 4 of The Italians: A Novel by Frances Minto Dickinson Elliot exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 91 sentences, grouped into 19 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 4 of The Italians: A Novel?

Work through the 19 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 19 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 4 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 4 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading The Italians: A Novel

Common questions about reading The Italians: A Novel by Frances Minto Dickinson Elliot on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of The Italians: A Novel?

Yes. All 8182 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #12385 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of The Italians: A Novel is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #12385, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does The Italians: A Novel take to read?

About 600 minutes of reading across 1637 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

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Vocabulary met early in The Italians: A Novel

Words and structures a reader meets early in The Italians: A Novel, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Cathedral
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Italians: A Novel; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Lucca
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Italians: A Novel; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Martino
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Italians: A Novel; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Stands
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Italians: A Novel; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.