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The Last Man
The Last Man

Chapter X · Chapter 10

Chapter 10 of The Last Man is here in full — 301 sentences across 61 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/60 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
Thus sad and disarranged were the thoughts of my poor sister, when she became assured of the infidelity of Raymond.
All her virtues and all her defects tended to make the blow incurable.
Her affection for me, her brother, for Adrian and Idris, was subject as it were to the reigning passion of her heart; even her maternal tenderness borrowed half its force from the delight she had in tracing Raymond’s features and expression in the infant’s countenance.
She had been reserved and even stern in childhood; but love had softened the asperities of her character, and her union with Raymond had caused her talents and affections to unfold themselves; the one betrayed, and the other lost, she in some degree returned to her ancient disposition.
The concentrated pride of her nature, forgotten during her blissful dream, awoke, and with its adder’s sting pierced her heart; her humility of spirit augmented the power of the venom; she had been exalted in her own estimation, while distinguished by his love: of what worth was she, now that he thrust her from this preferment?
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The Last Man

Chapter X · Chapter 10

Chapter 10 of The Last Man is here in full — 301 sentences across 61 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/60 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
Thus sad and disarranged were the thoughts of my poor sister, when she became assured of the infidelity of Raymond.
Line 2
All her virtues and all her defects tended to make the blow incurable.
/ɔːl hɜːr ˈvɜːrtʃuːz ənd ɔːl hɜːr ˈdiːfekts ˈtendɪd tuː meɪk ðə bloʊ ˌɪnˈkjʊrəbəl/
Line 3
Her affection for me, her brother, for Adrian and Idris, was subject as it were to the reigning passion of her heart; even her maternal tenderness borrowed half its force from the delight she had in tracing Raymond’s features and expression in the infant’s countenance.
Line 4
She had been reserved and even stern in childhood; but love had softened the asperities of her character, and her union with Raymond had caused her talents and affections to unfold themselves; the one betrayed, and the other lost, she in some degree returned to her ancient disposition.
Line 5
The concentrated pride of her nature, forgotten during her blissful dream, awoke, and with its adder’s sting pierced her heart; her humility of spirit augmented the power of the venom; she had been exalted in her own estimation, while distinguished by his love: of what worth was she, now that he thrust her from this preferment?

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

augmented adjective US /ɑːɡˈmentɪd/

added to or made greater in amount or number or strength

From this reading “The concentrated pride of her nature, forgotten during her blissful dream, awoke, and with its adder’s sting pierced her heart; her humility of spirit augmented the power of the venom; she had been exalted in her own estimation, while distinguished by his love: of what worth was she, now that he thrust her from this preferment?”

incurable adjective US /ˌɪnˈkjʊrəbəl/

incapable of being cured

From this reading “All her virtues and all her defects tended to make the blow incurable.”

infant's noun US /ˈɪnfənts/

possessive form of “infant” — a very young child (birth to 1 year) who has not yet begun to walk or talk

infidelity noun US /ˌɪnfɪˈdelɪti/

the quality of being unfaithful

From this reading “Thus sad and disarranged were the thoughts of my poor sister, when she became assured of the infidelity of Raymond.”

reigning adjective US /ˈreɪnɪŋ/

exercising power or authority

From this reading “Her affection for me, her brother, for Adrian and Idris, was subject as it were to the reigning passion of her heart; even her maternal tenderness borrowed half its force from the delight she had in tracing Raymond’s features and expression in the infant’s countenance.”

tracing noun US /ˈtreɪsɪŋ/

the act of drawing a plan or diagram or outline

From this reading “Her affection for me, her brother, for Adrian and Idris, was subject as it were to the reigning passion of her heart; even her maternal tenderness borrowed half its force from the delight she had in tracing Raymond’s features and expression in the infant’s countenance.”

unfold verb US /ənˈfoʊld/

develop or come to a promising stage

From this reading “She had been reserved and even stern in childhood; but love had softened the asperities of her character, and her union with Raymond had caused her talents and affections to unfold themselves; the one betrayed, and the other lost, she in some degree returned to her ancient disposition.”

venom noun US /ˈvenəm/

toxin secreted by animals; secreted by certain snakes and poisonous insects (e.g., spiders and scorpions)

From this reading “The concentrated pride of her nature, forgotten during her blissful dream, awoke, and with its adder’s sting pierced her heart; her humility of spirit augmented the power of the venom; she had been exalted in her own estimation, while distinguished by his love: of what worth was she, now that he thrust her from this preferment?”

All words in this reading · 112

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adder's

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The concentrated pride of her nature, forgotten during her blissful dream, awoke, and with its adder’s sting pierced her heart; her humility of spirit augmented the power of the venom; she had been exalted in her own estimation, while distinguished by his love: of what worth was she, now that he thrust her from this preferment?

AdriannounUS /ˈeɪdriən/

Roman Emperor who was the adoptive son of Trajan; travelled throughout his empire to strengthen its frontiers and encourage learning and architecture; on a visit to Britain in 122 he ordered the construction of Hadrian's Wall (76-138)

From this reading Her affection for me, her brother, for Adrian and Idris, was subject as it were to the reigning passion of her heart; even her maternal tenderness borrowed half its force from the delight she had in tracing Raymond’s features and expression in the infant’s countenance.

affectionnounUS /əˈfekʃən/

a positive feeling of liking

From this reading Her affection for me, her brother, for Adrian and Idris, was subject as it were to the reigning passion of her heart; even her maternal tenderness borrowed half its force from the delight she had in tracing Raymond’s features and expression in the infant’s countenance.

affectionsnounUS /əˈfekʃənz/

plural of “affection” — a positive feeling of liking

From this reading She had been reserved and even stern in childhood; but love had softened the asperities of her character, and her union with Raymond had caused her talents and affections to unfold themselves; the one betrayed, and the other lost, she in some degree returned to her ancient disposition.

AlladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading All her virtues and all her defects tended to make the blow incurable.

ancientadjectiveUS /ˈeɪn.ʃənt/

Belonging to the very distant past and no longer in existence or deeply revered.

From this reading She had been reserved and even stern in childhood; but love had softened the asperities of her character, and her union with Raymond had caused her talents and affections to unfold themselves; the one betrayed, and the other lost, she in some degree returned to her ancient disposition.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Thus sad and disarranged were the thoughts of my poor sister, when she became assured of the infidelity of Raymond.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading Her affection for me, her brother, for Adrian and Idris, was subject as it were to the reigning passion of her heart; even her maternal tenderness borrowed half its force from the delight she had in tracing Raymond’s features and expression in the infant’s countenance.

asperities

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading She had been reserved and even stern in childhood; but love had softened the asperities of her character, and her union with Raymond had caused her talents and affections to unfold themselves; the one betrayed, and the other lost, she in some degree returned to her ancient disposition.

assuredadjectiveUS /əˈʃʊrd/

marked by assurance; exhibiting confidence

From this reading Thus sad and disarranged were the thoughts of my poor sister, when she became assured of the infidelity of Raymond.

augmentedadjectiveUS /ɑːɡˈmentɪd/

added to or made greater in amount or number or strength

From this reading The concentrated pride of her nature, forgotten during her blissful dream, awoke, and with its adder’s sting pierced her heart; her humility of spirit augmented the power of the venom; she had been exalted in her own estimation, while distinguished by his love: of what worth was she, now that he thrust her from this preferment?

awokeverbUS /əˈwoʊk/

inflected form of “awake” — stop sleeping

From this reading The concentrated pride of her nature, forgotten during her blissful dream, awoke, and with its adder’s sting pierced her heart; her humility of spirit augmented the power of the venom; she had been exalted in her own estimation, while distinguished by his love: of what worth was she, now that he thrust her from this preferment?

becameverbUS /bɪˈkeɪm/

inflected form of “become” — enter or assume a certain state or condition

From this reading Thus sad and disarranged were the thoughts of my poor sister, when she became assured of the infidelity of Raymond.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading She had been reserved and even stern in childhood; but love had softened the asperities of her character, and her union with Raymond had caused her talents and affections to unfold themselves; the one betrayed, and the other lost, she in some degree returned to her ancient disposition.

betrayedverbUS /bɪˈtreɪd/

past form of “betray” — reveal unintentionally

From this reading She had been reserved and even stern in childhood; but love had softened the asperities of her character, and her union with Raymond had caused her talents and affections to unfold themselves; the one betrayed, and the other lost, she in some degree returned to her ancient disposition.

blissfuladjectiveUS /ˈblɪsfəl/

completely happy and contented

From this reading The concentrated pride of her nature, forgotten during her blissful dream, awoke, and with its adder’s sting pierced her heart; her humility of spirit augmented the power of the venom; she had been exalted in her own estimation, while distinguished by his love: of what worth was she, now that he thrust her from this preferment?

blowverbUS /bloʊ/

exhale hard

From this reading All her virtues and all her defects tended to make the blow incurable.

borrowedverbUS /ˈbɑːroʊd/

past form of “borrow” — get temporarily

From this reading Her affection for me, her brother, for Adrian and Idris, was subject as it were to the reigning passion of her heart; even her maternal tenderness borrowed half its force from the delight she had in tracing Raymond’s features and expression in the infant’s countenance.

brothernounUS /ˈbrʌðər/

a male with the same parents as someone else

From this reading Her affection for me, her brother, for Adrian and Idris, was subject as it were to the reigning passion of her heart; even her maternal tenderness borrowed half its force from the delight she had in tracing Raymond’s features and expression in the infant’s countenance.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading She had been reserved and even stern in childhood; but love had softened the asperities of her character, and her union with Raymond had caused her talents and affections to unfold themselves; the one betrayed, and the other lost, she in some degree returned to her ancient disposition.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading The concentrated pride of her nature, forgotten during her blissful dream, awoke, and with its adder’s sting pierced her heart; her humility of spirit augmented the power of the venom; she had been exalted in her own estimation, while distinguished by his love: of what worth was she, now that he thrust her from this preferment?

causedverbUS /kɑːzd/

past form of “cause” — give rise to; cause to happen or occur, not always intentionally

From this reading She had been reserved and even stern in childhood; but love had softened the asperities of her character, and her union with Raymond had caused her talents and affections to unfold themselves; the one betrayed, and the other lost, she in some degree returned to her ancient disposition.

characternounUS /ˈkerɪktər/

an imaginary person represented in a work of fiction (play or film or story)

From this reading She had been reserved and even stern in childhood; but love had softened the asperities of her character, and her union with Raymond had caused her talents and affections to unfold themselves; the one betrayed, and the other lost, she in some degree returned to her ancient disposition.

childhoodnounUS /ˈtʃaɪldhʊd/

the time of person's life when they are a child

From this reading She had been reserved and even stern in childhood; but love had softened the asperities of her character, and her union with Raymond had caused her talents and affections to unfold themselves; the one betrayed, and the other lost, she in some degree returned to her ancient disposition.

concentratedadjectiveUS /ˈkɑːnsəntreɪtɪd/

gathered together or made less diffuse

From this reading The concentrated pride of her nature, forgotten during her blissful dream, awoke, and with its adder’s sting pierced her heart; her humility of spirit augmented the power of the venom; she had been exalted in her own estimation, while distinguished by his love: of what worth was she, now that he thrust her from this preferment?

countenancenounUS /ˈkaʊntənəns/

the appearance conveyed by a person's face

From this reading Her affection for me, her brother, for Adrian and Idris, was subject as it were to the reigning passion of her heart; even her maternal tenderness borrowed half its force from the delight she had in tracing Raymond’s features and expression in the infant’s countenance.

defectsnounUS /ˈdiːfekts/

plural of “defect” — an imperfection in a bodily system

From this reading All her virtues and all her defects tended to make the blow incurable.

degreenounUS /dɪˈɡriː/

a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality

From this reading She had been reserved and even stern in childhood; but love had softened the asperities of her character, and her union with Raymond had caused her talents and affections to unfold themselves; the one betrayed, and the other lost, she in some degree returned to her ancient disposition.

delightverbUS /dɪˈlaɪt/

give pleasure to or be pleasing to

From this reading Her affection for me, her brother, for Adrian and Idris, was subject as it were to the reigning passion of her heart; even her maternal tenderness borrowed half its force from the delight she had in tracing Raymond’s features and expression in the infant’s countenance.

disarrangedadjective

having the arrangement disturbed; not in order

From this reading Thus sad and disarranged were the thoughts of my poor sister, when she became assured of the infidelity of Raymond.

dispositionnounUS /ˌdɪspəˈzɪʃən/

your usual mood

From this reading She had been reserved and even stern in childhood; but love had softened the asperities of her character, and her union with Raymond had caused her talents and affections to unfold themselves; the one betrayed, and the other lost, she in some degree returned to her ancient disposition.

distinguishedadjectiveUS /dɪˈstɪŋɡwɪʃt/

(used of persons) standing above others in character or attainment or reputation

From this reading The concentrated pride of her nature, forgotten during her blissful dream, awoke, and with its adder’s sting pierced her heart; her humility of spirit augmented the power of the venom; she had been exalted in her own estimation, while distinguished by his love: of what worth was she, now that he thrust her from this preferment?

dreamnounUS /driːm/

A series of thoughts, images, or emotions during sleep.

From this reading The concentrated pride of her nature, forgotten during her blissful dream, awoke, and with its adder’s sting pierced her heart; her humility of spirit augmented the power of the venom; she had been exalted in her own estimation, while distinguished by his love: of what worth was she, now that he thrust her from this preferment?

duringprepositionUS /ˈdʊrɪŋ/

all through a period, or at some point within it

From this reading The concentrated pride of her nature, forgotten during her blissful dream, awoke, and with its adder’s sting pierced her heart; her humility of spirit augmented the power of the venom; she had been exalted in her own estimation, while distinguished by his love: of what worth was she, now that he thrust her from this preferment?

estimationnounUS /ˌestəˈmeɪʃən/

a document appraising the value of something (as for insurance or taxation)

From this reading The concentrated pride of her nature, forgotten during her blissful dream, awoke, and with its adder’s sting pierced her heart; her humility of spirit augmented the power of the venom; she had been exalted in her own estimation, while distinguished by his love: of what worth was she, now that he thrust her from this preferment?

evenadjectiveUS /ˈiːvɪn/

divisible by two

From this reading Her affection for me, her brother, for Adrian and Idris, was subject as it were to the reigning passion of her heart; even her maternal tenderness borrowed half its force from the delight she had in tracing Raymond’s features and expression in the infant’s countenance.

exaltedadjectiveUS /ɪɡˈzɔːltɪd/

of high moral or intellectual value; elevated in nature or style

From this reading The concentrated pride of her nature, forgotten during her blissful dream, awoke, and with its adder’s sting pierced her heart; her humility of spirit augmented the power of the venom; she had been exalted in her own estimation, while distinguished by his love: of what worth was she, now that he thrust her from this preferment?

expressionnounUS /ɪkˈspreʃən/

the feelings expressed on a person's face

From this reading Her affection for me, her brother, for Adrian and Idris, was subject as it were to the reigning passion of her heart; even her maternal tenderness borrowed half its force from the delight she had in tracing Raymond’s features and expression in the infant’s countenance.

featuresnounUS /ˈfiːtʃərz/

plural of “feature” — a prominent attribute or aspect of something

From this reading Her affection for me, her brother, for Adrian and Idris, was subject as it were to the reigning passion of her heart; even her maternal tenderness borrowed half its force from the delight she had in tracing Raymond’s features and expression in the infant’s countenance.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading Her affection for me, her brother, for Adrian and Idris, was subject as it were to the reigning passion of her heart; even her maternal tenderness borrowed half its force from the delight she had in tracing Raymond’s features and expression in the infant’s countenance.

forcenounUS /fɔːrs/

a powerful effect or influence

From this reading Her affection for me, her brother, for Adrian and Idris, was subject as it were to the reigning passion of her heart; even her maternal tenderness borrowed half its force from the delight she had in tracing Raymond’s features and expression in the infant’s countenance.

forgottenadjectiveUS /fərˈɡɑːt.n̩/

Not remembered; lapsed from memory.

From this reading The concentrated pride of her nature, forgotten during her blissful dream, awoke, and with its adder’s sting pierced her heart; her humility of spirit augmented the power of the venom; she had been exalted in her own estimation, while distinguished by his love: of what worth was she, now that he thrust her from this preferment?

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading Her affection for me, her brother, for Adrian and Idris, was subject as it were to the reigning passion of her heart; even her maternal tenderness borrowed half its force from the delight she had in tracing Raymond’s features and expression in the infant’s countenance.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading Her affection for me, her brother, for Adrian and Idris, was subject as it were to the reigning passion of her heart; even her maternal tenderness borrowed half its force from the delight she had in tracing Raymond’s features and expression in the infant’s countenance.

halfadjectiveUS /hæf/

consisting of one of two equivalent parts in value or quantity

From this reading Her affection for me, her brother, for Adrian and Idris, was subject as it were to the reigning passion of her heart; even her maternal tenderness borrowed half its force from the delight she had in tracing Raymond’s features and expression in the infant’s countenance.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading The concentrated pride of her nature, forgotten during her blissful dream, awoke, and with its adder’s sting pierced her heart; her humility of spirit augmented the power of the venom; she had been exalted in her own estimation, while distinguished by his love: of what worth was she, now that he thrust her from this preferment?

heartnounUS /hɑːrt/

the locus of feelings and intuitions

From this reading Her affection for me, her brother, for Adrian and Idris, was subject as it were to the reigning passion of her heart; even her maternal tenderness borrowed half its force from the delight she had in tracing Raymond’s features and expression in the infant’s countenance.

herdeterminerUS /hɜːr/

belonging to a woman, girl, or female animal already mentioned

From this reading All her virtues and all her defects tended to make the blow incurable.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading The concentrated pride of her nature, forgotten during her blissful dream, awoke, and with its adder’s sting pierced her heart; her humility of spirit augmented the power of the venom; she had been exalted in her own estimation, while distinguished by his love: of what worth was she, now that he thrust her from this preferment?

humilitynounUS /hjuːˈmɪlɪti/

a disposition to be humble; a lack of false pride

From this reading The concentrated pride of her nature, forgotten during her blissful dream, awoke, and with its adder’s sting pierced her heart; her humility of spirit augmented the power of the venom; she had been exalted in her own estimation, while distinguished by his love: of what worth was she, now that he thrust her from this preferment?

Idris

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Her affection for me, her brother, for Adrian and Idris, was subject as it were to the reigning passion of her heart; even her maternal tenderness borrowed half its force from the delight she had in tracing Raymond’s features and expression in the infant’s countenance.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Her affection for me, her brother, for Adrian and Idris, was subject as it were to the reigning passion of her heart; even her maternal tenderness borrowed half its force from the delight she had in tracing Raymond’s features and expression in the infant’s countenance.

incurableadjectiveUS /ˌɪnˈkjʊrəbəl/

incapable of being cured

From this reading All her virtues and all her defects tended to make the blow incurable.

infant'snounUS /ˈɪnfənts/

possessive form of “infant” — a very young child (birth to 1 year) who has not yet begun to walk or talk

From this reading Her affection for me, her brother, for Adrian and Idris, was subject as it were to the reigning passion of her heart; even her maternal tenderness borrowed half its force from the delight she had in tracing Raymond’s features and expression in the infant’s countenance.

infidelitynounUS /ˌɪnfɪˈdelɪti/

the quality of being unfaithful

From this reading Thus sad and disarranged were the thoughts of my poor sister, when she became assured of the infidelity of Raymond.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading Her affection for me, her brother, for Adrian and Idris, was subject as it were to the reigning passion of her heart; even her maternal tenderness borrowed half its force from the delight she had in tracing Raymond’s features and expression in the infant’s countenance.

itsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading Her affection for me, her brother, for Adrian and Idris, was subject as it were to the reigning passion of her heart; even her maternal tenderness borrowed half its force from the delight she had in tracing Raymond’s features and expression in the infant’s countenance.

lostadjectiveUS /lɔːst/

no longer in your possession or control; unable to be found or recovered

From this reading She had been reserved and even stern in childhood; but love had softened the asperities of her character, and her union with Raymond had caused her talents and affections to unfold themselves; the one betrayed, and the other lost, she in some degree returned to her ancient disposition.

lovenounUS /lʌv/

a strong positive emotion of regard and affection

From this reading She had been reserved and even stern in childhood; but love had softened the asperities of her character, and her union with Raymond had caused her talents and affections to unfold themselves; the one betrayed, and the other lost, she in some degree returned to her ancient disposition.

makeverbUS /meɪk/

engage in

From this reading All her virtues and all her defects tended to make the blow incurable.

maternaladjectiveUS /məˈtɜːrnəl/

characteristic of a mother

From this reading Her affection for me, her brother, for Adrian and Idris, was subject as it were to the reigning passion of her heart; even her maternal tenderness borrowed half its force from the delight she had in tracing Raymond’s features and expression in the infant’s countenance.

mepronounUS /miː/

the person speaking, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading Her affection for me, her brother, for Adrian and Idris, was subject as it were to the reigning passion of her heart; even her maternal tenderness borrowed half its force from the delight she had in tracing Raymond’s features and expression in the infant’s countenance.

mydeterminerUS /maɪ/

belonging to the person speaking

From this reading Thus sad and disarranged were the thoughts of my poor sister, when she became assured of the infidelity of Raymond.

naturenounUS /ˈneɪtʃər/

the essential qualities or characteristics by which something is recognized

From this reading The concentrated pride of her nature, forgotten during her blissful dream, awoke, and with its adder’s sting pierced her heart; her humility of spirit augmented the power of the venom; she had been exalted in her own estimation, while distinguished by his love: of what worth was she, now that he thrust her from this preferment?

nowadverbUS /naʊ/

in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events

From this reading The concentrated pride of her nature, forgotten during her blissful dream, awoke, and with its adder’s sting pierced her heart; her humility of spirit augmented the power of the venom; she had been exalted in her own estimation, while distinguished by his love: of what worth was she, now that he thrust her from this preferment?

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading Thus sad and disarranged were the thoughts of my poor sister, when she became assured of the infidelity of Raymond.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading She had been reserved and even stern in childhood; but love had softened the asperities of her character, and her union with Raymond had caused her talents and affections to unfold themselves; the one betrayed, and the other lost, she in some degree returned to her ancient disposition.

otheradjectiveUS /ˈʌðər/

not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied

From this reading She had been reserved and even stern in childhood; but love had softened the asperities of her character, and her union with Raymond had caused her talents and affections to unfold themselves; the one betrayed, and the other lost, she in some degree returned to her ancient disposition.

ownverbUS /oʊn/

have ownership or possession of

From this reading The concentrated pride of her nature, forgotten during her blissful dream, awoke, and with its adder’s sting pierced her heart; her humility of spirit augmented the power of the venom; she had been exalted in her own estimation, while distinguished by his love: of what worth was she, now that he thrust her from this preferment?

passionnounUS /ˈpæʃən/

a strong feeling or emotion

From this reading Her affection for me, her brother, for Adrian and Idris, was subject as it were to the reigning passion of her heart; even her maternal tenderness borrowed half its force from the delight she had in tracing Raymond’s features and expression in the infant’s countenance.

piercedadjectiveUS /pɪrst/

having a hole cut through

From this reading The concentrated pride of her nature, forgotten during her blissful dream, awoke, and with its adder’s sting pierced her heart; her humility of spirit augmented the power of the venom; she had been exalted in her own estimation, while distinguished by his love: of what worth was she, now that he thrust her from this preferment?

pooradjectiveUS /puːr/

deserving or inciting pity

From this reading Thus sad and disarranged were the thoughts of my poor sister, when she became assured of the infidelity of Raymond.

powernounUS /ˈpaʊər/

possession of controlling influence

From this reading The concentrated pride of her nature, forgotten during her blissful dream, awoke, and with its adder’s sting pierced her heart; her humility of spirit augmented the power of the venom; she had been exalted in her own estimation, while distinguished by his love: of what worth was she, now that he thrust her from this preferment?

prefermentnoun

the act of preferring

From this reading The concentrated pride of her nature, forgotten during her blissful dream, awoke, and with its adder’s sting pierced her heart; her humility of spirit augmented the power of the venom; she had been exalted in her own estimation, while distinguished by his love: of what worth was she, now that he thrust her from this preferment?

pridenounUS /praɪd/

a feeling of self-respect and personal worth

From this reading The concentrated pride of her nature, forgotten during her blissful dream, awoke, and with its adder’s sting pierced her heart; her humility of spirit augmented the power of the venom; she had been exalted in her own estimation, while distinguished by his love: of what worth was she, now that he thrust her from this preferment?

Raymond

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Thus sad and disarranged were the thoughts of my poor sister, when she became assured of the infidelity of Raymond.

Raymond's

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Her affection for me, her brother, for Adrian and Idris, was subject as it were to the reigning passion of her heart; even her maternal tenderness borrowed half its force from the delight she had in tracing Raymond’s features and expression in the infant’s countenance.

reigningadjectiveUS /ˈreɪnɪŋ/

exercising power or authority

From this reading Her affection for me, her brother, for Adrian and Idris, was subject as it were to the reigning passion of her heart; even her maternal tenderness borrowed half its force from the delight she had in tracing Raymond’s features and expression in the infant’s countenance.

reservedadjectiveUS /rɪˈzɜːrvd/

set aside for the use of a particular person or party

From this reading She had been reserved and even stern in childhood; but love had softened the asperities of her character, and her union with Raymond had caused her talents and affections to unfold themselves; the one betrayed, and the other lost, she in some degree returned to her ancient disposition.

returnedverbUS /rɪˈtɜːrnd/

past form of “return” — go or come back to place, condition, or activity where one has been before

From this reading She had been reserved and even stern in childhood; but love had softened the asperities of her character, and her union with Raymond had caused her talents and affections to unfold themselves; the one betrayed, and the other lost, she in some degree returned to her ancient disposition.

sadadjectiveUS /sæd/

experiencing or showing sorrow or unhappiness

From this reading Thus sad and disarranged were the thoughts of my poor sister, when she became assured of the infidelity of Raymond.

shepronounUS /ʃiː/

a woman, girl, or female animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading Thus sad and disarranged were the thoughts of my poor sister, when she became assured of the infidelity of Raymond.

sisternounUS /ˈsɪstər/

a female person who has the same parents as another person

From this reading Thus sad and disarranged were the thoughts of my poor sister, when she became assured of the infidelity of Raymond.

softenedadjectiveUS /ˈsɔːfənd/

toned down

From this reading She had been reserved and even stern in childhood; but love had softened the asperities of her character, and her union with Raymond had caused her talents and affections to unfold themselves; the one betrayed, and the other lost, she in some degree returned to her ancient disposition.

someadjectiveUS /sʌm/

(quantifier) used with either mass nouns or plural count nouns to indicate an unspecified number or quantity

From this reading She had been reserved and even stern in childhood; but love had softened the asperities of her character, and her union with Raymond had caused her talents and affections to unfold themselves; the one betrayed, and the other lost, she in some degree returned to her ancient disposition.

spiritnounUS /ˈspɪrət/

the vital principle or animating force within living things

From this reading The concentrated pride of her nature, forgotten during her blissful dream, awoke, and with its adder’s sting pierced her heart; her humility of spirit augmented the power of the venom; she had been exalted in her own estimation, while distinguished by his love: of what worth was she, now that he thrust her from this preferment?

sternadjectiveUS /stɜːrn/

of a stern or strict bearing or demeanor; forbidding in aspect

From this reading She had been reserved and even stern in childhood; but love had softened the asperities of her character, and her union with Raymond had caused her talents and affections to unfold themselves; the one betrayed, and the other lost, she in some degree returned to her ancient disposition.

stingverbUS /stɪŋ/

cause a sharp or stinging pain or discomfort

From this reading The concentrated pride of her nature, forgotten during her blissful dream, awoke, and with its adder’s sting pierced her heart; her humility of spirit augmented the power of the venom; she had been exalted in her own estimation, while distinguished by his love: of what worth was she, now that he thrust her from this preferment?

subjectnounUS /səbˈdʒekt/

the subject matter of a conversation or discussion

From this reading Her affection for me, her brother, for Adrian and Idris, was subject as it were to the reigning passion of her heart; even her maternal tenderness borrowed half its force from the delight she had in tracing Raymond’s features and expression in the infant’s countenance.

talentsnounUS /ˈtælənts/

plural of “talent” — natural abilities or qualities

From this reading She had been reserved and even stern in childhood; but love had softened the asperities of her character, and her union with Raymond had caused her talents and affections to unfold themselves; the one betrayed, and the other lost, she in some degree returned to her ancient disposition.

tendedverbUS /ˈtendɪd/

past form of “tend” — have a tendency or disposition to do or be something; be inclined

From this reading All her virtues and all her defects tended to make the blow incurable.

tendernessnounUS /ˈtendərnəs/

a tendency to express warm and affectionate feeling

From this reading Her affection for me, her brother, for Adrian and Idris, was subject as it were to the reigning passion of her heart; even her maternal tenderness borrowed half its force from the delight she had in tracing Raymond’s features and expression in the infant’s countenance.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading The concentrated pride of her nature, forgotten during her blissful dream, awoke, and with its adder’s sting pierced her heart; her humility of spirit augmented the power of the venom; she had been exalted in her own estimation, while distinguished by his love: of what worth was she, now that he thrust her from this preferment?

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading Thus sad and disarranged were the thoughts of my poor sister, when she became assured of the infidelity of Raymond.

themselvespronounUS /ðemˈselvz/

used when the people doing the action are also its object

From this reading She had been reserved and even stern in childhood; but love had softened the asperities of her character, and her union with Raymond had caused her talents and affections to unfold themselves; the one betrayed, and the other lost, she in some degree returned to her ancient disposition.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading The concentrated pride of her nature, forgotten during her blissful dream, awoke, and with its adder’s sting pierced her heart; her humility of spirit augmented the power of the venom; she had been exalted in her own estimation, while distinguished by his love: of what worth was she, now that he thrust her from this preferment?

thoughtsnounUS /θɔːts/

plural of “thought” — the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about

From this reading Thus sad and disarranged were the thoughts of my poor sister, when she became assured of the infidelity of Raymond.

thrustverbUS /θrʌst/

push forcefully

From this reading The concentrated pride of her nature, forgotten during her blissful dream, awoke, and with its adder’s sting pierced her heart; her humility of spirit augmented the power of the venom; she had been exalted in her own estimation, while distinguished by his love: of what worth was she, now that he thrust her from this preferment?

ThusadverbUS /ðʌs/

(used to introduce a logical conclusion) from that fact or reason or as a result

From this reading Thus sad and disarranged were the thoughts of my poor sister, when she became assured of the infidelity of Raymond.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading All her virtues and all her defects tended to make the blow incurable.

tracingnounUS /ˈtreɪsɪŋ/

the act of drawing a plan or diagram or outline

From this reading Her affection for me, her brother, for Adrian and Idris, was subject as it were to the reigning passion of her heart; even her maternal tenderness borrowed half its force from the delight she had in tracing Raymond’s features and expression in the infant’s countenance.

unfoldverbUS /ənˈfoʊld/

develop or come to a promising stage

From this reading She had been reserved and even stern in childhood; but love had softened the asperities of her character, and her union with Raymond had caused her talents and affections to unfold themselves; the one betrayed, and the other lost, she in some degree returned to her ancient disposition.

unionnounUS /ˈjuːnjən/

an organization of employees formed to bargain with the employer

From this reading She had been reserved and even stern in childhood; but love had softened the asperities of her character, and her union with Raymond had caused her talents and affections to unfold themselves; the one betrayed, and the other lost, she in some degree returned to her ancient disposition.

venomnounUS /ˈvenəm/

toxin secreted by animals; secreted by certain snakes and poisonous insects (e.g., spiders and scorpions)

From this reading The concentrated pride of her nature, forgotten during her blissful dream, awoke, and with its adder’s sting pierced her heart; her humility of spirit augmented the power of the venom; she had been exalted in her own estimation, while distinguished by his love: of what worth was she, now that he thrust her from this preferment?

virtuesnounUS /ˈvɜːrtʃuːz/

plural of “virtue” — the quality of doing what is right and avoiding what is wrong

From this reading All her virtues and all her defects tended to make the blow incurable.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Her affection for me, her brother, for Adrian and Idris, was subject as it were to the reigning passion of her heart; even her maternal tenderness borrowed half its force from the delight she had in tracing Raymond’s features and expression in the infant’s countenance.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading Thus sad and disarranged were the thoughts of my poor sister, when she became assured of the infidelity of Raymond.

whatpronounUS /wʌt/

used to ask for information about something

From this reading The concentrated pride of her nature, forgotten during her blissful dream, awoke, and with its adder’s sting pierced her heart; her humility of spirit augmented the power of the venom; she had been exalted in her own estimation, while distinguished by his love: of what worth was she, now that he thrust her from this preferment?

whenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading Thus sad and disarranged were the thoughts of my poor sister, when she became assured of the infidelity of Raymond.

whileconjunctionUS /waɪl/

during the time that

From this reading The concentrated pride of her nature, forgotten during her blissful dream, awoke, and with its adder’s sting pierced her heart; her humility of spirit augmented the power of the venom; she had been exalted in her own estimation, while distinguished by his love: of what worth was she, now that he thrust her from this preferment?

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading She had been reserved and even stern in childhood; but love had softened the asperities of her character, and her union with Raymond had caused her talents and affections to unfold themselves; the one betrayed, and the other lost, she in some degree returned to her ancient disposition.

worthnounUS /wɜːrθ/

an indefinite quantity of something having a specified value

From this reading The concentrated pride of her nature, forgotten during her blissful dream, awoke, and with its adder’s sting pierced her heart; her humility of spirit augmented the power of the venom; she had been exalted in her own estimation, while distinguished by his love: of what worth was she, now that he thrust her from this preferment?

Chapter 10 of The Last Man by Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley holds 301 sentences, grouped into 61 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 10 of The Last Man contain?

Chapter 10 holds 301 sentences of The Last Man, unabridged, divided into 61 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 10 of The Last Man by Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 301 sentences, grouped into 61 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 10 of The Last Man?

Work through the 61 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 61 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 10 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 10 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading The Last Man

Common questions about reading The Last Man by Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of The Last Man?

Yes. All 6659 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #18247 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of The Last Man is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #18247, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does The Last Man take to read?

About 554 minutes of reading across 1332 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read The Last Man section by section

How to work through The Last Man section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 30 chapters of The Last Man to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in The Last Man

Words and structures a reader meets early in The Last Man, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Native
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Last Man; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Sea-surrounded
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Last Man; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Cloud-enshadowed
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Last Man; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Surface
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Last Man; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.