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The Last Man
The Last Man

Chapter XXVIII · Chapter 28

Chapter 28 of The Last Man is here in full — 186 sentences across 38 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/37 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
We had now reached Switzerland, so long the final mark and aim of our exertions.
We had looked, I know not wherefore, with hope and pleasing expectation on her congregation of hills and snowy crags, and opened our bosoms with renewed spirits to the icy Biz, which even at Midsummer used to come from the northern glacier laden with cold.
Yet how could we nourish expectation of relief?
Like our native England, and the vast extent of fertile France, this mountain-embowered land was desolate of its inhabitants.
Nor bleak mountain-top, nor snow-nourished rivulet; not the ice-laden Biz, nor thunder, the tamer of contagion, had preserved them why therefore should we claim exemption?
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The Last Man

Chapter XXVIII · Chapter 28

Chapter 28 of The Last Man is here in full — 186 sentences across 38 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/37 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
We had now reached Switzerland, so long the final mark and aim of our exertions.
/wiː hæd naʊ riːtʃt ˈswɪtsərlənd soʊ lɔːŋ ðə ˈfaɪnəl mɑːrk ənd eɪm ʌv ˈaʊər ɪɡˈzɜːrʃənz/
Line 2
We had looked, I know not wherefore, with hope and pleasing expectation on her congregation of hills and snowy crags, and opened our bosoms with renewed spirits to the icy Biz, which even at Midsummer used to come from the northern glacier laden with cold.
Line 3
Yet how could we nourish expectation of relief?
Line 4
Like our native England, and the vast extent of fertile France, this mountain-embowered land was desolate of its inhabitants.
Line 5
Nor bleak mountain-top, nor snow-nourished rivulet; not the ice-laden Biz, nor thunder, the tamer of contagion, had preserved themwhy therefore should we claim exemption?

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

Biz noun US /bɪz/

your occupation or line of work

From this reading “We had looked, I know not wherefore, with hope and pleasing expectation on her congregation of hills and snowy crags, and opened our bosoms with renewed spirits to the icy Biz, which even at Midsummer used to come from the northern glacier laden with cold.”

contagion noun US /kənˈteɪdʒən/

any disease easily transmitted by contact

From this reading “Nor bleak mountain-top, nor snow-nourished rivulet; not the ice-laden Biz, nor thunder, the tamer of contagion, had preserved them— why therefore should we claim exemption?”

crags noun US /kræɡz/

plural of “crag” — a steep rugged rock or cliff

From this reading “We had looked, I know not wherefore, with hope and pleasing expectation on her congregation of hills and snowy crags, and opened our bosoms with renewed spirits to the icy Biz, which even at Midsummer used to come from the northern glacier laden with cold.”

exemption noun US /ɪɡˈzempʃən/

immunity from an obligation or duty

From this reading “Nor bleak mountain-top, nor snow-nourished rivulet; not the ice-laden Biz, nor thunder, the tamer of contagion, had preserved them— why therefore should we claim exemption?”

glacier noun US /ˈɡleɪʃər/

a slowly moving mass of ice

From this reading “We had looked, I know not wherefore, with hope and pleasing expectation on her congregation of hills and snowy crags, and opened our bosoms with renewed spirits to the icy Biz, which even at Midsummer used to come from the northern glacier laden with cold.”

Midsummer noun US /ˈmɪdˈsʌmər/

June 21, when the sun is at its northernmost point

From this reading “We had looked, I know not wherefore, with hope and pleasing expectation on her congregation of hills and snowy crags, and opened our bosoms with renewed spirits to the icy Biz, which even at Midsummer used to come from the northern glacier laden with cold.”

nourish verb US /ˈnɜːrɪʃ/

provide with nourishment

From this reading “Yet how could we nourish expectation of relief?”

tamer noun US /ˈteɪmər/

an animal trainer who tames wild animals

From this reading “Nor bleak mountain-top, nor snow-nourished rivulet; not the ice-laden Biz, nor thunder, the tamer of contagion, had preserved them— why therefore should we claim exemption?”

All words in this reading · 83

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

aimverbUS /eɪm/

point or cause to go (blows, weapons, or objects such as photographic equipment) towards

From this reading We had now reached Switzerland, so long the final mark and aim of our exertions.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading We had now reached Switzerland, so long the final mark and aim of our exertions.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading We had looked, I know not wherefore, with hope and pleasing expectation on her congregation of hills and snowy crags, and opened our bosoms with renewed spirits to the icy Biz, which even at Midsummer used to come from the northern glacier laden with cold.

BiznounUS /bɪz/

your occupation or line of work

From this reading We had looked, I know not wherefore, with hope and pleasing expectation on her congregation of hills and snowy crags, and opened our bosoms with renewed spirits to the icy Biz, which even at Midsummer used to come from the northern glacier laden with cold.

bleakadjectiveUS /bliːk/

offering little or no hope

From this reading Nor bleak mountain-top, nor snow-nourished rivulet; not the ice-laden Biz, nor thunder, the tamer of contagion, had preserved them— why therefore should we claim exemption?

bosoms

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading We had looked, I know not wherefore, with hope and pleasing expectation on her congregation of hills and snowy crags, and opened our bosoms with renewed spirits to the icy Biz, which even at Midsummer used to come from the northern glacier laden with cold.

claimnounUS /kleɪm/

an assertion of a right (as to money or property)

From this reading Nor bleak mountain-top, nor snow-nourished rivulet; not the ice-laden Biz, nor thunder, the tamer of contagion, had preserved them— why therefore should we claim exemption?

coldadjectiveUS /koʊld/

having a low or inadequate temperature or feeling a sensation of coldness or having been made cold by e.g. ice or refrigeration

From this reading We had looked, I know not wherefore, with hope and pleasing expectation on her congregation of hills and snowy crags, and opened our bosoms with renewed spirits to the icy Biz, which even at Midsummer used to come from the northern glacier laden with cold.

comeverbUS /kʌm/

move toward, travel toward something or somebody or approach something or somebody

From this reading We had looked, I know not wherefore, with hope and pleasing expectation on her congregation of hills and snowy crags, and opened our bosoms with renewed spirits to the icy Biz, which even at Midsummer used to come from the northern glacier laden with cold.

congregationnounUS /ˌkɑːŋɡrəˈɡeɪʃən/

a group of people who adhere to a common faith and habitually attend a given church

From this reading We had looked, I know not wherefore, with hope and pleasing expectation on her congregation of hills and snowy crags, and opened our bosoms with renewed spirits to the icy Biz, which even at Midsummer used to come from the northern glacier laden with cold.

contagionnounUS /kənˈteɪdʒən/

any disease easily transmitted by contact

From this reading Nor bleak mountain-top, nor snow-nourished rivulet; not the ice-laden Biz, nor thunder, the tamer of contagion, had preserved them— why therefore should we claim exemption?

couldmodal verbUS /kʊd/

the past of “can”; used for possibility or polite requests

From this reading Yet how could we nourish expectation of relief?

cragsnounUS /kræɡz/

plural of “crag” — a steep rugged rock or cliff

From this reading We had looked, I know not wherefore, with hope and pleasing expectation on her congregation of hills and snowy crags, and opened our bosoms with renewed spirits to the icy Biz, which even at Midsummer used to come from the northern glacier laden with cold.

desolateadjectiveUS /ˈdesələt/

providing no shelter or sustenance

From this reading Like our native England, and the vast extent of fertile France, this mountain-embowered land was desolate of its inhabitants.

EnglandnounUS /ˈɪŋɡlənd/

a division of the United Kingdom

From this reading Like our native England, and the vast extent of fertile France, this mountain-embowered land was desolate of its inhabitants.

evenadjectiveUS /ˈiːvɪn/

divisible by two

From this reading We had looked, I know not wherefore, with hope and pleasing expectation on her congregation of hills and snowy crags, and opened our bosoms with renewed spirits to the icy Biz, which even at Midsummer used to come from the northern glacier laden with cold.

exemptionnounUS /ɪɡˈzempʃən/

immunity from an obligation or duty

From this reading Nor bleak mountain-top, nor snow-nourished rivulet; not the ice-laden Biz, nor thunder, the tamer of contagion, had preserved them— why therefore should we claim exemption?

exertionsnounUS /ɪɡˈzɜːrʃənz/

plural of “exertion” — use of physical or mental energy; hard work

From this reading We had now reached Switzerland, so long the final mark and aim of our exertions.

expectationnounUS /ˌekspekˈteɪʃən/

belief about (or mental picture of) the future

From this reading We had looked, I know not wherefore, with hope and pleasing expectation on her congregation of hills and snowy crags, and opened our bosoms with renewed spirits to the icy Biz, which even at Midsummer used to come from the northern glacier laden with cold.

extentnounUS /ɪkˈstent/

the point or degree to which something extends

From this reading Like our native England, and the vast extent of fertile France, this mountain-embowered land was desolate of its inhabitants.

fertileadjectiveUS /ˈfɜːrtəl/

capable of reproducing

From this reading Like our native England, and the vast extent of fertile France, this mountain-embowered land was desolate of its inhabitants.

finaladjectiveUS /ˈfaɪnəl/

occurring at or forming an end or termination

From this reading We had now reached Switzerland, so long the final mark and aim of our exertions.

FrancenounUS /fræns/

a republic in western Europe; the largest country wholly in Europe

From this reading Like our native England, and the vast extent of fertile France, this mountain-embowered land was desolate of its inhabitants.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading We had looked, I know not wherefore, with hope and pleasing expectation on her congregation of hills and snowy crags, and opened our bosoms with renewed spirits to the icy Biz, which even at Midsummer used to come from the northern glacier laden with cold.

glaciernounUS /ˈɡleɪʃər/

a slowly moving mass of ice

From this reading We had looked, I know not wherefore, with hope and pleasing expectation on her congregation of hills and snowy crags, and opened our bosoms with renewed spirits to the icy Biz, which even at Midsummer used to come from the northern glacier laden with cold.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading We had now reached Switzerland, so long the final mark and aim of our exertions.

herdeterminerUS /hɜːr/

belonging to a woman, girl, or female animal already mentioned

From this reading We had looked, I know not wherefore, with hope and pleasing expectation on her congregation of hills and snowy crags, and opened our bosoms with renewed spirits to the icy Biz, which even at Midsummer used to come from the northern glacier laden with cold.

hillsnounUS /hɪlz/

plural of “hill” — a local and well-defined elevation of the land

From this reading We had looked, I know not wherefore, with hope and pleasing expectation on her congregation of hills and snowy crags, and opened our bosoms with renewed spirits to the icy Biz, which even at Midsummer used to come from the northern glacier laden with cold.

hopenounUS /hoʊp/

a specific instance of feeling hopeful

From this reading We had looked, I know not wherefore, with hope and pleasing expectation on her congregation of hills and snowy crags, and opened our bosoms with renewed spirits to the icy Biz, which even at Midsummer used to come from the northern glacier laden with cold.

how

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Yet how could we nourish expectation of relief?

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading We had looked, I know not wherefore, with hope and pleasing expectation on her congregation of hills and snowy crags, and opened our bosoms with renewed spirits to the icy Biz, which even at Midsummer used to come from the northern glacier laden with cold.

ice-laden

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Nor bleak mountain-top, nor snow-nourished rivulet; not the ice-laden Biz, nor thunder, the tamer of contagion, had preserved them— why therefore should we claim exemption?

icyadjectiveUS /ˈaɪsi/

devoid of warmth and cordiality; expressive of unfriendliness or disdain

From this reading We had looked, I know not wherefore, with hope and pleasing expectation on her congregation of hills and snowy crags, and opened our bosoms with renewed spirits to the icy Biz, which even at Midsummer used to come from the northern glacier laden with cold.

inhabitantsnounUS /ɪnˈhæbətənts/

plural of “inhabitant” — a person who inhabits a particular place

From this reading Like our native England, and the vast extent of fertile France, this mountain-embowered land was desolate of its inhabitants.

itsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading Like our native England, and the vast extent of fertile France, this mountain-embowered land was desolate of its inhabitants.

knowverbUS /noʊ/

be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about

From this reading We had looked, I know not wherefore, with hope and pleasing expectation on her congregation of hills and snowy crags, and opened our bosoms with renewed spirits to the icy Biz, which even at Midsummer used to come from the northern glacier laden with cold.

ladenadjectiveUS /ˈleɪdən/

filled with a great quantity

From this reading We had looked, I know not wherefore, with hope and pleasing expectation on her congregation of hills and snowy crags, and opened our bosoms with renewed spirits to the icy Biz, which even at Midsummer used to come from the northern glacier laden with cold.

landnounUS /lænd/

the land on which real estate is located

From this reading Like our native England, and the vast extent of fertile France, this mountain-embowered land was desolate of its inhabitants.

LikeverbUS /laɪk/

prefer or wish to do something

From this reading Like our native England, and the vast extent of fertile France, this mountain-embowered land was desolate of its inhabitants.

longadjectiveUS /lɔːŋ/

primarily temporal sense; being or indicating a relatively great or greater than average duration or passage of time or a duration as specified

From this reading We had now reached Switzerland, so long the final mark and aim of our exertions.

lookedverbUS /lʊkt/

past form of “look” — perceive with attention; direct one's gaze towards

From this reading We had looked, I know not wherefore, with hope and pleasing expectation on her congregation of hills and snowy crags, and opened our bosoms with renewed spirits to the icy Biz, which even at Midsummer used to come from the northern glacier laden with cold.

markverbUS /mɑːrk/

attach a tag or label to

From this reading We had now reached Switzerland, so long the final mark and aim of our exertions.

MidsummernounUS /ˈmɪdˈsʌmər/

June 21, when the sun is at its northernmost point

From this reading We had looked, I know not wherefore, with hope and pleasing expectation on her congregation of hills and snowy crags, and opened our bosoms with renewed spirits to the icy Biz, which even at Midsummer used to come from the northern glacier laden with cold.

mountain-embowered

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Like our native England, and the vast extent of fertile France, this mountain-embowered land was desolate of its inhabitants.

mountain-top

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Nor bleak mountain-top, nor snow-nourished rivulet; not the ice-laden Biz, nor thunder, the tamer of contagion, had preserved them— why therefore should we claim exemption?

nativeadjectiveUS /ˈneɪtɪv/

characteristic of or existing by virtue of geographic origin

From this reading Like our native England, and the vast extent of fertile France, this mountain-embowered land was desolate of its inhabitants.

NorconjunctionUS /nɔːr/

and not; used after a negative to add a second negative

From this reading Nor bleak mountain-top, nor snow-nourished rivulet; not the ice-laden Biz, nor thunder, the tamer of contagion, had preserved them— why therefore should we claim exemption?

northernadjectiveUS /ˈnɔːrðərn/

in or characteristic of a region of the United States north of (approximately) the Mason-Dixon line

From this reading We had looked, I know not wherefore, with hope and pleasing expectation on her congregation of hills and snowy crags, and opened our bosoms with renewed spirits to the icy Biz, which even at Midsummer used to come from the northern glacier laden with cold.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading We had looked, I know not wherefore, with hope and pleasing expectation on her congregation of hills and snowy crags, and opened our bosoms with renewed spirits to the icy Biz, which even at Midsummer used to come from the northern glacier laden with cold.

nourishverbUS /ˈnɜːrɪʃ/

provide with nourishment

From this reading Yet how could we nourish expectation of relief?

nowadverbUS /naʊ/

in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events

From this reading We had now reached Switzerland, so long the final mark and aim of our exertions.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading We had now reached Switzerland, so long the final mark and aim of our exertions.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading We had looked, I know not wherefore, with hope and pleasing expectation on her congregation of hills and snowy crags, and opened our bosoms with renewed spirits to the icy Biz, which even at Midsummer used to come from the northern glacier laden with cold.

openedadjectiveUS /ˈoʊpənd/

used of mouth or eyes

From this reading We had looked, I know not wherefore, with hope and pleasing expectation on her congregation of hills and snowy crags, and opened our bosoms with renewed spirits to the icy Biz, which even at Midsummer used to come from the northern glacier laden with cold.

ourdeterminerUS /ˈaʊər/

belonging to the speaker and others

From this reading We had now reached Switzerland, so long the final mark and aim of our exertions.

pleasingadjectiveUS /ˈpliːzɪŋ/

giving pleasure and satisfaction

From this reading We had looked, I know not wherefore, with hope and pleasing expectation on her congregation of hills and snowy crags, and opened our bosoms with renewed spirits to the icy Biz, which even at Midsummer used to come from the northern glacier laden with cold.

preservedadjectiveUS /prəˈzɜːrvd/

prevented from decaying or spoiling and prepared for future use

From this reading Nor bleak mountain-top, nor snow-nourished rivulet; not the ice-laden Biz, nor thunder, the tamer of contagion, had preserved them— why therefore should we claim exemption?

reachedverbUS /riːtʃt/

past form of “reach” — reach a destination, either real or abstract

From this reading We had now reached Switzerland, so long the final mark and aim of our exertions.

reliefnounUS /rɪˈliːf/

the feeling that comes when something burdensome is removed or reduced

From this reading Yet how could we nourish expectation of relief?

renewedadjectiveUS /rɪˈnuːd/

restored to a new condition

From this reading We had looked, I know not wherefore, with hope and pleasing expectation on her congregation of hills and snowy crags, and opened our bosoms with renewed spirits to the icy Biz, which even at Midsummer used to come from the northern glacier laden with cold.

rivuletnoun

a small stream

From this reading Nor bleak mountain-top, nor snow-nourished rivulet; not the ice-laden Biz, nor thunder, the tamer of contagion, had preserved them— why therefore should we claim exemption?

shouldmodal verbUS /ʃʊd/

used to say what is right, expected, or advisable

From this reading Nor bleak mountain-top, nor snow-nourished rivulet; not the ice-laden Biz, nor thunder, the tamer of contagion, had preserved them— why therefore should we claim exemption?

snow-nourished

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Nor bleak mountain-top, nor snow-nourished rivulet; not the ice-laden Biz, nor thunder, the tamer of contagion, had preserved them— why therefore should we claim exemption?

snowyadjectiveUS /ˈsnoʊi/

marked by the presence of snow

From this reading We had looked, I know not wherefore, with hope and pleasing expectation on her congregation of hills and snowy crags, and opened our bosoms with renewed spirits to the icy Biz, which even at Midsummer used to come from the northern glacier laden with cold.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading We had now reached Switzerland, so long the final mark and aim of our exertions.

spiritsnounUS /ˈspɪrɪts/

an alcoholic beverage that is distilled rather than fermented

From this reading We had looked, I know not wherefore, with hope and pleasing expectation on her congregation of hills and snowy crags, and opened our bosoms with renewed spirits to the icy Biz, which even at Midsummer used to come from the northern glacier laden with cold.

SwitzerlandnounUS /ˈswɪtsərlənd/

a landlocked federal republic in central Europe

From this reading We had now reached Switzerland, so long the final mark and aim of our exertions.

tamernounUS /ˈteɪmər/

an animal trainer who tames wild animals

From this reading Nor bleak mountain-top, nor snow-nourished rivulet; not the ice-laden Biz, nor thunder, the tamer of contagion, had preserved them— why therefore should we claim exemption?

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading We had now reached Switzerland, so long the final mark and aim of our exertions.

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading Nor bleak mountain-top, nor snow-nourished rivulet; not the ice-laden Biz, nor thunder, the tamer of contagion, had preserved them— why therefore should we claim exemption?

thereforeadverbUS /ˈðerfɔːr/

for that reason; as a result

From this reading Nor bleak mountain-top, nor snow-nourished rivulet; not the ice-laden Biz, nor thunder, the tamer of contagion, had preserved them— why therefore should we claim exemption?

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading Like our native England, and the vast extent of fertile France, this mountain-embowered land was desolate of its inhabitants.

thunderverbUS /ˈθʌndər/

move fast, noisily, and heavily

From this reading Nor bleak mountain-top, nor snow-nourished rivulet; not the ice-laden Biz, nor thunder, the tamer of contagion, had preserved them— why therefore should we claim exemption?

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading We had looked, I know not wherefore, with hope and pleasing expectation on her congregation of hills and snowy crags, and opened our bosoms with renewed spirits to the icy Biz, which even at Midsummer used to come from the northern glacier laden with cold.

usedadjectiveUS /juːzd/

employed in accomplishing something

From this reading We had looked, I know not wherefore, with hope and pleasing expectation on her congregation of hills and snowy crags, and opened our bosoms with renewed spirits to the icy Biz, which even at Midsummer used to come from the northern glacier laden with cold.

vastadjectiveUS /væst/

unusually great in size or amount or degree or especially extent or scope

From this reading Like our native England, and the vast extent of fertile France, this mountain-embowered land was desolate of its inhabitants.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Like our native England, and the vast extent of fertile France, this mountain-embowered land was desolate of its inhabitants.

WepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading We had now reached Switzerland, so long the final mark and aim of our exertions.

whereforeadverbUS /werˈfɔːr/

an old word meaning “why” or “for that reason”

From this reading We had looked, I know not wherefore, with hope and pleasing expectation on her congregation of hills and snowy crags, and opened our bosoms with renewed spirits to the icy Biz, which even at Midsummer used to come from the northern glacier laden with cold.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading We had looked, I know not wherefore, with hope and pleasing expectation on her congregation of hills and snowy crags, and opened our bosoms with renewed spirits to the icy Biz, which even at Midsummer used to come from the northern glacier laden with cold.

whynounUS /waɪ/

the cause or intention underlying an action or situation, especially in the phrase “the whys and wherefores”

From this reading Nor bleak mountain-top, nor snow-nourished rivulet; not the ice-laden Biz, nor thunder, the tamer of contagion, had preserved them— why therefore should we claim exemption?

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading We had looked, I know not wherefore, with hope and pleasing expectation on her congregation of hills and snowy crags, and opened our bosoms with renewed spirits to the icy Biz, which even at Midsummer used to come from the northern glacier laden with cold.

YetconjunctionUS /jet/

but in spite of that

From this reading Yet how could we nourish expectation of relief?

Chapter 28 of The Last Man by Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley holds 186 sentences, grouped into 38 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 28 of The Last Man contain?

Chapter 28 holds 186 sentences of The Last Man, unabridged, divided into 38 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 28 of The Last Man by Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 186 sentences, grouped into 38 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 28 of The Last Man?

Work through the 38 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 38 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 28 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 28 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading The Last Man

Common questions about reading The Last Man by Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of The Last Man?

Yes. All 6659 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #18247 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of The Last Man is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #18247, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does The Last Man take to read?

About 554 minutes of reading across 1332 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read The Last Man section by section

How to work through The Last Man section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 30 chapters of The Last Man to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in The Last Man

Words and structures a reader meets early in The Last Man, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Native
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Last Man; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Sea-surrounded
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Last Man; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Cloud-enshadowed
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Last Man; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Surface
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Last Man; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.