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The Lesser Bourgeoisie
The Lesser Bourgeoisie

Chapter II · Chapter 2

Chapter 2 of The Lesser Bourgeoisie is here in full — 166 sentences across 34 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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At the fall of the Villele ministry, Monsieur Louis-Jerome Thuillier, who had then seen twenty-six years service as a clerk in the ministry of finance, became sub-director of a department thereof; but scarcely had he enjoyed the subaltern authority of a position formerly his lowest hope, when the events of July, 1830, forced him to resign it.
He calculated, shrewdly enough, that his pension would be honorably and readily given by the new-comers, glad to have another office at their disposal.
He was right; for a pension of seventeen hundred francs was paid to him immediately.
When the prudent sub-director first talked of resigning, his sister, who was far more the companion of his life than his wife, trembled for his future.
What will become of Thuillier?” was a question which Madame and Mademoiselle Thuillier put to each other with mutual terror in their little lodging on a third floor of the rue d’Argenteuil.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The Lesser Bourgeoisie

Chapter II · Chapter 2

Chapter 2 of The Lesser Bourgeoisie is here in full — 166 sentences across 34 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/33 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
At the fall of the Villele ministry, Monsieur Louis-Jerome Thuillier, who had then seen twenty-six yearsservice as a clerk in the ministry of finance, became sub-director of a department thereof; but scarcely had he enjoyed the subaltern authority of a position formerly his lowest hope, when the events of July, 1830, forced him to resign it.
Line 2
He calculated, shrewdly enough, that his pension would be honorably and readily given by the new-comers, glad to have another office at their disposal.
Line 3
He was right; for a pension of seventeen hundred francs was paid to him immediately.
/hiː wɑːz raɪt fɔːr ə ˈpenʃən ʌv ˈsevənˈtiːn ˈhʌndrəd fræŋks wɑːz peɪd tuː hɪm ˌɪˈmiːdiːətli/
Line 4
When the prudent sub-director first talked of resigning, his sister, who was far more the companion of his life than his wife, trembled for his future.
Line 5
What will become of Thuillier?” was a question which Madame and Mademoiselle Thuillier put to each other with mutual terror in their little lodging on a third floor of the rue d’Argenteuil.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

disposal noun US /dɪˈspoʊzəl/

the power to use something or someone

From this reading “He calculated, shrewdly enough, that his pension would be honorably and readily given by the new-comers, glad to have another office at their disposal.”

finance noun US /fəˈnæns/

the commercial activity of providing funds and capital

From this reading “At the fall of the Villele ministry, Monsieur Louis-Jerome Thuillier, who had then seen twenty-six years’ service as a clerk in the ministry of finance, became sub-director of a department thereof; but scarcely had he enjoyed the subaltern authority of a position formerly his lowest hope, when the events of July, 1830, forced him to resign it.”

honorably adverb US /ˈɑːnərəbli/

in an honorable manner

From this reading “He calculated, shrewdly enough, that his pension would be honorably and readily given by the new-comers, glad to have another office at their disposal.”

ministry noun US /ˈmɪnəstri/

religious ministers collectively (especially Presbyterian)

From this reading “At the fall of the Villele ministry, Monsieur Louis-Jerome Thuillier, who had then seen twenty-six years’ service as a clerk in the ministry of finance, became sub-director of a department thereof; but scarcely had he enjoyed the subaltern authority of a position formerly his lowest hope, when the events of July, 1830, forced him to resign it.”

pension noun US /ˈpenʃən/

a regular payment to a person that is intended to allow them to subsist without working

From this reading “He calculated, shrewdly enough, that his pension would be honorably and readily given by the new-comers, glad to have another office at their disposal.”

resign verb US /rɪˈzaɪn/

leave (a job, post, or position) voluntarily

From this reading “At the fall of the Villele ministry, Monsieur Louis-Jerome Thuillier, who had then seen twenty-six years’ service as a clerk in the ministry of finance, became sub-director of a department thereof; but scarcely had he enjoyed the subaltern authority of a position formerly his lowest hope, when the events of July, 1830, forced him to resign it.”

resigning verb US /rɪˈzaɪnɪŋ/

-ing form of “resign” — leave (a job, post, or position) voluntarily

From this reading “When the prudent sub-director first talked of resigning, his sister, who was far more the companion of his life than his wife, trembled for his future.”

shrewdly adverb US /ˈʃruːdli/

in a shrewd manner

From this reading “He calculated, shrewdly enough, that his pension would be honorably and readily given by the new-comers, glad to have another office at their disposal.”

All words in this reading · 105

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

1830

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading At the fall of the Villele ministry, Monsieur Louis-Jerome Thuillier, who had then seen twenty-six years’ service as a clerk in the ministry of finance, became sub-director of a department thereof; but scarcely had he enjoyed the subaltern authority of a position formerly his lowest hope, when the events of July, 1830, forced him to resign it.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading At the fall of the Villele ministry, Monsieur Louis-Jerome Thuillier, who had then seen twenty-six years’ service as a clerk in the ministry of finance, became sub-director of a department thereof; but scarcely had he enjoyed the subaltern authority of a position formerly his lowest hope, when the events of July, 1830, forced him to resign it.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading He calculated, shrewdly enough, that his pension would be honorably and readily given by the new-comers, glad to have another office at their disposal.

anotherdeterminerUS /əˈnʌðər/

one more of the same kind, or a different one

From this reading He calculated, shrewdly enough, that his pension would be honorably and readily given by the new-comers, glad to have another office at their disposal.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading At the fall of the Villele ministry, Monsieur Louis-Jerome Thuillier, who had then seen twenty-six years’ service as a clerk in the ministry of finance, became sub-director of a department thereof; but scarcely had he enjoyed the subaltern authority of a position formerly his lowest hope, when the events of July, 1830, forced him to resign it.

AtprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading At the fall of the Villele ministry, Monsieur Louis-Jerome Thuillier, who had then seen twenty-six years’ service as a clerk in the ministry of finance, became sub-director of a department thereof; but scarcely had he enjoyed the subaltern authority of a position formerly his lowest hope, when the events of July, 1830, forced him to resign it.

authoritynounUS /əˈθɔːrəti/

the power or right to give orders or make decisions

From this reading At the fall of the Villele ministry, Monsieur Louis-Jerome Thuillier, who had then seen twenty-six years’ service as a clerk in the ministry of finance, became sub-director of a department thereof; but scarcely had he enjoyed the subaltern authority of a position formerly his lowest hope, when the events of July, 1830, forced him to resign it.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading He calculated, shrewdly enough, that his pension would be honorably and readily given by the new-comers, glad to have another office at their disposal.

becameverbUS /bɪˈkeɪm/

inflected form of “become” — enter or assume a certain state or condition

From this reading At the fall of the Villele ministry, Monsieur Louis-Jerome Thuillier, who had then seen twenty-six years’ service as a clerk in the ministry of finance, became sub-director of a department thereof; but scarcely had he enjoyed the subaltern authority of a position formerly his lowest hope, when the events of July, 1830, forced him to resign it.

becomeverbUS /bɪˈkʌm/

enter or assume a certain state or condition

From this reading “What will become of Thuillier?” was a question which Madame and Mademoiselle Thuillier put to each other with mutual terror in their little lodging on a third floor of the rue d’Argenteuil.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading At the fall of the Villele ministry, Monsieur Louis-Jerome Thuillier, who had then seen twenty-six years’ service as a clerk in the ministry of finance, became sub-director of a department thereof; but scarcely had he enjoyed the subaltern authority of a position formerly his lowest hope, when the events of July, 1830, forced him to resign it.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading He calculated, shrewdly enough, that his pension would be honorably and readily given by the new-comers, glad to have another office at their disposal.

calculatedadjectiveUS /ˈkælkjəleɪtɪd/

carefully thought out in advance

From this reading He calculated, shrewdly enough, that his pension would be honorably and readily given by the new-comers, glad to have another office at their disposal.

clerknounUS /klɜːrk/

an employee who performs clerical work (e.g., keeps records or accounts)

From this reading At the fall of the Villele ministry, Monsieur Louis-Jerome Thuillier, who had then seen twenty-six years’ service as a clerk in the ministry of finance, became sub-director of a department thereof; but scarcely had he enjoyed the subaltern authority of a position formerly his lowest hope, when the events of July, 1830, forced him to resign it.

companionnounUS /kəmˈpænjən/

a friend who is frequently in the company of another

From this reading When the prudent sub-director first talked of resigning, his sister, who was far more the companion of his life than his wife, trembled for his future.

d'Argenteuil

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading “What will become of Thuillier?” was a question which Madame and Mademoiselle Thuillier put to each other with mutual terror in their little lodging on a third floor of the rue d’Argenteuil.

departmentnounUS /dɪˈpɑːrtmənt/

a specialized division of a large organization

From this reading At the fall of the Villele ministry, Monsieur Louis-Jerome Thuillier, who had then seen twenty-six years’ service as a clerk in the ministry of finance, became sub-director of a department thereof; but scarcely had he enjoyed the subaltern authority of a position formerly his lowest hope, when the events of July, 1830, forced him to resign it.

disposalnounUS /dɪˈspoʊzəl/

the power to use something or someone

From this reading He calculated, shrewdly enough, that his pension would be honorably and readily given by the new-comers, glad to have another office at their disposal.

eachdeterminerUS /iːtʃ/

every one of two or more people or things, taken separately

From this reading “What will become of Thuillier?” was a question which Madame and Mademoiselle Thuillier put to each other with mutual terror in their little lodging on a third floor of the rue d’Argenteuil.

enjoyedverbUS /ˌenˈdʒɔɪd/

past form of “enjoy” — derive or receive pleasure from; get enjoyment from; take pleasure in

From this reading At the fall of the Villele ministry, Monsieur Louis-Jerome Thuillier, who had then seen twenty-six years’ service as a clerk in the ministry of finance, became sub-director of a department thereof; but scarcely had he enjoyed the subaltern authority of a position formerly his lowest hope, when the events of July, 1830, forced him to resign it.

enoughnounUS /ɪˈnʌf/

an adequate quantity; a quantity that is large enough to achieve a purpose

From this reading He calculated, shrewdly enough, that his pension would be honorably and readily given by the new-comers, glad to have another office at their disposal.

eventsnounUS /ɪˈvents/

plural of “event” — something that happens at a given place and time

From this reading At the fall of the Villele ministry, Monsieur Louis-Jerome Thuillier, who had then seen twenty-six years’ service as a clerk in the ministry of finance, became sub-director of a department thereof; but scarcely had he enjoyed the subaltern authority of a position formerly his lowest hope, when the events of July, 1830, forced him to resign it.

fallverbUS /fɔːl/

descend in free fall under the influence of gravity

From this reading At the fall of the Villele ministry, Monsieur Louis-Jerome Thuillier, who had then seen twenty-six years’ service as a clerk in the ministry of finance, became sub-director of a department thereof; but scarcely had he enjoyed the subaltern authority of a position formerly his lowest hope, when the events of July, 1830, forced him to resign it.

faradverbUS /fɑːr/

to a considerable degree; very much

From this reading When the prudent sub-director first talked of resigning, his sister, who was far more the companion of his life than his wife, trembled for his future.

financenounUS /fəˈnæns/

the commercial activity of providing funds and capital

From this reading At the fall of the Villele ministry, Monsieur Louis-Jerome Thuillier, who had then seen twenty-six years’ service as a clerk in the ministry of finance, became sub-director of a department thereof; but scarcely had he enjoyed the subaltern authority of a position formerly his lowest hope, when the events of July, 1830, forced him to resign it.

firstadjectiveUS /fɜːrst/

preceding all others in time or space or degree

From this reading When the prudent sub-director first talked of resigning, his sister, who was far more the companion of his life than his wife, trembled for his future.

floornounUS /flɔːr/

the inside lower horizontal surface (as of a room, hallway, tent, or other structure)

From this reading “What will become of Thuillier?” was a question which Madame and Mademoiselle Thuillier put to each other with mutual terror in their little lodging on a third floor of the rue d’Argenteuil.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading He was right; for a pension of seventeen hundred francs was paid to him immediately.

forcedadjectiveUS /fɔːrst/

produced by or subjected to forcing

From this reading At the fall of the Villele ministry, Monsieur Louis-Jerome Thuillier, who had then seen twenty-six years’ service as a clerk in the ministry of finance, became sub-director of a department thereof; but scarcely had he enjoyed the subaltern authority of a position formerly his lowest hope, when the events of July, 1830, forced him to resign it.

formerlyadverbUS /ˈfɔːrmərli/

at a previous time

From this reading At the fall of the Villele ministry, Monsieur Louis-Jerome Thuillier, who had then seen twenty-six years’ service as a clerk in the ministry of finance, became sub-director of a department thereof; but scarcely had he enjoyed the subaltern authority of a position formerly his lowest hope, when the events of July, 1830, forced him to resign it.

francsnounUS /fræŋks/

plural of “franc” — the basic monetary unit in many countries; equal to 100 centimes

From this reading He was right; for a pension of seventeen hundred francs was paid to him immediately.

futureadjectiveUS /ˈfjuːtʃər/

yet to be or coming

From this reading When the prudent sub-director first talked of resigning, his sister, who was far more the companion of his life than his wife, trembled for his future.

givenadjectiveUS /ˈɡɪvən/

acknowledged as a supposition

From this reading He calculated, shrewdly enough, that his pension would be honorably and readily given by the new-comers, glad to have another office at their disposal.

gladadjectiveUS /ɡlæd/

showing or causing joy and pleasure; especially made happy

From this reading He calculated, shrewdly enough, that his pension would be honorably and readily given by the new-comers, glad to have another office at their disposal.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading At the fall of the Villele ministry, Monsieur Louis-Jerome Thuillier, who had then seen twenty-six years’ service as a clerk in the ministry of finance, became sub-director of a department thereof; but scarcely had he enjoyed the subaltern authority of a position formerly his lowest hope, when the events of July, 1830, forced him to resign it.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading He calculated, shrewdly enough, that his pension would be honorably and readily given by the new-comers, glad to have another office at their disposal.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading At the fall of the Villele ministry, Monsieur Louis-Jerome Thuillier, who had then seen twenty-six years’ service as a clerk in the ministry of finance, became sub-director of a department thereof; but scarcely had he enjoyed the subaltern authority of a position formerly his lowest hope, when the events of July, 1830, forced him to resign it.

himpronounUS /hɪm/

the male already mentioned, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading At the fall of the Villele ministry, Monsieur Louis-Jerome Thuillier, who had then seen twenty-six years’ service as a clerk in the ministry of finance, became sub-director of a department thereof; but scarcely had he enjoyed the subaltern authority of a position formerly his lowest hope, when the events of July, 1830, forced him to resign it.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading At the fall of the Villele ministry, Monsieur Louis-Jerome Thuillier, who had then seen twenty-six years’ service as a clerk in the ministry of finance, became sub-director of a department thereof; but scarcely had he enjoyed the subaltern authority of a position formerly his lowest hope, when the events of July, 1830, forced him to resign it.

honorablyadverbUS /ˈɑːnərəbli/

in an honorable manner

From this reading He calculated, shrewdly enough, that his pension would be honorably and readily given by the new-comers, glad to have another office at their disposal.

hopenounUS /hoʊp/

a specific instance of feeling hopeful

From this reading At the fall of the Villele ministry, Monsieur Louis-Jerome Thuillier, who had then seen twenty-six years’ service as a clerk in the ministry of finance, became sub-director of a department thereof; but scarcely had he enjoyed the subaltern authority of a position formerly his lowest hope, when the events of July, 1830, forced him to resign it.

hundrednounUS /ˈhʌndrəd/

ten 10s

From this reading He was right; for a pension of seventeen hundred francs was paid to him immediately.

immediatelyadverbUS /ˌɪˈmiːdiːətli/

without delay or hesitation; with no time intervening

From this reading He was right; for a pension of seventeen hundred francs was paid to him immediately.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading At the fall of the Villele ministry, Monsieur Louis-Jerome Thuillier, who had then seen twenty-six years’ service as a clerk in the ministry of finance, became sub-director of a department thereof; but scarcely had he enjoyed the subaltern authority of a position formerly his lowest hope, when the events of July, 1830, forced him to resign it.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading At the fall of the Villele ministry, Monsieur Louis-Jerome Thuillier, who had then seen twenty-six years’ service as a clerk in the ministry of finance, became sub-director of a department thereof; but scarcely had he enjoyed the subaltern authority of a position formerly his lowest hope, when the events of July, 1830, forced him to resign it.

JulynounUS /ˌdʒuːˈlaɪ/

the month following June and preceding August

From this reading At the fall of the Villele ministry, Monsieur Louis-Jerome Thuillier, who had then seen twenty-six years’ service as a clerk in the ministry of finance, became sub-director of a department thereof; but scarcely had he enjoyed the subaltern authority of a position formerly his lowest hope, when the events of July, 1830, forced him to resign it.

lifenounUS /laɪf/

a characteristic state or mode of living

From this reading When the prudent sub-director first talked of resigning, his sister, who was far more the companion of his life than his wife, trembled for his future.

littleadjectiveUS /ˈlɪtəl/

limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading “What will become of Thuillier?” was a question which Madame and Mademoiselle Thuillier put to each other with mutual terror in their little lodging on a third floor of the rue d’Argenteuil.

lodgingnounUS /ˈlɑːdʒɪŋ/

structures collectively in which people are housed

From this reading “What will become of Thuillier?” was a question which Madame and Mademoiselle Thuillier put to each other with mutual terror in their little lodging on a third floor of the rue d’Argenteuil.

Louis-Jerome

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading At the fall of the Villele ministry, Monsieur Louis-Jerome Thuillier, who had then seen twenty-six years’ service as a clerk in the ministry of finance, became sub-director of a department thereof; but scarcely had he enjoyed the subaltern authority of a position formerly his lowest hope, when the events of July, 1830, forced him to resign it.

lowestadjectiveUS /ˈloʊəst/

lowest in rank or importance

From this reading At the fall of the Villele ministry, Monsieur Louis-Jerome Thuillier, who had then seen twenty-six years’ service as a clerk in the ministry of finance, became sub-director of a department thereof; but scarcely had he enjoyed the subaltern authority of a position formerly his lowest hope, when the events of July, 1830, forced him to resign it.

MadamenounUS /ˈmædəm/

title used for a married Frenchwoman

From this reading “What will become of Thuillier?” was a question which Madame and Mademoiselle Thuillier put to each other with mutual terror in their little lodging on a third floor of the rue d’Argenteuil.

MademoisellenounUS /ˌmædəməˈzel/

small silvery drumfish often mistaken for white perch; found along coasts of United States from New York to Mexico

From this reading “What will become of Thuillier?” was a question which Madame and Mademoiselle Thuillier put to each other with mutual terror in their little lodging on a third floor of the rue d’Argenteuil.

ministrynounUS /ˈmɪnəstri/

religious ministers collectively (especially Presbyterian)

From this reading At the fall of the Villele ministry, Monsieur Louis-Jerome Thuillier, who had then seen twenty-six years’ service as a clerk in the ministry of finance, became sub-director of a department thereof; but scarcely had he enjoyed the subaltern authority of a position formerly his lowest hope, when the events of July, 1830, forced him to resign it.

MonsieurnounUS /məˈsjɜːr/

used as a French courtesy title; equivalent to English “Mr”

From this reading At the fall of the Villele ministry, Monsieur Louis-Jerome Thuillier, who had then seen twenty-six years’ service as a clerk in the ministry of finance, became sub-director of a department thereof; but scarcely had he enjoyed the subaltern authority of a position formerly his lowest hope, when the events of July, 1830, forced him to resign it.

moreadjectiveUS /mɔːr/

(comparative of “much” used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree

From this reading When the prudent sub-director first talked of resigning, his sister, who was far more the companion of his life than his wife, trembled for his future.

mutualadjectiveUS /ˈmjuːtʃuːəl/

common to or shared by two or more parties

From this reading “What will become of Thuillier?” was a question which Madame and Mademoiselle Thuillier put to each other with mutual terror in their little lodging on a third floor of the rue d’Argenteuil.

new-comers

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading He calculated, shrewdly enough, that his pension would be honorably and readily given by the new-comers, glad to have another office at their disposal.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading At the fall of the Villele ministry, Monsieur Louis-Jerome Thuillier, who had then seen twenty-six years’ service as a clerk in the ministry of finance, became sub-director of a department thereof; but scarcely had he enjoyed the subaltern authority of a position formerly his lowest hope, when the events of July, 1830, forced him to resign it.

officenounUS /ˈɔːfɪs/

place of business where professional or clerical duties are performed

From this reading He calculated, shrewdly enough, that his pension would be honorably and readily given by the new-comers, glad to have another office at their disposal.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading “What will become of Thuillier?” was a question which Madame and Mademoiselle Thuillier put to each other with mutual terror in their little lodging on a third floor of the rue d’Argenteuil.

otheradjectiveUS /ˈʌðər/

not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied

From this reading “What will become of Thuillier?” was a question which Madame and Mademoiselle Thuillier put to each other with mutual terror in their little lodging on a third floor of the rue d’Argenteuil.

paidadjectiveUS /peɪd/

marked by the reception of pay

From this reading He was right; for a pension of seventeen hundred francs was paid to him immediately.

pensionnounUS /ˈpenʃən/

a regular payment to a person that is intended to allow them to subsist without working

From this reading He calculated, shrewdly enough, that his pension would be honorably and readily given by the new-comers, glad to have another office at their disposal.

positionnounUS /pəˈzɪʃən/

the particular portion of space occupied by something

From this reading At the fall of the Villele ministry, Monsieur Louis-Jerome Thuillier, who had then seen twenty-six years’ service as a clerk in the ministry of finance, became sub-director of a department thereof; but scarcely had he enjoyed the subaltern authority of a position formerly his lowest hope, when the events of July, 1830, forced him to resign it.

prudentadjectiveUS /ˈpruːdənt/

careful and sensible; marked by sound judgment

From this reading When the prudent sub-director first talked of resigning, his sister, who was far more the companion of his life than his wife, trembled for his future.

putverbUS /pʊt/

put into a certain place or abstract location

From this reading “What will become of Thuillier?” was a question which Madame and Mademoiselle Thuillier put to each other with mutual terror in their little lodging on a third floor of the rue d’Argenteuil.

questionverbUS /ˈkwestʃən/

challenge the accuracy, probity, or propriety of

From this reading “What will become of Thuillier?” was a question which Madame and Mademoiselle Thuillier put to each other with mutual terror in their little lodging on a third floor of the rue d’Argenteuil.

readilyadverbUS /ˈredəli/

without much difficulty

From this reading He calculated, shrewdly enough, that his pension would be honorably and readily given by the new-comers, glad to have another office at their disposal.

resignverbUS /rɪˈzaɪn/

leave (a job, post, or position) voluntarily

From this reading At the fall of the Villele ministry, Monsieur Louis-Jerome Thuillier, who had then seen twenty-six years’ service as a clerk in the ministry of finance, became sub-director of a department thereof; but scarcely had he enjoyed the subaltern authority of a position formerly his lowest hope, when the events of July, 1830, forced him to resign it.

resigningverbUS /rɪˈzaɪnɪŋ/

-ing form of “resign” — leave (a job, post, or position) voluntarily

From this reading When the prudent sub-director first talked of resigning, his sister, who was far more the companion of his life than his wife, trembled for his future.

rightadverbUS /raɪt/

precisely, exactly

From this reading He was right; for a pension of seventeen hundred francs was paid to him immediately.

ruenounUS /ruː/

European strong-scented perennial herb with grey-green bitter-tasting leaves; an irritant similar to poison ivy

From this reading “What will become of Thuillier?” was a question which Madame and Mademoiselle Thuillier put to each other with mutual terror in their little lodging on a third floor of the rue d’Argenteuil.

scarcelyadverbUS /ˈskersli/

only a very short time before

From this reading At the fall of the Villele ministry, Monsieur Louis-Jerome Thuillier, who had then seen twenty-six years’ service as a clerk in the ministry of finance, became sub-director of a department thereof; but scarcely had he enjoyed the subaltern authority of a position formerly his lowest hope, when the events of July, 1830, forced him to resign it.

seenverbUS /siːn/

inflected form of “see” — perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight

From this reading At the fall of the Villele ministry, Monsieur Louis-Jerome Thuillier, who had then seen twenty-six years’ service as a clerk in the ministry of finance, became sub-director of a department thereof; but scarcely had he enjoyed the subaltern authority of a position formerly his lowest hope, when the events of July, 1830, forced him to resign it.

servicenounUS /ˈsɜːrvəs/

work done by one person or group that benefits another

From this reading At the fall of the Villele ministry, Monsieur Louis-Jerome Thuillier, who had then seen twenty-six years’ service as a clerk in the ministry of finance, became sub-director of a department thereof; but scarcely had he enjoyed the subaltern authority of a position formerly his lowest hope, when the events of July, 1830, forced him to resign it.

seventeenadjectiveUS /ˈsevənˈtiːn/

being one more than sixteen

From this reading He was right; for a pension of seventeen hundred francs was paid to him immediately.

shrewdlyadverbUS /ˈʃruːdli/

in a shrewd manner

From this reading He calculated, shrewdly enough, that his pension would be honorably and readily given by the new-comers, glad to have another office at their disposal.

sisternounUS /ˈsɪstər/

a female person who has the same parents as another person

From this reading When the prudent sub-director first talked of resigning, his sister, who was far more the companion of his life than his wife, trembled for his future.

sub-director

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading At the fall of the Villele ministry, Monsieur Louis-Jerome Thuillier, who had then seen twenty-six years’ service as a clerk in the ministry of finance, became sub-director of a department thereof; but scarcely had he enjoyed the subaltern authority of a position formerly his lowest hope, when the events of July, 1830, forced him to resign it.

subalternnoun

a British commissioned army officer below the rank of captain

From this reading At the fall of the Villele ministry, Monsieur Louis-Jerome Thuillier, who had then seen twenty-six years’ service as a clerk in the ministry of finance, became sub-director of a department thereof; but scarcely had he enjoyed the subaltern authority of a position formerly his lowest hope, when the events of July, 1830, forced him to resign it.

talkedverbUS /tɔːkt/

past form of “talk” — exchange thoughts; talk with

From this reading When the prudent sub-director first talked of resigning, his sister, who was far more the companion of his life than his wife, trembled for his future.

terrornounUS /ˈterər/

an overwhelming feeling of fear and anxiety

From this reading “What will become of Thuillier?” was a question which Madame and Mademoiselle Thuillier put to each other with mutual terror in their little lodging on a third floor of the rue d’Argenteuil.

thanconjunctionUS /ðæn/

used to introduce the second part of a comparison

From this reading When the prudent sub-director first talked of resigning, his sister, who was far more the companion of his life than his wife, trembled for his future.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading He calculated, shrewdly enough, that his pension would be honorably and readily given by the new-comers, glad to have another office at their disposal.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading At the fall of the Villele ministry, Monsieur Louis-Jerome Thuillier, who had then seen twenty-six years’ service as a clerk in the ministry of finance, became sub-director of a department thereof; but scarcely had he enjoyed the subaltern authority of a position formerly his lowest hope, when the events of July, 1830, forced him to resign it.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading He calculated, shrewdly enough, that his pension would be honorably and readily given by the new-comers, glad to have another office at their disposal.

thenadverbUS /ðen/

subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors)

From this reading At the fall of the Villele ministry, Monsieur Louis-Jerome Thuillier, who had then seen twenty-six years’ service as a clerk in the ministry of finance, became sub-director of a department thereof; but scarcely had he enjoyed the subaltern authority of a position formerly his lowest hope, when the events of July, 1830, forced him to resign it.

thereofadverbUS /ˌðeˈrʌv/

of or concerning this or that

From this reading At the fall of the Villele ministry, Monsieur Louis-Jerome Thuillier, who had then seen twenty-six years’ service as a clerk in the ministry of finance, became sub-director of a department thereof; but scarcely had he enjoyed the subaltern authority of a position formerly his lowest hope, when the events of July, 1830, forced him to resign it.

thirdnounUS /θɜːrd/

one of three equal parts of a divisible whole

From this reading “What will become of Thuillier?” was a question which Madame and Mademoiselle Thuillier put to each other with mutual terror in their little lodging on a third floor of the rue d’Argenteuil.

Thuillier

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading At the fall of the Villele ministry, Monsieur Louis-Jerome Thuillier, who had then seen twenty-six years’ service as a clerk in the ministry of finance, became sub-director of a department thereof; but scarcely had he enjoyed the subaltern authority of a position formerly his lowest hope, when the events of July, 1830, forced him to resign it.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading At the fall of the Villele ministry, Monsieur Louis-Jerome Thuillier, who had then seen twenty-six years’ service as a clerk in the ministry of finance, became sub-director of a department thereof; but scarcely had he enjoyed the subaltern authority of a position formerly his lowest hope, when the events of July, 1830, forced him to resign it.

trembledverbUS /ˈtrembəld/

past form of “tremble” — move or jerk quickly and involuntarily up and down or sideways

From this reading When the prudent sub-director first talked of resigning, his sister, who was far more the companion of his life than his wife, trembled for his future.

twenty-sixadjective

being six more than twenty

From this reading At the fall of the Villele ministry, Monsieur Louis-Jerome Thuillier, who had then seen twenty-six years’ service as a clerk in the ministry of finance, became sub-director of a department thereof; but scarcely had he enjoyed the subaltern authority of a position formerly his lowest hope, when the events of July, 1830, forced him to resign it.

Villele

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading At the fall of the Villele ministry, Monsieur Louis-Jerome Thuillier, who had then seen twenty-six years’ service as a clerk in the ministry of finance, became sub-director of a department thereof; but scarcely had he enjoyed the subaltern authority of a position formerly his lowest hope, when the events of July, 1830, forced him to resign it.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading He was right; for a pension of seventeen hundred francs was paid to him immediately.

WhatpronounUS /wʌt/

used to ask for information about something

From this reading “What will become of Thuillier?” was a question which Madame and Mademoiselle Thuillier put to each other with mutual terror in their little lodging on a third floor of the rue d’Argenteuil.

whenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading At the fall of the Villele ministry, Monsieur Louis-Jerome Thuillier, who had then seen twenty-six years’ service as a clerk in the ministry of finance, became sub-director of a department thereof; but scarcely had he enjoyed the subaltern authority of a position formerly his lowest hope, when the events of July, 1830, forced him to resign it.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading “What will become of Thuillier?” was a question which Madame and Mademoiselle Thuillier put to each other with mutual terror in their little lodging on a third floor of the rue d’Argenteuil.

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading At the fall of the Villele ministry, Monsieur Louis-Jerome Thuillier, who had then seen twenty-six years’ service as a clerk in the ministry of finance, became sub-director of a department thereof; but scarcely had he enjoyed the subaltern authority of a position formerly his lowest hope, when the events of July, 1830, forced him to resign it.

wifenounUS /waɪf/

a married woman; a man's partner in marriage

From this reading When the prudent sub-director first talked of resigning, his sister, who was far more the companion of his life than his wife, trembled for his future.

willmodal verbUS /wɪl/

used to talk about the future, or about willingness

From this reading “What will become of Thuillier?” was a question which Madame and Mademoiselle Thuillier put to each other with mutual terror in their little lodging on a third floor of the rue d’Argenteuil.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading “What will become of Thuillier?” was a question which Madame and Mademoiselle Thuillier put to each other with mutual terror in their little lodging on a third floor of the rue d’Argenteuil.

wouldmodal verbUS /wʊd/

used for something imagined, polite, or habitual in the past

From this reading He calculated, shrewdly enough, that his pension would be honorably and readily given by the new-comers, glad to have another office at their disposal.

yearsnounUS /jɪrz/

a late time of life

From this reading At the fall of the Villele ministry, Monsieur Louis-Jerome Thuillier, who had then seen twenty-six years’ service as a clerk in the ministry of finance, became sub-director of a department thereof; but scarcely had he enjoyed the subaltern authority of a position formerly his lowest hope, when the events of July, 1830, forced him to resign it.

Chapter 2 of The Lesser Bourgeoisie by Honoré de Balzac holds 166 sentences, grouped into 34 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the public-domain source, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 2 of The Lesser Bourgeoisie contain?

Chapter 2 holds 166 sentences of The Lesser Bourgeoisie, unabridged, divided into 34 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 2 of The Lesser Bourgeoisie by Honoré de Balzac exactly as it stands in the public-domain source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 166 sentences, grouped into 34 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 2 of The Lesser Bourgeoisie?

Work through the 34 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 34 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 2 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 2 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading The Lesser Bourgeoisie

Common questions about reading The Lesser Bourgeoisie by Honoré de Balzac on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of The Lesser Bourgeoisie?

Yes. All 7414 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #1641 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of The Lesser Bourgeoisie is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #1641, a public-domain edition. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does The Lesser Bourgeoisie take to read?

About 600 minutes of reading across 1483 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read The Lesser Bourgeoisie section by section

How to work through The Lesser Bourgeoisie section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 35 chapters of The Lesser Bourgeoisie to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in The Lesser Bourgeoisie

Words and structures a reader meets early in The Lesser Bourgeoisie, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Tourniquet
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Lesser Bourgeoisie; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Saint-jean
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Lesser Bourgeoisie; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Narrow
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Lesser Bourgeoisie; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Passage
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Lesser Bourgeoisie; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.