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The Lesser Bourgeoisie
The Lesser Bourgeoisie

Chapter XXXI · Chapter 31

Chapter 31 of The Lesser Bourgeoisie is here in full — 178 sentences across 36 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/35 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
The next morning Minard paid a visit to Phellion in his study.
The great citizen and his son Felix were at that moment engaged in a conversation which seemed to have some unusual interest for them.
My dear Felix,” cried the mayor of the eleventh arrondissement, offering his hand warmly to the young professor, it is you who bring me here this morning; I have come to offer you my congratulations.”
What has occurred?” asked Phellion.
Have the Thuilliers--” It has nothing to do with the Thuilliers,” interrupted the mayor.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The Lesser Bourgeoisie

Chapter XXXI · Chapter 31

Chapter 31 of The Lesser Bourgeoisie is here in full — 178 sentences across 36 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/35 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
The next morning Minard paid a visit to Phellion in his study.
Line 2
The great citizen and his son Felix were at that moment engaged in a conversation which seemed to have some unusual interest for them.
Line 3
My dear Felix,” cried the mayor of the eleventh arrondissement, offering his hand warmly to the young professor, “it is you who bring me here this morning; I have come to offer you my congratulations.”
Line 4
What has occurred?” asked Phellion.
Line 5
Have the Thuilliers--” “It has nothing to do with the Thuilliers,” interrupted the mayor.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

citizen noun US /ˈsɪtəzən/

a native or naturalized member of a state or other political community

From this reading “The great citizen and his son Felix were at that moment engaged in a conversation which seemed to have some unusual interest for them.”

congratulations noun US /kənˌɡrætʃəˈleɪʃənz/

an expression of approval and commendation

From this reading ““My dear Felix,” cried the mayor of the eleventh arrondissement, offering his hand warmly to the young professor, “it is you who bring me here this morning; I have come to offer you my congratulations.””

eleventh adjective US /ɪˈlevənθ/

coming next after the tenth and just before the twelfth in position

From this reading ““My dear Felix,” cried the mayor of the eleventh arrondissement, offering his hand warmly to the young professor, “it is you who bring me here this morning; I have come to offer you my congratulations.””

mayor noun US /ˈmeɪər/

the head of a city government

From this reading ““My dear Felix,” cried the mayor of the eleventh arrondissement, offering his hand warmly to the young professor, “it is you who bring me here this morning; I have come to offer you my congratulations.””

offering noun US /ˈɔːfərɪŋ/

something offered (as a proposal or bid)

From this reading ““My dear Felix,” cried the mayor of the eleventh arrondissement, offering his hand warmly to the young professor, “it is you who bring me here this morning; I have come to offer you my congratulations.””

professor noun US /prəˈfesər/

someone who is a member of the faculty at a college or university

From this reading ““My dear Felix,” cried the mayor of the eleventh arrondissement, offering his hand warmly to the young professor, “it is you who bring me here this morning; I have come to offer you my congratulations.””

unusual adjective US /əˈnjuːʒuːəl/

not usual or common or ordinary

From this reading “The great citizen and his son Felix were at that moment engaged in a conversation which seemed to have some unusual interest for them.”

warmly adverb US /ˈwɔːrmli/

in a hearty manner

From this reading ““My dear Felix,” cried the mayor of the eleventh arrondissement, offering his hand warmly to the young professor, “it is you who bring me here this morning; I have come to offer you my congratulations.””

All words in this reading · 64

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading The next morning Minard paid a visit to Phellion in his study.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading The great citizen and his son Felix were at that moment engaged in a conversation which seemed to have some unusual interest for them.

arrondissement

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading “My dear Felix,” cried the mayor of the eleventh arrondissement, offering his hand warmly to the young professor, “it is you who bring me here this morning; I have come to offer you my congratulations.”

askedverbUS /æskt/

past form of “ask” — make a request or demand for something to somebody

From this reading “What has occurred?” asked Phellion.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading The great citizen and his son Felix were at that moment engaged in a conversation which seemed to have some unusual interest for them.

bringverbUS /brɪŋ/

take something or somebody with oneself somewhere

From this reading “My dear Felix,” cried the mayor of the eleventh arrondissement, offering his hand warmly to the young professor, “it is you who bring me here this morning; I have come to offer you my congratulations.”

citizennounUS /ˈsɪtəzən/

a native or naturalized member of a state or other political community

From this reading The great citizen and his son Felix were at that moment engaged in a conversation which seemed to have some unusual interest for them.

comeverbUS /kʌm/

move toward, travel toward something or somebody or approach something or somebody

From this reading “My dear Felix,” cried the mayor of the eleventh arrondissement, offering his hand warmly to the young professor, “it is you who bring me here this morning; I have come to offer you my congratulations.”

congratulationsnounUS /kənˌɡrætʃəˈleɪʃənz/

an expression of approval and commendation

From this reading “My dear Felix,” cried the mayor of the eleventh arrondissement, offering his hand warmly to the young professor, “it is you who bring me here this morning; I have come to offer you my congratulations.”

conversationnounUS /ˌkɑːnvərˈseɪʃən/

the use of speech for informal exchange of views or ideas or information etc.

From this reading The great citizen and his son Felix were at that moment engaged in a conversation which seemed to have some unusual interest for them.

criedverbUS /kraɪd/

inflected form of “cry” — utter a sudden loud cry

From this reading “My dear Felix,” cried the mayor of the eleventh arrondissement, offering his hand warmly to the young professor, “it is you who bring me here this morning; I have come to offer you my congratulations.”

dearadjectiveUS /dɪr/

dearly loved

From this reading “My dear Felix,” cried the mayor of the eleventh arrondissement, offering his hand warmly to the young professor, “it is you who bring me here this morning; I have come to offer you my congratulations.”

doauxiliary verbUS /duː/

used to form questions and negatives, and to give emphasis

From this reading “Have the Thuilliers--” “It has nothing to do with the Thuilliers,” interrupted the mayor.

eleventhadjectiveUS /ɪˈlevənθ/

coming next after the tenth and just before the twelfth in position

From this reading “My dear Felix,” cried the mayor of the eleventh arrondissement, offering his hand warmly to the young professor, “it is you who bring me here this morning; I have come to offer you my congratulations.”

engagedadjectiveUS /enˈɡeɪdʒd/

having ones attention or mind or energy engaged

From this reading The great citizen and his son Felix were at that moment engaged in a conversation which seemed to have some unusual interest for them.

Felix

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The great citizen and his son Felix were at that moment engaged in a conversation which seemed to have some unusual interest for them.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading The great citizen and his son Felix were at that moment engaged in a conversation which seemed to have some unusual interest for them.

greatadjectiveUS /ɡreɪt/

relatively large in size or number or extent; larger than others of its kind

From this reading The great citizen and his son Felix were at that moment engaged in a conversation which seemed to have some unusual interest for them.

handnounUS /hænd/

the (prehensile) extremity of the superior limb

From this reading “My dear Felix,” cried the mayor of the eleventh arrondissement, offering his hand warmly to the young professor, “it is you who bring me here this morning; I have come to offer you my congratulations.”

hasauxiliary verbUS /hæz/

the form of “have” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading “What has occurred?” asked Phellion.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading The great citizen and his son Felix were at that moment engaged in a conversation which seemed to have some unusual interest for them.

hereadverbUS /hiːr/

in or at this place; where the speaker or writer is

From this reading “My dear Felix,” cried the mayor of the eleventh arrondissement, offering his hand warmly to the young professor, “it is you who bring me here this morning; I have come to offer you my congratulations.”

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading The next morning Minard paid a visit to Phellion in his study.

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading “My dear Felix,” cried the mayor of the eleventh arrondissement, offering his hand warmly to the young professor, “it is you who bring me here this morning; I have come to offer you my congratulations.”

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading The next morning Minard paid a visit to Phellion in his study.

interestnounUS /ˈɪntrəst/

a sense of concern with and curiosity about someone or something

From this reading The great citizen and his son Felix were at that moment engaged in a conversation which seemed to have some unusual interest for them.

interruptedadjectiveUS /ˌɪntərˈʌptɪd/

discontinued temporarily

From this reading “Have the Thuilliers--” “It has nothing to do with the Thuilliers,” interrupted the mayor.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading “My dear Felix,” cried the mayor of the eleventh arrondissement, offering his hand warmly to the young professor, “it is you who bring me here this morning; I have come to offer you my congratulations.”

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading “My dear Felix,” cried the mayor of the eleventh arrondissement, offering his hand warmly to the young professor, “it is you who bring me here this morning; I have come to offer you my congratulations.”

mayornounUS /ˈmeɪər/

the head of a city government

From this reading “My dear Felix,” cried the mayor of the eleventh arrondissement, offering his hand warmly to the young professor, “it is you who bring me here this morning; I have come to offer you my congratulations.”

mepronounUS /miː/

the person speaking, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading “My dear Felix,” cried the mayor of the eleventh arrondissement, offering his hand warmly to the young professor, “it is you who bring me here this morning; I have come to offer you my congratulations.”

Minard

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The next morning Minard paid a visit to Phellion in his study.

momentnounUS /ˈmoʊmənt/

a particular point in time

From this reading The great citizen and his son Felix were at that moment engaged in a conversation which seemed to have some unusual interest for them.

morningnounUS /ˈmɔːrnɪŋ/

the time period between dawn and noon

From this reading The next morning Minard paid a visit to Phellion in his study.

MydeterminerUS /maɪ/

belonging to the person speaking

From this reading “My dear Felix,” cried the mayor of the eleventh arrondissement, offering his hand warmly to the young professor, “it is you who bring me here this morning; I have come to offer you my congratulations.”

nextadjectiveUS /nekst/

immediately following in time or order

From this reading The next morning Minard paid a visit to Phellion in his study.

nothingpronounUS /ˈnʌθɪŋ/

not one thing; not anything

From this reading “Have the Thuilliers--” “It has nothing to do with the Thuilliers,” interrupted the mayor.

occurredverbUS /əˈkɜːrd/

inflected form of “occur” — come to pass

From this reading “What has occurred?” asked Phellion.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading “My dear Felix,” cried the mayor of the eleventh arrondissement, offering his hand warmly to the young professor, “it is you who bring me here this morning; I have come to offer you my congratulations.”

offerverbUS /ˈɔːfər/

make available or accessible, provide or furnish

From this reading “My dear Felix,” cried the mayor of the eleventh arrondissement, offering his hand warmly to the young professor, “it is you who bring me here this morning; I have come to offer you my congratulations.”

offeringnounUS /ˈɔːfərɪŋ/

something offered (as a proposal or bid)

From this reading “My dear Felix,” cried the mayor of the eleventh arrondissement, offering his hand warmly to the young professor, “it is you who bring me here this morning; I have come to offer you my congratulations.”

paidadjectiveUS /peɪd/

marked by the reception of pay

From this reading The next morning Minard paid a visit to Phellion in his study.

Phellion

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The next morning Minard paid a visit to Phellion in his study.

professornounUS /prəˈfesər/

someone who is a member of the faculty at a college or university

From this reading “My dear Felix,” cried the mayor of the eleventh arrondissement, offering his hand warmly to the young professor, “it is you who bring me here this morning; I have come to offer you my congratulations.”

seemedverbUS /siːmd/

past form of “seem” — give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect

From this reading The great citizen and his son Felix were at that moment engaged in a conversation which seemed to have some unusual interest for them.

someadjectiveUS /sʌm/

(quantifier) used with either mass nouns or plural count nouns to indicate an unspecified number or quantity

From this reading The great citizen and his son Felix were at that moment engaged in a conversation which seemed to have some unusual interest for them.

sonnounUS /sʌn/

a male human offspring

From this reading The great citizen and his son Felix were at that moment engaged in a conversation which seemed to have some unusual interest for them.

studynounUS /ˈstʌdi/

a detailed critical inspection

From this reading The next morning Minard paid a visit to Phellion in his study.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading The great citizen and his son Felix were at that moment engaged in a conversation which seemed to have some unusual interest for them.

ThedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading The next morning Minard paid a visit to Phellion in his study.

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading The great citizen and his son Felix were at that moment engaged in a conversation which seemed to have some unusual interest for them.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading “My dear Felix,” cried the mayor of the eleventh arrondissement, offering his hand warmly to the young professor, “it is you who bring me here this morning; I have come to offer you my congratulations.”

Thuilliers

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading “Have the Thuilliers--” “It has nothing to do with the Thuilliers,” interrupted the mayor.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading The next morning Minard paid a visit to Phellion in his study.

unusualadjectiveUS /əˈnjuːʒuːəl/

not usual or common or ordinary

From this reading The great citizen and his son Felix were at that moment engaged in a conversation which seemed to have some unusual interest for them.

visitverbUS /ˈvɪzɪt/

go to see a place, as for entertainment

From this reading The next morning Minard paid a visit to Phellion in his study.

warmlyadverbUS /ˈwɔːrmli/

in a hearty manner

From this reading “My dear Felix,” cried the mayor of the eleventh arrondissement, offering his hand warmly to the young professor, “it is you who bring me here this morning; I have come to offer you my congratulations.”

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading The great citizen and his son Felix were at that moment engaged in a conversation which seemed to have some unusual interest for them.

WhatpronounUS /wʌt/

used to ask for information about something

From this reading “What has occurred?” asked Phellion.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading The great citizen and his son Felix were at that moment engaged in a conversation which seemed to have some unusual interest for them.

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading “My dear Felix,” cried the mayor of the eleventh arrondissement, offering his hand warmly to the young professor, “it is you who bring me here this morning; I have come to offer you my congratulations.”

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading “Have the Thuilliers--” “It has nothing to do with the Thuilliers,” interrupted the mayor.

youpronounUS /juː/

the person or people being spoken to

From this reading “My dear Felix,” cried the mayor of the eleventh arrondissement, offering his hand warmly to the young professor, “it is you who bring me here this morning; I have come to offer you my congratulations.”

youngadjectiveUS /jʌŋ/

(used of living things especially persons) in an early period of life or development or growth

From this reading “My dear Felix,” cried the mayor of the eleventh arrondissement, offering his hand warmly to the young professor, “it is you who bring me here this morning; I have come to offer you my congratulations.”

Chapter 31 of The Lesser Bourgeoisie by Honoré de Balzac holds 178 sentences, grouped into 36 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 31 of The Lesser Bourgeoisie contain?

Chapter 31 holds 178 sentences of The Lesser Bourgeoisie, unabridged, divided into 36 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 31 of The Lesser Bourgeoisie by Honoré de Balzac exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 178 sentences, grouped into 36 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 31 of The Lesser Bourgeoisie?

Work through the 36 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 36 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 31 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 31 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading The Lesser Bourgeoisie

Common questions about reading The Lesser Bourgeoisie by Honoré de Balzac on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of The Lesser Bourgeoisie?

Yes. All 7414 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #1641 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of The Lesser Bourgeoisie is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #1641, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does The Lesser Bourgeoisie take to read?

About 600 minutes of reading across 1483 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read The Lesser Bourgeoisie section by section

How to work through The Lesser Bourgeoisie section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 35 chapters of The Lesser Bourgeoisie to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in The Lesser Bourgeoisie

Words and structures a reader meets early in The Lesser Bourgeoisie, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Tourniquet
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Lesser Bourgeoisie; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Saint-jean
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Lesser Bourgeoisie; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Narrow
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Lesser Bourgeoisie; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Passage
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Lesser Bourgeoisie; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.