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The Life and Adventures of Bruce, the African Traveller
The Life and Adventures of Bruce, the African Traveller

Chapter XII

Chapter 12 of The Life and Adventures of Bruce, the African Traveller is here in full — 249 sentences across 50 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/49 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
Bruce resides at Gondar, and gradually raises himself to distinction.
Gondar, the metropolis of Abyssinia, is situated upon the flat summit of a hill of considerable height, and was peopled, in the time of Bruce, by about ten thousand families.
The houses are chiefly of clay, with conical roofs, the usual mode of construction within the region of the tropical rains.
At the west end of the town stands the king's house, a square building flanked by towers.
It was formerly four stories high, and had a magnificent view of the country southward to the great lake Tzana.
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The Life and Adventures of Bruce, the African Traveller

Chapter XII

Chapter 12 of The Life and Adventures of Bruce, the African Traveller is here in full — 249 sentences across 50 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/49 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
Bruce resides at Gondar, and gradually raises himself to distinction.
Line 2
Gondar, the metropolis of Abyssinia, is situated upon the flat summit of a hill of considerable height, and was peopled, in the time of Bruce, by about ten thousand families.
Line 3
The houses are chiefly of clay, with conical roofs, the usual mode of construction within the region of the tropical rains.
/ðə ˈhaʊsəz ɑːr ˈtʃiːfli ʌv kleɪ wɪð ˈkɑːnɪkəl ruːfs ðə ˈjuːʒəwəl moʊd ʌv kənˈstrʌkʃən wɪˈðɪn ðə ˈriːdʒən ʌv ðə ˈtrɑːpɪkəl reɪnz/
Line 4
At the west end of the town stands the king's house, a square building flanked by towers.
/æt ðə west end ʌv ðə taʊn stændz ðə kɪŋz haʊs ə skwer ˈbɪldɪŋ flæŋkt baɪ ˈtaʊərz/
Line 5
It was formerly four stories high, and had a magnificent view of the country southward to the great lake Tzana.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

Abyssinia noun US /æbˈsɪniːə/

Ethiopia is a republic in northeastern Africa on the Red Sea; formerly called Abyssinia

From this reading “Gondar, the metropolis of Abyssinia, is situated upon the flat summit of a hill of considerable height, and was peopled, in the time of Bruce, by about ten thousand families.”

conical adjective US /ˈkɑːnɪkəl/

relating to or resembling a cone

From this reading “The houses are chiefly of clay, with conical roofs, the usual mode of construction within the region of the tropical rains.”

flanked verb US /flæŋkt/

past form of “flank” — be located at the sides of something or somebody

From this reading “At the west end of the town stands the king's house, a square building flanked by towers.”

metropolis noun US /məˈtrɑːpələs/

a large and densely populated urban area; may include several independent administrative districts

From this reading “Gondar, the metropolis of Abyssinia, is situated upon the flat summit of a hill of considerable height, and was peopled, in the time of Bruce, by about ten thousand families.”

peopled adjective US /ˈpiːpəld/

furnished with people

From this reading “Gondar, the metropolis of Abyssinia, is situated upon the flat summit of a hill of considerable height, and was peopled, in the time of Bruce, by about ten thousand families.”

raises noun US /ˈreɪzəz/

plural of “raise” — the amount a salary is increased

From this reading “Bruce resides at Gondar, and gradually raises himself to distinction.”

resides verb US /rɪˈzaɪdz/

third-person singular of “reside” — make one's home in a particular place or community

From this reading “Bruce resides at Gondar, and gradually raises himself to distinction.”

tropical adjective US /ˈtrɑːpɪkəl/

relating to or situated in or characteristic of the tropics (the region on either side of the equator)

From this reading “The houses are chiefly of clay, with conical roofs, the usual mode of construction within the region of the tropical rains.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

ten thousand noun + noun

the cardinal number that is the product of ten and one thousand

In this reading “Gondar, the metropolis of Abyssinia, is situated upon the flat summit of a hill of considerable height, and was peopled, in the time of Bruce, by about ten thousand families.”

considerable height adjective + noun

In this reading “Gondar, the metropolis of Abyssinia, is situated upon the flat summit of a hill of considerable height, and was peopled, in the time of Bruce, by about ten thousand families.”

usual mode adjective + noun

In this reading “The houses are chiefly of clay, with conical roofs, the usual mode of construction within the region of the tropical rains.”

magnificent view adjective + noun

In this reading “It was formerly four stories high, and had a magnificent view of the country southward to the great lake Tzana.”

square building verb + noun

In this reading “At the west end of the town stands the king's house, a square building flanked by towers.”

about ten preposition + noun

In this reading “Gondar, the metropolis of Abyssinia, is situated upon the flat summit of a hill of considerable height, and was peopled, in the time of Bruce, by about ten thousand families.”

great lake adjective + noun

In this reading “It was formerly four stories high, and had a magnificent view of the country southward to the great lake Tzana.”

resides at verb + particle counted as “reside at”

In this reading “Bruce resides at Gondar, and gradually raises himself to distinction.”

All words in this reading · 69

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Gondar, the metropolis of Abyssinia, is situated upon the flat summit of a hill of considerable height, and was peopled, in the time of Bruce, by about ten thousand families.

aboutprepositionUS /əˈbaʊt/

on the subject of; concerning

From this reading Gondar, the metropolis of Abyssinia, is situated upon the flat summit of a hill of considerable height, and was peopled, in the time of Bruce, by about ten thousand families.

AbyssinianounUS /æbˈsɪniːə/

Ethiopia is a republic in northeastern Africa on the Red Sea; formerly called Abyssinia

From this reading Gondar, the metropolis of Abyssinia, is situated upon the flat summit of a hill of considerable height, and was peopled, in the time of Bruce, by about ten thousand families.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Bruce resides at Gondar, and gradually raises himself to distinction.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading The houses are chiefly of clay, with conical roofs, the usual mode of construction within the region of the tropical rains.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading Bruce resides at Gondar, and gradually raises himself to distinction.

BrucenounUS /bruːs/

Australian physician and bacteriologist who described the bacterium that causes undulant fever or brucellosis (1855-1931)

From this reading Bruce resides at Gondar, and gradually raises himself to distinction.

buildingnounUS /ˈbɪldɪŋ/

a structure that has a roof and walls and stands more or less permanently in one place

From this reading At the west end of the town stands the king's house, a square building flanked by towers.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading Gondar, the metropolis of Abyssinia, is situated upon the flat summit of a hill of considerable height, and was peopled, in the time of Bruce, by about ten thousand families.

chieflyadverbUS /ˈtʃiːfli/

for the most part

From this reading The houses are chiefly of clay, with conical roofs, the usual mode of construction within the region of the tropical rains.

claynounUS /kleɪ/

a very fine-grained soil that is plastic when moist but hard when fired

From this reading The houses are chiefly of clay, with conical roofs, the usual mode of construction within the region of the tropical rains.

conicaladjectiveUS /ˈkɑːnɪkəl/

relating to or resembling a cone

From this reading The houses are chiefly of clay, with conical roofs, the usual mode of construction within the region of the tropical rains.

considerableadjectiveUS /kənˈsɪdərəbəl/

large or relatively large in number or amount or extent or degree

From this reading Gondar, the metropolis of Abyssinia, is situated upon the flat summit of a hill of considerable height, and was peopled, in the time of Bruce, by about ten thousand families.

constructionnounUS /kənˈstrʌkʃən/

the act of constructing something

From this reading The houses are chiefly of clay, with conical roofs, the usual mode of construction within the region of the tropical rains.

countrynounUS /ˈkʌntri/

a politically organized body of people under a single government

From this reading It was formerly four stories high, and had a magnificent view of the country southward to the great lake Tzana.

distinctionnounUS /dɪˈstɪŋkʃən/

a discrimination between things as different and distinct on the basis of their characteristics or attributes

From this reading Bruce resides at Gondar, and gradually raises himself to distinction.

endnounUS /end/

either extremity of something that has length

From this reading At the west end of the town stands the king's house, a square building flanked by towers.

familiesnounUS /ˈfæməliz/

plural of “family” — a social unit living together

From this reading Gondar, the metropolis of Abyssinia, is situated upon the flat summit of a hill of considerable height, and was peopled, in the time of Bruce, by about ten thousand families.

flankedverbUS /flæŋkt/

past form of “flank” — be located at the sides of something or somebody

From this reading At the west end of the town stands the king's house, a square building flanked by towers.

flatadjectiveUS /flæt/

having a surface without slope, tilt in which no part is higher or lower than another

From this reading Gondar, the metropolis of Abyssinia, is situated upon the flat summit of a hill of considerable height, and was peopled, in the time of Bruce, by about ten thousand families.

formerlyadverbUS /ˈfɔːrmərli/

at a previous time

From this reading It was formerly four stories high, and had a magnificent view of the country southward to the great lake Tzana.

fournounUS /fɔːr/

the cardinal number that is the sum of three and one

From this reading It was formerly four stories high, and had a magnificent view of the country southward to the great lake Tzana.

Gondar

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Bruce resides at Gondar, and gradually raises himself to distinction.

graduallyadverbUS /ˈɡrædʒuːəli/

in a gradual manner

From this reading Bruce resides at Gondar, and gradually raises himself to distinction.

greatadjectiveUS /ɡreɪt/

relatively large in size or number or extent; larger than others of its kind

From this reading It was formerly four stories high, and had a magnificent view of the country southward to the great lake Tzana.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading It was formerly four stories high, and had a magnificent view of the country southward to the great lake Tzana.

heightnounUS /haɪt/

the vertical dimension of extension; distance from the base of something to the top

From this reading Gondar, the metropolis of Abyssinia, is situated upon the flat summit of a hill of considerable height, and was peopled, in the time of Bruce, by about ten thousand families.

highadjectiveUS /haɪ/

greater than normal in degree or intensity or amount

From this reading It was formerly four stories high, and had a magnificent view of the country southward to the great lake Tzana.

hillnounUS /hɪl/

a local and well-defined elevation of the land

From this reading Gondar, the metropolis of Abyssinia, is situated upon the flat summit of a hill of considerable height, and was peopled, in the time of Bruce, by about ten thousand families.

himselfpronounUS /hɪmˈself/

used when the man or boy doing the action is also its object

From this reading Bruce resides at Gondar, and gradually raises himself to distinction.

housenounUS /haʊs/

a dwelling that serves as living quarters for one or more families

From this reading At the west end of the town stands the king's house, a square building flanked by towers.

housesnounUS /ˈhaʊsəz/

plural of “house” — a dwelling that serves as living quarters for one or more families

From this reading The houses are chiefly of clay, with conical roofs, the usual mode of construction within the region of the tropical rains.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Gondar, the metropolis of Abyssinia, is situated upon the flat summit of a hill of considerable height, and was peopled, in the time of Bruce, by about ten thousand families.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Gondar, the metropolis of Abyssinia, is situated upon the flat summit of a hill of considerable height, and was peopled, in the time of Bruce, by about ten thousand families.

ItpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading It was formerly four stories high, and had a magnificent view of the country southward to the great lake Tzana.

king'snounUS /kɪŋz/

possessive form of “king” — a male sovereign; ruler of a kingdom

From this reading At the west end of the town stands the king's house, a square building flanked by towers.

lakenounUS /leɪk/

a body of (usually fresh) water surrounded by land

From this reading It was formerly four stories high, and had a magnificent view of the country southward to the great lake Tzana.

magnificentadjectiveUS /mæɡˈnɪfəsənt/

characterized by grandeur

From this reading It was formerly four stories high, and had a magnificent view of the country southward to the great lake Tzana.

metropolisnounUS /məˈtrɑːpələs/

a large and densely populated urban area; may include several independent administrative districts

From this reading Gondar, the metropolis of Abyssinia, is situated upon the flat summit of a hill of considerable height, and was peopled, in the time of Bruce, by about ten thousand families.

modenounUS /moʊd/

how something is done or how it happens

From this reading The houses are chiefly of clay, with conical roofs, the usual mode of construction within the region of the tropical rains.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading Gondar, the metropolis of Abyssinia, is situated upon the flat summit of a hill of considerable height, and was peopled, in the time of Bruce, by about ten thousand families.

peopledadjectiveUS /ˈpiːpəld/

furnished with people

From this reading Gondar, the metropolis of Abyssinia, is situated upon the flat summit of a hill of considerable height, and was peopled, in the time of Bruce, by about ten thousand families.

rainsnounUS /reɪnz/

plural of “rain” — water falling in drops from vapor condensed in the atmosphere

From this reading The houses are chiefly of clay, with conical roofs, the usual mode of construction within the region of the tropical rains.

raisesnounUS /ˈreɪzəz/

plural of “raise” — the amount a salary is increased

From this reading Bruce resides at Gondar, and gradually raises himself to distinction.

regionnounUS /ˈriːdʒən/

the extended spatial location of something

From this reading The houses are chiefly of clay, with conical roofs, the usual mode of construction within the region of the tropical rains.

residesverbUS /rɪˈzaɪdz/

third-person singular of “reside” — make one's home in a particular place or community

From this reading Bruce resides at Gondar, and gradually raises himself to distinction.

roofsnounUS /ruːfs/

plural of “roof” — a protective covering that covers or forms the top of a building

From this reading The houses are chiefly of clay, with conical roofs, the usual mode of construction within the region of the tropical rains.

situatedadjectiveUS /ˈsɪtʃuːeɪtɪd/

situated in a particular spot or position

From this reading Gondar, the metropolis of Abyssinia, is situated upon the flat summit of a hill of considerable height, and was peopled, in the time of Bruce, by about ten thousand families.

southwardadverbUS /ˈsaʊθwərd/

toward the south

From this reading It was formerly four stories high, and had a magnificent view of the country southward to the great lake Tzana.

squareverbUS /skwer/

make square

From this reading At the west end of the town stands the king's house, a square building flanked by towers.

standsnounUS /stændz/

plural of “stand” — a support or foundation

From this reading At the west end of the town stands the king's house, a square building flanked by towers.

storiesnounUS /ˈstɔːriz/

plural of “story” — a message that tells the particulars of an act or occurrence or course of events; presented in writing or drama or cinema or as a radio or television program

From this reading It was formerly four stories high, and had a magnificent view of the country southward to the great lake Tzana.

summitnounUS /ˈsʌmət/

the highest level or degree attainable; the highest stage of development

From this reading Gondar, the metropolis of Abyssinia, is situated upon the flat summit of a hill of considerable height, and was peopled, in the time of Bruce, by about ten thousand families.

tennounUS /ten/

the cardinal number that is the sum of nine and one; the base of the decimal system

From this reading Gondar, the metropolis of Abyssinia, is situated upon the flat summit of a hill of considerable height, and was peopled, in the time of Bruce, by about ten thousand families.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading Gondar, the metropolis of Abyssinia, is situated upon the flat summit of a hill of considerable height, and was peopled, in the time of Bruce, by about ten thousand families.

thousandnounUS /ˈθaʊzənd/

the cardinal number that is the product of 10 and 100

From this reading Gondar, the metropolis of Abyssinia, is situated upon the flat summit of a hill of considerable height, and was peopled, in the time of Bruce, by about ten thousand families.

timenounUS /taɪm/

an instance or single occasion for some event

From this reading Gondar, the metropolis of Abyssinia, is situated upon the flat summit of a hill of considerable height, and was peopled, in the time of Bruce, by about ten thousand families.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Bruce resides at Gondar, and gradually raises himself to distinction.

towersnounUS /ˈtaʊərz/

plural of “tower” — a structure taller than its diameter; can stand alone or be attached to a larger building

From this reading At the west end of the town stands the king's house, a square building flanked by towers.

townnounUS /taʊn/

an urban area with a fixed boundary that is smaller than a city

From this reading At the west end of the town stands the king's house, a square building flanked by towers.

tropicaladjectiveUS /ˈtrɑːpɪkəl/

relating to or situated in or characteristic of the tropics (the region on either side of the equator)

From this reading The houses are chiefly of clay, with conical roofs, the usual mode of construction within the region of the tropical rains.

Tzana

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading It was formerly four stories high, and had a magnificent view of the country southward to the great lake Tzana.

uponprepositionUS /əˈpɑːn/

a formal word for “on”

From this reading Gondar, the metropolis of Abyssinia, is situated upon the flat summit of a hill of considerable height, and was peopled, in the time of Bruce, by about ten thousand families.

usualadjectiveUS /ˈjuːʒəwəl/

occurring or encountered or experienced or observed frequently or in accordance with regular practice or procedure

From this reading The houses are chiefly of clay, with conical roofs, the usual mode of construction within the region of the tropical rains.

viewnounUS /vjuː/

a way of regarding situations or topics etc.

From this reading It was formerly four stories high, and had a magnificent view of the country southward to the great lake Tzana.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Gondar, the metropolis of Abyssinia, is situated upon the flat summit of a hill of considerable height, and was peopled, in the time of Bruce, by about ten thousand families.

westnounUS /west/

the countries of (originally) Europe and (now including) North America and South America

From this reading At the west end of the town stands the king's house, a square building flanked by towers.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading The houses are chiefly of clay, with conical roofs, the usual mode of construction within the region of the tropical rains.

withinprepositionUS /wɪˈðɪn/

inside; before a period of time has passed

From this reading The houses are chiefly of clay, with conical roofs, the usual mode of construction within the region of the tropical rains.

Chapter 12 of The Life and Adventures of Bruce, the African Traveller by Francis Bond, Sir Head holds 249 sentences, grouped into 50 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 12 of The Life and Adventures of Bruce, the African Traveller contain?

Chapter 12 holds 249 sentences of The Life and Adventures of Bruce, the African Traveller, unabridged, divided into 50 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 12 of The Life and Adventures of Bruce, the African Traveller by Francis Bond, Sir Head exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 249 sentences, grouped into 50 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 12 of The Life and Adventures of Bruce, the African Traveller?

Work through the 50 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 50 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 12 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 12 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading The Life and Adventures of Bruce, the African Traveller

Common questions about reading The Life and Adventures of Bruce, the African Traveller by Francis Bond, Sir Head on this page, its source edition and its audio.

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Yes. All 3917 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #39615 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

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Project Gutenberg eBook #39615, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

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About 326 minutes of reading across 784 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

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Vocabulary met early in The Life and Adventures of Bruce, the African Traveller

Words and structures a reader meets early in The Life and Adventures of Bruce, the African Traveller, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

African
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Life and Adventures of Bruce, the African Traveller; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Traveller
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Life and Adventures of Bruce, the African Traveller; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Major
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Life and Adventures of Bruce, the African Traveller; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Francis
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Life and Adventures of Bruce, the African Traveller; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.