1818
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading MARCH 1818-JUNE 1819 The external events of the four Italian years have been repeatedly told and profusely commented on by Shelley's various biographers.
1819
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading MARCH 1818-JUNE 1819 The external events of the four Italian years have been repeatedly told and profusely commented on by Shelley's various biographers.
used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one
From this reading Summed up, they are the history of a long strife between the intellectual and creative stimulus of lovely scenes and immortal works of art on the one hand, and the wearing friction of vexatious outward events and crushing afflictions on the other.
perform an action, or work out or perform (an action)
From this reading She endured, and she overcame; but some victories are obtained at such cost as to be at the time scarcely distinguishable from defeats, and the story of hers survives in no one act or work of her own, but in the _Cenci_, _Prometheus Unbound_, _Epipsychidion_, and _Adonais_.
Adonais
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading She endured, and she overcame; but some victories are obtained at such cost as to be at the time scarcely distinguishable from defeats, and the story of hers survives in no one act or work of her own, but in the _Cenci_, _Prometheus Unbound_, _Epipsychidion_, and _Adonais_.
afflictionsnounUS /əˈflɪkʃənz/
plural of “affliction” — a state of great suffering and distress due to adversity
From this reading Summed up, they are the history of a long strife between the intellectual and creative stimulus of lovely scenes and immortal works of art on the one hand, and the wearing friction of vexatious outward events and crushing afflictions on the other.
used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together
From this reading MARCH 1818-JUNE 1819 The external events of the four Italian years have been repeatedly told and profusely commented on by Shelley's various biographers.
areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/
the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun
From this reading Summed up, they are the history of a long strife between the intellectual and creative stimulus of lovely scenes and immortal works of art on the one hand, and the wearing friction of vexatious outward events and crushing afflictions on the other.
artauxiliary verbUS /ɑːrt/
an old form of “are”, used with “thou”
From this reading Summed up, they are the history of a long strife between the intellectual and creative stimulus of lovely scenes and immortal works of art on the one hand, and the wearing friction of vexatious outward events and crushing afflictions on the other.
at the same time that; because; in the way that
From this reading She endured, and she overcame; but some victories are obtained at such cost as to be at the time scarcely distinguishable from defeats, and the story of hers survives in no one act or work of her own, but in the _Cenci_, _Prometheus Unbound_, _Epipsychidion_, and _Adonais_.
in or near a particular place or position
From this reading She endured, and she overcame; but some victories are obtained at such cost as to be at the time scarcely distinguishable from defeats, and the story of hers survives in no one act or work of her own, but in the _Cenci_, _Prometheus Unbound_, _Epipsychidion_, and _Adonais_.
used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses
From this reading She endured, and she overcame; but some victories are obtained at such cost as to be at the time scarcely distinguishable from defeats, and the story of hers survives in no one act or work of her own, but in the _Cenci_, _Prometheus Unbound_, _Epipsychidion_, and _Adonais_.
beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/
the past participle of “be”
From this reading MARCH 1818-JUNE 1819 The external events of the four Italian years have been repeatedly told and profusely commented on by Shelley's various biographers.
in the space, time, or range separating two things
From this reading Summed up, they are the history of a long strife between the intellectual and creative stimulus of lovely scenes and immortal works of art on the one hand, and the wearing friction of vexatious outward events and crushing afflictions on the other.
biographersnounUS /baɪˈɑːɡrəfərz/
plural of “biographer” — someone who writes an account of a person's life
From this reading MARCH 1818-JUNE 1819 The external events of the four Italian years have been repeatedly told and profusely commented on by Shelley's various biographers.
used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before
From this reading She endured, and she overcame; but some victories are obtained at such cost as to be at the time scarcely distinguishable from defeats, and the story of hers survives in no one act or work of her own, but in the _Cenci_, _Prometheus Unbound_, _Epipsychidion_, and _Adonais_.
showing who or what does the action
From this reading MARCH 1818-JUNE 1819 The external events of the four Italian years have been repeatedly told and profusely commented on by Shelley's various biographers.
make calm or still
From this reading For Shelley they were a period of rapid, of exotic, mental growth and development, interspersed with intervals of exhaustion and depression, of restlessness, or unnatural calm.
Cenci
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading She endured, and she overcame; but some victories are obtained at such cost as to be at the time scarcely distinguishable from defeats, and the story of hers survives in no one act or work of her own, but in the _Cenci_, _Prometheus Unbound_, _Epipsychidion_, and _Adonais_.
commentedverbUS /ˈkɑːmentəd/
past form of “comment” — make or write a comment on
From this reading MARCH 1818-JUNE 1819 The external events of the four Italian years have been repeatedly told and profusely commented on by Shelley's various biographers.
the total spent for goods or services including money and time and labor
From this reading She endured, and she overcame; but some victories are obtained at such cost as to be at the time scarcely distinguishable from defeats, and the story of hers survives in no one act or work of her own, but in the _Cenci_, _Prometheus Unbound_, _Epipsychidion_, and _Adonais_.
courageousadjectiveUS /kərˈeɪdʒəs/
possessing or displaying courage; able to face and deal with danger or fear without flinching
From this reading For Mary they were years of courageous effort, of heroic resistance to overpowering odds.
creativeadjectiveUS /kriˈeɪtɪv/
having the ability or power to create
From this reading Summed up, they are the history of a long strife between the intellectual and creative stimulus of lovely scenes and immortal works of art on the one hand, and the wearing friction of vexatious outward events and crushing afflictions on the other.
crushingadjectiveUS /ˈkrʌʃɪŋ/
physically or spiritually devastating; often used in combination
From this reading Summed up, they are the history of a long strife between the intellectual and creative stimulus of lovely scenes and immortal works of art on the one hand, and the wearing friction of vexatious outward events and crushing afflictions on the other.
defeatsnounUS /dɪˈfiːts/
plural of “defeat” — an unsuccessful ending to a struggle or contest
From this reading She endured, and she overcame; but some victories are obtained at such cost as to be at the time scarcely distinguishable from defeats, and the story of hers survives in no one act or work of her own, but in the _Cenci_, _Prometheus Unbound_, _Epipsychidion_, and _Adonais_.
depressionnounUS /dɪˈpreʃən/
a mental state characterized by a pessimistic sense of inadequacy and a despondent lack of activity
From this reading For Shelley they were a period of rapid, of exotic, mental growth and development, interspersed with intervals of exhaustion and depression, of restlessness, or unnatural calm.
developmentnounUS /dɪˈveləpmənt/
act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining
From this reading For Shelley they were a period of rapid, of exotic, mental growth and development, interspersed with intervals of exhaustion and depression, of restlessness, or unnatural calm.
distinguishableadjectiveUS /dɪˈstɪŋɡwɪʃəbəl/
capable of being perceived as different or distinct
From this reading She endured, and she overcame; but some victories are obtained at such cost as to be at the time scarcely distinguishable from defeats, and the story of hers survives in no one act or work of her own, but in the _Cenci_, _Prometheus Unbound_, _Epipsychidion_, and _Adonais_.
earnest and conscientious activity intended to do or accomplish something
From this reading For Mary they were years of courageous effort, of heroic resistance to overpowering odds.
enduredverbUS /enˈdjʊrd/
past form of “endure” — put up with something or somebody unpleasant
From this reading She endured, and she overcame; but some victories are obtained at such cost as to be at the time scarcely distinguishable from defeats, and the story of hers survives in no one act or work of her own, but in the _Cenci_, _Prometheus Unbound_, _Epipsychidion_, and _Adonais_.
Epipsychidion
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading She endured, and she overcame; but some victories are obtained at such cost as to be at the time scarcely distinguishable from defeats, and the story of hers survives in no one act or work of her own, but in the _Cenci_, _Prometheus Unbound_, _Epipsychidion_, and _Adonais_.
plural of “event” — something that happens at a given place and time
From this reading MARCH 1818-JUNE 1819 The external events of the four Italian years have been repeatedly told and profusely commented on by Shelley's various biographers.
exhaustionnounUS /ɪɡˈzɔːstʃən/
extreme fatigue
From this reading For Shelley they were a period of rapid, of exotic, mental growth and development, interspersed with intervals of exhaustion and depression, of restlessness, or unnatural calm.
exoticadjectiveUS /ɪɡˈzɑːtɪk/
being or from or characteristic of another place or part of the world
From this reading For Shelley they were a period of rapid, of exotic, mental growth and development, interspersed with intervals of exhaustion and depression, of restlessness, or unnatural calm.
externaladjectiveUS /ɪkˈstɜːrnəl/
happening or arising or located outside or beyond some limits or especially surface
From this reading MARCH 1818-JUNE 1819 The external events of the four Italian years have been repeatedly told and profusely commented on by Shelley's various biographers.
intended to be given to, or used by, somebody
From this reading For Shelley they were a period of rapid, of exotic, mental growth and development, interspersed with intervals of exhaustion and depression, of restlessness, or unnatural calm.
the cardinal number that is the sum of three and one
From this reading MARCH 1818-JUNE 1819 The external events of the four Italian years have been repeatedly told and profusely commented on by Shelley's various biographers.
frictionnounUS /ˈfrɪkʃən/
a state of conflict between persons
From this reading Summed up, they are the history of a long strife between the intellectual and creative stimulus of lovely scenes and immortal works of art on the one hand, and the wearing friction of vexatious outward events and crushing afflictions on the other.
showing where something starts, or who sent it
From this reading She endured, and she overcame; but some victories are obtained at such cost as to be at the time scarcely distinguishable from defeats, and the story of hers survives in no one act or work of her own, but in the _Cenci_, _Prometheus Unbound_, _Epipsychidion_, and _Adonais_.
growthnounUS /ɡroʊθ/
(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level
From this reading For Shelley they were a period of rapid, of exotic, mental growth and development, interspersed with intervals of exhaustion and depression, of restlessness, or unnatural calm.
the (prehensile) extremity of the superior limb
From this reading Summed up, they are the history of a long strife between the intellectual and creative stimulus of lovely scenes and immortal works of art on the one hand, and the wearing friction of vexatious outward events and crushing afflictions on the other.
haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/
used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses
From this reading MARCH 1818-JUNE 1819 The external events of the four Italian years have been repeatedly told and profusely commented on by Shelley's various biographers.
belonging to a woman, girl, or female animal already mentioned
From this reading She endured, and she overcame; but some victories are obtained at such cost as to be at the time scarcely distinguishable from defeats, and the story of hers survives in no one act or work of her own, but in the _Cenci_, _Prometheus Unbound_, _Epipsychidion_, and _Adonais_.
heroicadjectiveUS /hɪˈroʊɪk/
very imposing or impressive; surpassing the ordinary (especially in size or scale)
From this reading For Mary they were years of courageous effort, of heroic resistance to overpowering odds.
the one or ones belonging to her
From this reading She endured, and she overcame; but some victories are obtained at such cost as to be at the time scarcely distinguishable from defeats, and the story of hers survives in no one act or work of her own, but in the _Cenci_, _Prometheus Unbound_, _Epipsychidion_, and _Adonais_.
the aggregate of past events
From this reading Summed up, they are the history of a long strife between the intellectual and creative stimulus of lovely scenes and immortal works of art on the one hand, and the wearing friction of vexatious outward events and crushing afflictions on the other.
immortaladjUS /ɪˈmɔːr.t̬əl/
Living forever; never dying or decaying. (Bất tử, trường tồn vĩnh cửu.)
From this reading Summed up, they are the history of a long strife between the intellectual and creative stimulus of lovely scenes and immortal works of art on the one hand, and the wearing friction of vexatious outward events and crushing afflictions on the other.
inside something, or within a place, period, or state
From this reading She endured, and she overcame; but some victories are obtained at such cost as to be at the time scarcely distinguishable from defeats, and the story of hers survives in no one act or work of her own, but in the _Cenci_, _Prometheus Unbound_, _Epipsychidion_, and _Adonais_.
intellectualadjectiveUS /ˌɪntəˈlektʃuːəl/
of or associated with or requiring the use of the mind
From this reading Summed up, they are the history of a long strife between the intellectual and creative stimulus of lovely scenes and immortal works of art on the one hand, and the wearing friction of vexatious outward events and crushing afflictions on the other.
interspersedverbUS /ˌɪntərˈspɜːrst/
past form of “intersperse” — place at intervals in or among
From this reading For Shelley they were a period of rapid, of exotic, mental growth and development, interspersed with intervals of exhaustion and depression, of restlessness, or unnatural calm.
intervalsnounUS /ˈɪntərvəlz/
plural of “interval” — a definite length of time marked off by two instants
From this reading For Shelley they were a period of rapid, of exotic, mental growth and development, interspersed with intervals of exhaustion and depression, of restlessness, or unnatural calm.
a native or inhabitant of Italy
From this reading MARCH 1818-JUNE 1819 The external events of the four Italian years have been repeatedly told and profusely commented on by Shelley's various biographers.
the month following May and preceding July
From this reading MARCH 1818-JUNE 1819 The external events of the four Italian years have been repeatedly told and profusely commented on by Shelley's various biographers.
primarily temporal sense; being or indicating a relatively great or greater than average duration or passage of time or a duration as specified
From this reading Summed up, they are the history of a long strife between the intellectual and creative stimulus of lovely scenes and immortal works of art on the one hand, and the wearing friction of vexatious outward events and crushing afflictions on the other.
appealing to the emotions as well as the eye
From this reading Summed up, they are the history of a long strife between the intellectual and creative stimulus of lovely scenes and immortal works of art on the one hand, and the wearing friction of vexatious outward events and crushing afflictions on the other.
march in a procession
From this reading MARCH 1818-JUNE 1819 The external events of the four Italian years have been repeatedly told and profusely commented on by Shelley's various biographers.
the mother of Jesus; Christians refer to her as the Virgin Mary; she is especially honored by Roman Catholics
From this reading For Mary they were years of courageous effort, of heroic resistance to overpowering odds.
involving the mind or an intellectual process
From this reading For Shelley they were a period of rapid, of exotic, mental growth and development, interspersed with intervals of exhaustion and depression, of restlessness, or unnatural calm.
not any; not one
From this reading She endured, and she overcame; but some victories are obtained at such cost as to be at the time scarcely distinguishable from defeats, and the story of hers survives in no one act or work of her own, but in the _Cenci_, _Prometheus Unbound_, _Epipsychidion_, and _Adonais_.
past form of “obtain” — come into possession of
From this reading She endured, and she overcame; but some victories are obtained at such cost as to be at the time scarcely distinguishable from defeats, and the story of hers survives in no one act or work of her own, but in the _Cenci_, _Prometheus Unbound_, _Epipsychidion_, and _Adonais_.
oddsnounUS /ɑːdz/
the likelihood of a thing occurring rather than not occurring
From this reading For Mary they were years of courageous effort, of heroic resistance to overpowering odds.
belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something
From this reading MARCH 1818-JUNE 1819 The external events of the four Italian years have been repeatedly told and profusely commented on by Shelley's various biographers.
touching and supported by a surface
From this reading MARCH 1818-JUNE 1819 The external events of the four Italian years have been repeatedly told and profusely commented on by Shelley's various biographers.
used to mean any person in general, including the speaker
From this reading Summed up, they are the history of a long strife between the intellectual and creative stimulus of lovely scenes and immortal works of art on the one hand, and the wearing friction of vexatious outward events and crushing afflictions on the other.
used to join alternatives or possibilities
From this reading For Shelley they were a period of rapid, of exotic, mental growth and development, interspersed with intervals of exhaustion and depression, of restlessness, or unnatural calm.
not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied
From this reading Summed up, they are the history of a long strife between the intellectual and creative stimulus of lovely scenes and immortal works of art on the one hand, and the wearing friction of vexatious outward events and crushing afflictions on the other.
outwardadjectiveUS /ˈaʊtwərd/
relating to physical reality rather than with thoughts or the mind
From this reading Summed up, they are the history of a long strife between the intellectual and creative stimulus of lovely scenes and immortal works of art on the one hand, and the wearing friction of vexatious outward events and crushing afflictions on the other.
overcameverbUS /ˈoʊvərˈkeɪm/
inflected form of “overcome” — win a victory over
From this reading She endured, and she overcame; but some victories are obtained at such cost as to be at the time scarcely distinguishable from defeats, and the story of hers survives in no one act or work of her own, but in the _Cenci_, _Prometheus Unbound_, _Epipsychidion_, and _Adonais_.
overpoweringadjectiveUS /ˈoʊvərˈpaʊrɪŋ/
so strong as to be irresistible
From this reading For Mary they were years of courageous effort, of heroic resistance to overpowering odds.
have ownership or possession of
From this reading She endured, and she overcame; but some victories are obtained at such cost as to be at the time scarcely distinguishable from defeats, and the story of hers survives in no one act or work of her own, but in the _Cenci_, _Prometheus Unbound_, _Epipsychidion_, and _Adonais_.
an amount of time
From this reading For Shelley they were a period of rapid, of exotic, mental growth and development, interspersed with intervals of exhaustion and depression, of restlessness, or unnatural calm.
profuselyadverbUS /prəˈfjuːsli/
in an abundant manner
From this reading MARCH 1818-JUNE 1819 The external events of the four Italian years have been repeatedly told and profusely commented on by Shelley's various biographers.
PrometheusnounUS /prəˈmiːθiːəs/
(Greek mythology) the Titan who stole fire from Olympus and gave it to mankind; Zeus punished him by chaining him to a rock where an eagle gnawed at his liver until Hercules rescued him
From this reading She endured, and she overcame; but some victories are obtained at such cost as to be at the time scarcely distinguishable from defeats, and the story of hers survives in no one act or work of her own, but in the _Cenci_, _Prometheus Unbound_, _Epipsychidion_, and _Adonais_.
rapidadjectiveUS /ˈræpəd/
done or occurring in a brief period of time
From this reading For Shelley they were a period of rapid, of exotic, mental growth and development, interspersed with intervals of exhaustion and depression, of restlessness, or unnatural calm.
repeatedlyadverbUS /rɪˈpiːtɪdli/
several time
From this reading MARCH 1818-JUNE 1819 The external events of the four Italian years have been repeatedly told and profusely commented on by Shelley's various biographers.
resistancenounUS /rɪˈzɪstəns/
the action of opposing something that you disapprove or disagree with
From this reading For Mary they were years of courageous effort, of heroic resistance to overpowering odds.
restlessnessnounUS /ˈrestləsnəs/
the quality of being ceaselessly moving or active
From this reading For Shelley they were a period of rapid, of exotic, mental growth and development, interspersed with intervals of exhaustion and depression, of restlessness, or unnatural calm.
only a very short time before
From this reading She endured, and she overcame; but some victories are obtained at such cost as to be at the time scarcely distinguishable from defeats, and the story of hers survives in no one act or work of her own, but in the _Cenci_, _Prometheus Unbound_, _Epipsychidion_, and _Adonais_.
plural of “scene” — the place where some action occurs
From this reading Summed up, they are the history of a long strife between the intellectual and creative stimulus of lovely scenes and immortal works of art on the one hand, and the wearing friction of vexatious outward events and crushing afflictions on the other.
a woman, girl, or female animal already mentioned, as the subject
From this reading She endured, and she overcame; but some victories are obtained at such cost as to be at the time scarcely distinguishable from defeats, and the story of hers survives in no one act or work of her own, but in the _Cenci_, _Prometheus Unbound_, _Epipsychidion_, and _Adonais_.
ShelleynounUS /ˈʃeli/
English writer who created Frankenstein's monster and married Percy Bysshe Shelley (1797-1851)
From this reading For Shelley they were a period of rapid, of exotic, mental growth and development, interspersed with intervals of exhaustion and depression, of restlessness, or unnatural calm.
Shelley'snounUS /ˈʃeliz/
possessive form of “shelley” — English writer who created Frankenstein's monster and married Percy Bysshe Shelley (1797-1851)
From this reading MARCH 1818-JUNE 1819 The external events of the four Italian years have been repeatedly told and profusely commented on by Shelley's various biographers.
(quantifier) used with either mass nouns or plural count nouns to indicate an unspecified number or quantity
From this reading She endured, and she overcame; but some victories are obtained at such cost as to be at the time scarcely distinguishable from defeats, and the story of hers survives in no one act or work of her own, but in the _Cenci_, _Prometheus Unbound_, _Epipsychidion_, and _Adonais_.
stimulusnounUS /ˈstɪmjələs/
any stimulating information or event; acts to arouse action
From this reading Summed up, they are the history of a long strife between the intellectual and creative stimulus of lovely scenes and immortal works of art on the one hand, and the wearing friction of vexatious outward events and crushing afflictions on the other.
a message that tells the particulars of an act or occurrence or course of events; presented in writing or drama or cinema or as a radio or television program
From this reading She endured, and she overcame; but some victories are obtained at such cost as to be at the time scarcely distinguishable from defeats, and the story of hers survives in no one act or work of her own, but in the _Cenci_, _Prometheus Unbound_, _Epipsychidion_, and _Adonais_.
strifenounUS /straɪf/
lack of agreement or harmony
From this reading Summed up, they are the history of a long strife between the intellectual and creative stimulus of lovely scenes and immortal works of art on the one hand, and the wearing friction of vexatious outward events and crushing afflictions on the other.
of the kind already mentioned
From this reading She endured, and she overcame; but some victories are obtained at such cost as to be at the time scarcely distinguishable from defeats, and the story of hers survives in no one act or work of her own, but in the _Cenci_, _Prometheus Unbound_, _Epipsychidion_, and _Adonais_.
SummedverbUS /sʌmd/
inflected form of “sum” — be a summary of
From this reading Summed up, they are the history of a long strife between the intellectual and creative stimulus of lovely scenes and immortal works of art on the one hand, and the wearing friction of vexatious outward events and crushing afflictions on the other.
survivesverbUS /sərˈvaɪvz/
third-person singular of “survive” — continue to live and avoid dying
From this reading She endured, and she overcame; but some victories are obtained at such cost as to be at the time scarcely distinguishable from defeats, and the story of hers survives in no one act or work of her own, but in the _Cenci_, _Prometheus Unbound_, _Epipsychidion_, and _Adonais_.
used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind
From this reading MARCH 1818-JUNE 1819 The external events of the four Italian years have been repeatedly told and profusely commented on by Shelley's various biographers.
the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject
From this reading Summed up, they are the history of a long strife between the intellectual and creative stimulus of lovely scenes and immortal works of art on the one hand, and the wearing friction of vexatious outward events and crushing afflictions on the other.
an instance or single occasion for some event
From this reading She endured, and she overcame; but some victories are obtained at such cost as to be at the time scarcely distinguishable from defeats, and the story of hers survives in no one act or work of her own, but in the _Cenci_, _Prometheus Unbound_, _Epipsychidion_, and _Adonais_.
used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive
From this reading For Mary they were years of courageous effort, of heroic resistance to overpowering odds.
inflected form of “tell” — express in words
From this reading MARCH 1818-JUNE 1819 The external events of the four Italian years have been repeatedly told and profusely commented on by Shelley's various biographers.
UnboundadjectiveUS /ʌnˈbaʊnd/
Released from physical or magical bonds; free and unrestricted.
From this reading She endured, and she overcame; but some victories are obtained at such cost as to be at the time scarcely distinguishable from defeats, and the story of hers survives in no one act or work of her own, but in the _Cenci_, _Prometheus Unbound_, _Epipsychidion_, and _Adonais_.
unnaturaladjectiveUS /ənˈnætʃərəl/
not in accordance with or determined by nature; contrary to nature
From this reading For Shelley they were a period of rapid, of exotic, mental growth and development, interspersed with intervals of exhaustion and depression, of restlessness, or unnatural calm.
being or moving higher in position or greater in some value; being above a former position or level
From this reading Summed up, they are the history of a long strife between the intellectual and creative stimulus of lovely scenes and immortal works of art on the one hand, and the wearing friction of vexatious outward events and crushing afflictions on the other.
of many different kinds purposefully arranged but lacking any uniformity
From this reading MARCH 1818-JUNE 1819 The external events of the four Italian years have been repeatedly told and profusely commented on by Shelley's various biographers.
vexatiousadjectiveUS /vekˈseɪʃəs/
causing irritation or annoyance
From this reading Summed up, they are the history of a long strife between the intellectual and creative stimulus of lovely scenes and immortal works of art on the one hand, and the wearing friction of vexatious outward events and crushing afflictions on the other.
victoriesnounUS /ˈvɪktəriz/
plural of “victory” — a successful ending of a struggle or contest
From this reading She endured, and she overcame; but some victories are obtained at such cost as to be at the time scarcely distinguishable from defeats, and the story of hers survives in no one act or work of her own, but in the _Cenci_, _Prometheus Unbound_, _Epipsychidion_, and _Adonais_.
(geology) the mechanical process of wearing or grinding something down (as by particles washing over it)
From this reading Summed up, they are the history of a long strife between the intellectual and creative stimulus of lovely scenes and immortal works of art on the one hand, and the wearing friction of vexatious outward events and crushing afflictions on the other.
wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/
the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun
From this reading For Shelley they were a period of rapid, of exotic, mental growth and development, interspersed with intervals of exhaustion and depression, of restlessness, or unnatural calm.
in the company of; together with
From this reading For Shelley they were a period of rapid, of exotic, mental growth and development, interspersed with intervals of exhaustion and depression, of restlessness, or unnatural calm.
exert oneself by doing mental or physical work for a purpose or out of necessity
From this reading She endured, and she overcame; but some victories are obtained at such cost as to be at the time scarcely distinguishable from defeats, and the story of hers survives in no one act or work of her own, but in the _Cenci_, _Prometheus Unbound_, _Epipsychidion_, and _Adonais_.
buildings for carrying on industrial labor
From this reading Summed up, they are the history of a long strife between the intellectual and creative stimulus of lovely scenes and immortal works of art on the one hand, and the wearing friction of vexatious outward events and crushing afflictions on the other.
a late time of life
From this reading MARCH 1818-JUNE 1819 The external events of the four Italian years have been repeatedly told and profusely commented on by Shelley's various biographers.
