Complete classic literature • Five-line readings • Clear US narration
VELMORA ACADEMY
Academy of Archival Languages & Memory Studies
Menu Close
The Life of Bret Harte, with Some Account of the California Pioneers
The Life of Bret Harte, with Some Account of the California Pioneers

Chapter VII

Chapter 7 of The Life of Bret Harte, with Some Account of the California Pioneers is here in full — 243 sentences across 49 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for The Life of Bret Harte, with Some Account of the California Pioneers
Context Illustration Reading 1/48 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
PIONEER LAW AND LAWLESSNESS California certainly contained what Borthwick describes as "the elite of the most desperate and consummate scoundrels from every part of the world"; but they were in a very small minority, and the rather common idea that the miners were a mass of brutal and ignorant men is a wild misconception.
An English writer once remarked, somewhat hysterically, "Bret Harte had to deal with countries and communities of an almost unexampled laxity, a laxity passing the laxity of savages, the laxity of civilized men grown savage."
Far more accurate is the observation of that eminent critic, Mr. Watts-Dunton: "Bret Harte's characters are amenable to no laws except the improvised laws of the camp, and the final arbiter is either the six-shooter or the rope of Judge Lynch.
And yet underlying this apparent lawlessness there is that deep law-abiding-ness which the late Grant Allen despised as being the Anglo-Saxon characteristic."
The almost spontaneous manner in which mining laws came into existence, and the ready obedience which the miners yielded to them, show how correct is the view taken by Mr. Watts-Dunton.
0:00 / 0:00
Speed 0.75x
AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The Life of Bret Harte, with Some Account of the California Pioneers

Chapter VII

Chapter 7 of The Life of Bret Harte, with Some Account of the California Pioneers is here in full — 243 sentences across 49 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/48 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
PIONEER LAW AND LAWLESSNESS California certainly contained what Borthwick describes as "the elite of the most desperate and consummate scoundrels from every part of the world"; but they were in a very small minority, and the rather common idea that the miners were a mass of brutal and ignorant men is a wild misconception.
Line 2
An English writer once remarked, somewhat hysterically, "Bret Harte had to deal with countries and communities of an almost unexampled laxity, a laxity passing the laxity of savages, the laxity of civilized men grown savage."
Line 3
Far more accurate is the observation of that eminent critic, Mr. Watts-Dunton: "Bret Harte's characters are amenable to no laws except the improvised laws of the camp, and the final arbiter is either the six-shooter or the rope of Judge Lynch.
Line 4
And yet underlying this apparent lawlessness there is that deep law-abiding-ness which the late Grant Allen despised as being the Anglo-Saxon characteristic."
Line 5
The almost spontaneous manner in which mining laws came into existence, and the ready obedience which the miners yielded to them, show how correct is the view taken by Mr. Watts-Dunton.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

amenable adjective US /əˈmenəbəl/

disposed or willing to conform

From this reading “Far more accurate is the observation of that eminent critic, Mr. Watts-Dunton: "Bret Harte's characters are amenable to no laws except the improvised laws of the camp, and the final arbiter is either the six-shooter or the rope of Judge Lynch.”

arbiter noun US /ˈɑːrbɪtər/

someone with the power to settle matters at will

From this reading “Far more accurate is the observation of that eminent critic, Mr. Watts-Dunton: "Bret Harte's characters are amenable to no laws except the improvised laws of the camp, and the final arbiter is either the six-shooter or the rope of Judge Lynch.”

communities noun US /kəˈmjuːnətiz/

plural of “community” — a group of people living in a particular local area

From this reading “An English writer once remarked, somewhat hysterically, "Bret Harte had to deal with countries and communities of an almost unexampled laxity, a laxity passing the laxity of savages, the laxity of civilized men grown savage."”

elite noun US /ɪˈliːt/

a group or class of persons enjoying superior intellectual or social or economic status

From this reading “PIONEER LAW AND LAWLESSNESS California certainly contained what Borthwick describes as "the elite of the most desperate and consummate scoundrels from every part of the world"; but they were in a very small minority, and the rather common idea that the miners were a mass of brutal and ignorant men is a wild misconception.”

Harte noun US /hɑːrt/

United States writer noted for his stories about life during the California gold rush (1836-1902)

From this reading “An English writer once remarked, somewhat hysterically, "Bret Harte had to deal with countries and communities of an almost unexampled laxity, a laxity passing the laxity of savages, the laxity of civilized men grown savage."”

lawlessness noun US /ˈlɔːləsnəs/

a state of lawlessness and disorder (usually resulting from a failure of government)

From this reading “PIONEER LAW AND LAWLESSNESS California certainly contained what Borthwick describes as "the elite of the most desperate and consummate scoundrels from every part of the world"; but they were in a very small minority, and the rather common idea that the miners were a mass of brutal and ignorant men is a wild misconception.”

laxity noun US /ˈlæksəti/

the condition of being physiologically lax

From this reading “An English writer once remarked, somewhat hysterically, "Bret Harte had to deal with countries and communities of an almost unexampled laxity, a laxity passing the laxity of savages, the laxity of civilized men grown savage."”

misconception noun US /mɪskənˈsepʃən/

an incorrect conception

From this reading “PIONEER LAW AND LAWLESSNESS California certainly contained what Borthwick describes as "the elite of the most desperate and consummate scoundrels from every part of the world"; but they were in a very small minority, and the rather common idea that the miners were a mass of brutal and ignorant men is a wild misconception.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

small minority adjective + noun

In this reading “PIONEER LAW AND LAWLESSNESS California certainly contained what Borthwick describes as "the elite of the most desperate and consummate scoundrels from every part of the world"; but they were in a very small minority, and the rather common idea that the miners were a mass of brutal and ignorant men is a wild misconception.”

most desperate adverb + adjective

In this reading “PIONEER LAW AND LAWLESSNESS California certainly contained what Borthwick describes as "the elite of the most desperate and consummate scoundrels from every part of the world"; but they were in a very small minority, and the rather common idea that the miners were a mass of brutal and ignorant men is a wild misconception.”

civilized men adjective + noun

In this reading “An English writer once remarked, somewhat hysterically, "Bret Harte had to deal with countries and communities of an almost unexampled laxity, a laxity passing the laxity of savages, the laxity of civilized men grown savage."”

Far more adverb + adjective

In this reading “Far more accurate is the observation of that eminent critic, Mr. Watts-Dunton: "Bret Harte's characters are amenable to no laws except the improvised laws of the camp, and the final arbiter is either the six-shooter or the rope of Judge Lynch.”

deal with verb + particle

In this reading “An English writer once remarked, somewhat hysterically, "Bret Harte had to deal with countries and communities of an almost unexampled laxity, a laxity passing the laxity of savages, the laxity of civilized men grown savage."”

came into verb + particle counted as “come into”

obtain, especially accidentally

In this reading “The almost spontaneous manner in which mining laws came into existence, and the ready obedience which the miners yielded to them, show how correct is the view taken by Mr. Watts-Dunton.”

All words in this reading · 121

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading PIONEER LAW AND LAWLESSNESS California certainly contained what Borthwick describes as "the elite of the most desperate and consummate scoundrels from every part of the world"; but they were in a very small minority, and the rather common idea that the miners were a mass of brutal and ignorant men is a wild misconception.

accurateadjectiveUS /ˈækjərət/

conforming exactly or almost exactly to fact or to a standard or performing with total accuracy

From this reading Far more accurate is the observation of that eminent critic, Mr. Watts-Dunton: "Bret Harte's characters are amenable to no laws except the improvised laws of the camp, and the final arbiter is either the six-shooter or the rope of Judge Lynch.

AllennounUS /ˈælən/

United States comedienne remembered as the confused but imperturbable partner of her husband, George Burns (1906-1964)

From this reading And yet underlying this apparent lawlessness there is that deep law-abiding-ness which the late Grant Allen despised as being the Anglo-Saxon characteristic."

almostadverbUS /ˈɔːlmoʊst/

(of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but

From this reading An English writer once remarked, somewhat hysterically, "Bret Harte had to deal with countries and communities of an almost unexampled laxity, a laxity passing the laxity of savages, the laxity of civilized men grown savage."

amenableadjectiveUS /əˈmenəbəl/

disposed or willing to conform

From this reading Far more accurate is the observation of that eminent critic, Mr. Watts-Dunton: "Bret Harte's characters are amenable to no laws except the improvised laws of the camp, and the final arbiter is either the six-shooter or the rope of Judge Lynch.

AndeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading An English writer once remarked, somewhat hysterically, "Bret Harte had to deal with countries and communities of an almost unexampled laxity, a laxity passing the laxity of savages, the laxity of civilized men grown savage."

ANDconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading PIONEER LAW AND LAWLESSNESS California certainly contained what Borthwick describes as "the elite of the most desperate and consummate scoundrels from every part of the world"; but they were in a very small minority, and the rather common idea that the miners were a mass of brutal and ignorant men is a wild misconception.

Anglo-Saxonnoun

a native or inhabitant of England prior to the Norman Conquest

From this reading And yet underlying this apparent lawlessness there is that deep law-abiding-ness which the late Grant Allen despised as being the Anglo-Saxon characteristic."

apparentadjectiveUS /əˈperənt/

clearly revealed to the mind or the senses or judgment

From this reading And yet underlying this apparent lawlessness there is that deep law-abiding-ness which the late Grant Allen despised as being the Anglo-Saxon characteristic."

arbiternounUS /ˈɑːrbɪtər/

someone with the power to settle matters at will

From this reading Far more accurate is the observation of that eminent critic, Mr. Watts-Dunton: "Bret Harte's characters are amenable to no laws except the improvised laws of the camp, and the final arbiter is either the six-shooter or the rope of Judge Lynch.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading Far more accurate is the observation of that eminent critic, Mr. Watts-Dunton: "Bret Harte's characters are amenable to no laws except the improvised laws of the camp, and the final arbiter is either the six-shooter or the rope of Judge Lynch.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading PIONEER LAW AND LAWLESSNESS California certainly contained what Borthwick describes as "the elite of the most desperate and consummate scoundrels from every part of the world"; but they were in a very small minority, and the rather common idea that the miners were a mass of brutal and ignorant men is a wild misconception.

beingauxiliary verbUS /ˈbiːɪŋ/

the -ing form of “be”

From this reading And yet underlying this apparent lawlessness there is that deep law-abiding-ness which the late Grant Allen despised as being the Anglo-Saxon characteristic."

Borthwick

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading PIONEER LAW AND LAWLESSNESS California certainly contained what Borthwick describes as "the elite of the most desperate and consummate scoundrels from every part of the world"; but they were in a very small minority, and the rather common idea that the miners were a mass of brutal and ignorant men is a wild misconception.

Bret

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading An English writer once remarked, somewhat hysterically, "Bret Harte had to deal with countries and communities of an almost unexampled laxity, a laxity passing the laxity of savages, the laxity of civilized men grown savage."

brutaladjectiveUS /ˈbruːtəl/

(of persons or their actions) able or disposed to inflict pain or suffering

From this reading PIONEER LAW AND LAWLESSNESS California certainly contained what Borthwick describes as "the elite of the most desperate and consummate scoundrels from every part of the world"; but they were in a very small minority, and the rather common idea that the miners were a mass of brutal and ignorant men is a wild misconception.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading PIONEER LAW AND LAWLESSNESS California certainly contained what Borthwick describes as "the elite of the most desperate and consummate scoundrels from every part of the world"; but they were in a very small minority, and the rather common idea that the miners were a mass of brutal and ignorant men is a wild misconception.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading The almost spontaneous manner in which mining laws came into existence, and the ready obedience which the miners yielded to them, show how correct is the view taken by Mr. Watts-Dunton.

CalifornianounUS /ˌkæləˈfɔːrnjə/

a state in the western United States on the Pacific; the 3rd largest state; known for earthquakes

From this reading PIONEER LAW AND LAWLESSNESS California certainly contained what Borthwick describes as "the elite of the most desperate and consummate scoundrels from every part of the world"; but they were in a very small minority, and the rather common idea that the miners were a mass of brutal and ignorant men is a wild misconception.

cameverbUS /keɪm/

inflected form of “come” — move toward, travel toward something or somebody or approach something or somebody

From this reading The almost spontaneous manner in which mining laws came into existence, and the ready obedience which the miners yielded to them, show how correct is the view taken by Mr. Watts-Dunton.

campnounUS /kæmp/

temporary living quarters specially built by the army for soldiers

From this reading Far more accurate is the observation of that eminent critic, Mr. Watts-Dunton: "Bret Harte's characters are amenable to no laws except the improvised laws of the camp, and the final arbiter is either the six-shooter or the rope of Judge Lynch.

certainlyadverbUS /ˈsɜːrtənli/

definitely or positively (“sure” is sometimes used informally for “surely”)

From this reading PIONEER LAW AND LAWLESSNESS California certainly contained what Borthwick describes as "the elite of the most desperate and consummate scoundrels from every part of the world"; but they were in a very small minority, and the rather common idea that the miners were a mass of brutal and ignorant men is a wild misconception.

characteristicnounUS /ˌkerəktərˈɪstɪk/

a prominent attribute or aspect of something

From this reading And yet underlying this apparent lawlessness there is that deep law-abiding-ness which the late Grant Allen despised as being the Anglo-Saxon characteristic."

charactersnounUS /ˈkærəktərz/

plural of “character” — an imaginary person represented in a work of fiction (play or film or story)

From this reading Far more accurate is the observation of that eminent critic, Mr. Watts-Dunton: "Bret Harte's characters are amenable to no laws except the improvised laws of the camp, and the final arbiter is either the six-shooter or the rope of Judge Lynch.

civilizedadjectiveUS /ˈsɪvəlaɪzd/

having a high state of culture and development both social and technological

From this reading An English writer once remarked, somewhat hysterically, "Bret Harte had to deal with countries and communities of an almost unexampled laxity, a laxity passing the laxity of savages, the laxity of civilized men grown savage."

commonadjectiveUS /ˈkɑːmən/

belonging to or participated in by a community as a whole; public

From this reading PIONEER LAW AND LAWLESSNESS California certainly contained what Borthwick describes as "the elite of the most desperate and consummate scoundrels from every part of the world"; but they were in a very small minority, and the rather common idea that the miners were a mass of brutal and ignorant men is a wild misconception.

communitiesnounUS /kəˈmjuːnətiz/

plural of “community” — a group of people living in a particular local area

From this reading An English writer once remarked, somewhat hysterically, "Bret Harte had to deal with countries and communities of an almost unexampled laxity, a laxity passing the laxity of savages, the laxity of civilized men grown savage."

consummateverbUS /ˈkɑːnsəmət/

fulfill sexually

From this reading PIONEER LAW AND LAWLESSNESS California certainly contained what Borthwick describes as "the elite of the most desperate and consummate scoundrels from every part of the world"; but they were in a very small minority, and the rather common idea that the miners were a mass of brutal and ignorant men is a wild misconception.

containedadjectiveUS /kənˈteɪnd/

gotten under control

From this reading PIONEER LAW AND LAWLESSNESS California certainly contained what Borthwick describes as "the elite of the most desperate and consummate scoundrels from every part of the world"; but they were in a very small minority, and the rather common idea that the miners were a mass of brutal and ignorant men is a wild misconception.

correctverbUS /kərˈekt/

make right or correct

From this reading The almost spontaneous manner in which mining laws came into existence, and the ready obedience which the miners yielded to them, show how correct is the view taken by Mr. Watts-Dunton.

countriesnounUS /ˈkʌntriz/

plural of “country” — a politically organized body of people under a single government

From this reading An English writer once remarked, somewhat hysterically, "Bret Harte had to deal with countries and communities of an almost unexampled laxity, a laxity passing the laxity of savages, the laxity of civilized men grown savage."

criticnounUS /ˈkrɪtɪk/

a person who is professionally engaged in the analysis and interpretation of works of art

From this reading Far more accurate is the observation of that eminent critic, Mr. Watts-Dunton: "Bret Harte's characters are amenable to no laws except the improvised laws of the camp, and the final arbiter is either the six-shooter or the rope of Judge Lynch.

dealverbUS /diːl/

act on verbally or in some form of artistic expression

From this reading An English writer once remarked, somewhat hysterically, "Bret Harte had to deal with countries and communities of an almost unexampled laxity, a laxity passing the laxity of savages, the laxity of civilized men grown savage."

deepadjectiveUS /diːp/

relatively deep or strong; affecting one deeply

From this reading And yet underlying this apparent lawlessness there is that deep law-abiding-ness which the late Grant Allen despised as being the Anglo-Saxon characteristic."

describesverbUS /dɪˈskraɪbz/

third-person singular of “describe” — give a description of

From this reading PIONEER LAW AND LAWLESSNESS California certainly contained what Borthwick describes as "the elite of the most desperate and consummate scoundrels from every part of the world"; but they were in a very small minority, and the rather common idea that the miners were a mass of brutal and ignorant men is a wild misconception.

desperateadjectiveUS /ˈdesprɪt/

arising from or marked by despair or loss of hope

From this reading PIONEER LAW AND LAWLESSNESS California certainly contained what Borthwick describes as "the elite of the most desperate and consummate scoundrels from every part of the world"; but they were in a very small minority, and the rather common idea that the miners were a mass of brutal and ignorant men is a wild misconception.

despisedadjectiveUS /dɪˈspaɪzd/

treated with dislike or contempt

From this reading And yet underlying this apparent lawlessness there is that deep law-abiding-ness which the late Grant Allen despised as being the Anglo-Saxon characteristic."

eitherdeterminerUS /ˈiːðər/

one or the other of two

From this reading Far more accurate is the observation of that eminent critic, Mr. Watts-Dunton: "Bret Harte's characters are amenable to no laws except the improvised laws of the camp, and the final arbiter is either the six-shooter or the rope of Judge Lynch.

elitenounUS /ɪˈliːt/

a group or class of persons enjoying superior intellectual or social or economic status

From this reading PIONEER LAW AND LAWLESSNESS California certainly contained what Borthwick describes as "the elite of the most desperate and consummate scoundrels from every part of the world"; but they were in a very small minority, and the rather common idea that the miners were a mass of brutal and ignorant men is a wild misconception.

eminentadjectiveUS /ˈemənənt/

standing above others in quality or position

From this reading Far more accurate is the observation of that eminent critic, Mr. Watts-Dunton: "Bret Harte's characters are amenable to no laws except the improvised laws of the camp, and the final arbiter is either the six-shooter or the rope of Judge Lynch.

EnglishnounUS /ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ/

an Indo-European language belonging to the West Germanic branch; the official language of Britain and the United States and most of the commonwealth countries

From this reading An English writer once remarked, somewhat hysterically, "Bret Harte had to deal with countries and communities of an almost unexampled laxity, a laxity passing the laxity of savages, the laxity of civilized men grown savage."

everydeterminerUS /ˈevəri/

all the members of a group, with none left out

From this reading PIONEER LAW AND LAWLESSNESS California certainly contained what Borthwick describes as "the elite of the most desperate and consummate scoundrels from every part of the world"; but they were in a very small minority, and the rather common idea that the miners were a mass of brutal and ignorant men is a wild misconception.

exceptprepositionUS /ɪkˈsept/

apart from; not including

From this reading Far more accurate is the observation of that eminent critic, Mr. Watts-Dunton: "Bret Harte's characters are amenable to no laws except the improvised laws of the camp, and the final arbiter is either the six-shooter or the rope of Judge Lynch.

existencenounUS /eɡˈzɪstəns/

the state or fact of existing

From this reading The almost spontaneous manner in which mining laws came into existence, and the ready obedience which the miners yielded to them, show how correct is the view taken by Mr. Watts-Dunton.

FaradverbUS /fɑːr/

to a considerable degree; very much

From this reading Far more accurate is the observation of that eminent critic, Mr. Watts-Dunton: "Bret Harte's characters are amenable to no laws except the improvised laws of the camp, and the final arbiter is either the six-shooter or the rope of Judge Lynch.

finaladjectiveUS /ˈfaɪnəl/

occurring at or forming an end or termination

From this reading Far more accurate is the observation of that eminent critic, Mr. Watts-Dunton: "Bret Harte's characters are amenable to no laws except the improvised laws of the camp, and the final arbiter is either the six-shooter or the rope of Judge Lynch.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading PIONEER LAW AND LAWLESSNESS California certainly contained what Borthwick describes as "the elite of the most desperate and consummate scoundrels from every part of the world"; but they were in a very small minority, and the rather common idea that the miners were a mass of brutal and ignorant men is a wild misconception.

GrantverbUS /ɡrænt/

let have

From this reading And yet underlying this apparent lawlessness there is that deep law-abiding-ness which the late Grant Allen despised as being the Anglo-Saxon characteristic."

grownadjectiveUS /ɡroʊn/

(of animals) fully developed

From this reading An English writer once remarked, somewhat hysterically, "Bret Harte had to deal with countries and communities of an almost unexampled laxity, a laxity passing the laxity of savages, the laxity of civilized men grown savage."

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading An English writer once remarked, somewhat hysterically, "Bret Harte had to deal with countries and communities of an almost unexampled laxity, a laxity passing the laxity of savages, the laxity of civilized men grown savage."

HartenounUS /hɑːrt/

United States writer noted for his stories about life during the California gold rush (1836-1902)

From this reading An English writer once remarked, somewhat hysterically, "Bret Harte had to deal with countries and communities of an almost unexampled laxity, a laxity passing the laxity of savages, the laxity of civilized men grown savage."

Harte's

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Far more accurate is the observation of that eminent critic, Mr. Watts-Dunton: "Bret Harte's characters are amenable to no laws except the improvised laws of the camp, and the final arbiter is either the six-shooter or the rope of Judge Lynch.

how

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The almost spontaneous manner in which mining laws came into existence, and the ready obedience which the miners yielded to them, show how correct is the view taken by Mr. Watts-Dunton.

hystericallyadverbUS /ˌhɪˈsterɪkli/

in a hysterical manner

From this reading An English writer once remarked, somewhat hysterically, "Bret Harte had to deal with countries and communities of an almost unexampled laxity, a laxity passing the laxity of savages, the laxity of civilized men grown savage."

ideanounUS /aɪˈdiːə/

the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about

From this reading PIONEER LAW AND LAWLESSNESS California certainly contained what Borthwick describes as "the elite of the most desperate and consummate scoundrels from every part of the world"; but they were in a very small minority, and the rather common idea that the miners were a mass of brutal and ignorant men is a wild misconception.

ignorantadjectiveUS /ˈɪɡnərənt/

uneducated in general; lacking knowledge or sophistication

From this reading PIONEER LAW AND LAWLESSNESS California certainly contained what Borthwick describes as "the elite of the most desperate and consummate scoundrels from every part of the world"; but they were in a very small minority, and the rather common idea that the miners were a mass of brutal and ignorant men is a wild misconception.

improvisedadjectiveUS /ˈɪmprəvaɪzd/

done or made using whatever is available

From this reading Far more accurate is the observation of that eminent critic, Mr. Watts-Dunton: "Bret Harte's characters are amenable to no laws except the improvised laws of the camp, and the final arbiter is either the six-shooter or the rope of Judge Lynch.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading PIONEER LAW AND LAWLESSNESS California certainly contained what Borthwick describes as "the elite of the most desperate and consummate scoundrels from every part of the world"; but they were in a very small minority, and the rather common idea that the miners were a mass of brutal and ignorant men is a wild misconception.

intoprepositionUS /ˈɪntuː/

moving to the inside of something

From this reading The almost spontaneous manner in which mining laws came into existence, and the ready obedience which the miners yielded to them, show how correct is the view taken by Mr. Watts-Dunton.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading PIONEER LAW AND LAWLESSNESS California certainly contained what Borthwick describes as "the elite of the most desperate and consummate scoundrels from every part of the world"; but they were in a very small minority, and the rather common idea that the miners were a mass of brutal and ignorant men is a wild misconception.

JudgeverbUS /dʒʌdʒ/

determine the result of (a competition)

From this reading Far more accurate is the observation of that eminent critic, Mr. Watts-Dunton: "Bret Harte's characters are amenable to no laws except the improvised laws of the camp, and the final arbiter is either the six-shooter or the rope of Judge Lynch.

lateadjectiveUS /leɪt/

being or occurring at an advanced period of time or after a usual or expected time

From this reading And yet underlying this apparent lawlessness there is that deep law-abiding-ness which the late Grant Allen despised as being the Anglo-Saxon characteristic."

LAWnounUS /lɔː/

the collection of rules imposed by authority

From this reading PIONEER LAW AND LAWLESSNESS California certainly contained what Borthwick describes as "the elite of the most desperate and consummate scoundrels from every part of the world"; but they were in a very small minority, and the rather common idea that the miners were a mass of brutal and ignorant men is a wild misconception.

law-abiding-ness

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading And yet underlying this apparent lawlessness there is that deep law-abiding-ness which the late Grant Allen despised as being the Anglo-Saxon characteristic."

LAWLESSNESSnounUS /ˈlɔːləsnəs/

a state of lawlessness and disorder (usually resulting from a failure of government)

From this reading PIONEER LAW AND LAWLESSNESS California certainly contained what Borthwick describes as "the elite of the most desperate and consummate scoundrels from every part of the world"; but they were in a very small minority, and the rather common idea that the miners were a mass of brutal and ignorant men is a wild misconception.

lawsnounUS /lɔːz/

the first of three divisions of the Hebrew Scriptures comprising the first five books of the Hebrew Bible considered as a unit

From this reading Far more accurate is the observation of that eminent critic, Mr. Watts-Dunton: "Bret Harte's characters are amenable to no laws except the improvised laws of the camp, and the final arbiter is either the six-shooter or the rope of Judge Lynch.

laxitynounUS /ˈlæksəti/

the condition of being physiologically lax

From this reading An English writer once remarked, somewhat hysterically, "Bret Harte had to deal with countries and communities of an almost unexampled laxity, a laxity passing the laxity of savages, the laxity of civilized men grown savage."

LynchverbUS /lɪntʃ/

kill without legal sanction

From this reading Far more accurate is the observation of that eminent critic, Mr. Watts-Dunton: "Bret Harte's characters are amenable to no laws except the improvised laws of the camp, and the final arbiter is either the six-shooter or the rope of Judge Lynch.

mannernounUS /ˈmænər/

how something is done or how it happens

From this reading The almost spontaneous manner in which mining laws came into existence, and the ready obedience which the miners yielded to them, show how correct is the view taken by Mr. Watts-Dunton.

massnounUS /mæs/

the property of a body that causes it to have weight in a gravitational field

From this reading PIONEER LAW AND LAWLESSNESS California certainly contained what Borthwick describes as "the elite of the most desperate and consummate scoundrels from every part of the world"; but they were in a very small minority, and the rather common idea that the miners were a mass of brutal and ignorant men is a wild misconception.

mennounUS /men/

the force of workers available

From this reading PIONEER LAW AND LAWLESSNESS California certainly contained what Borthwick describes as "the elite of the most desperate and consummate scoundrels from every part of the world"; but they were in a very small minority, and the rather common idea that the miners were a mass of brutal and ignorant men is a wild misconception.

minersnounUS /ˈmaɪnərz/

plural of “miner” — laborer who works in a mine

From this reading PIONEER LAW AND LAWLESSNESS California certainly contained what Borthwick describes as "the elite of the most desperate and consummate scoundrels from every part of the world"; but they were in a very small minority, and the rather common idea that the miners were a mass of brutal and ignorant men is a wild misconception.

miningnounUS /ˈmaɪnɪŋ/

the act of extracting ores or coal etc from the earth

From this reading The almost spontaneous manner in which mining laws came into existence, and the ready obedience which the miners yielded to them, show how correct is the view taken by Mr. Watts-Dunton.

minoritynounUS /maɪˈnɔːrəti/

a group of people who differ racially or politically from a larger group of which it is a part

From this reading PIONEER LAW AND LAWLESSNESS California certainly contained what Borthwick describes as "the elite of the most desperate and consummate scoundrels from every part of the world"; but they were in a very small minority, and the rather common idea that the miners were a mass of brutal and ignorant men is a wild misconception.

misconceptionnounUS /mɪskənˈsepʃən/

an incorrect conception

From this reading PIONEER LAW AND LAWLESSNESS California certainly contained what Borthwick describes as "the elite of the most desperate and consummate scoundrels from every part of the world"; but they were in a very small minority, and the rather common idea that the miners were a mass of brutal and ignorant men is a wild misconception.

moreadjectiveUS /mɔːr/

(comparative of “much” used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree

From this reading Far more accurate is the observation of that eminent critic, Mr. Watts-Dunton: "Bret Harte's characters are amenable to no laws except the improvised laws of the camp, and the final arbiter is either the six-shooter or the rope of Judge Lynch.

mostadverbUS /moʊst/

used to form the superlative

From this reading PIONEER LAW AND LAWLESSNESS California certainly contained what Borthwick describes as "the elite of the most desperate and consummate scoundrels from every part of the world"; but they were in a very small minority, and the rather common idea that the miners were a mass of brutal and ignorant men is a wild misconception.

MrnounUS /ˈmɪstər/

a form of address for a man

From this reading Far more accurate is the observation of that eminent critic, Mr. Watts-Dunton: "Bret Harte's characters are amenable to no laws except the improvised laws of the camp, and the final arbiter is either the six-shooter or the rope of Judge Lynch.

nodeterminerUS /noʊ/

not any; not one

From this reading Far more accurate is the observation of that eminent critic, Mr. Watts-Dunton: "Bret Harte's characters are amenable to no laws except the improvised laws of the camp, and the final arbiter is either the six-shooter or the rope of Judge Lynch.

obediencenounUS /oʊˈbiːdiəns/

the act of obeying; dutiful or submissive behavior with respect to another person

From this reading The almost spontaneous manner in which mining laws came into existence, and the ready obedience which the miners yielded to them, show how correct is the view taken by Mr. Watts-Dunton.

observationnounUS /ˌɑːbzərˈveɪʃən/

the act of making and recording a measurement

From this reading Far more accurate is the observation of that eminent critic, Mr. Watts-Dunton: "Bret Harte's characters are amenable to no laws except the improvised laws of the camp, and the final arbiter is either the six-shooter or the rope of Judge Lynch.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading PIONEER LAW AND LAWLESSNESS California certainly contained what Borthwick describes as "the elite of the most desperate and consummate scoundrels from every part of the world"; but they were in a very small minority, and the rather common idea that the miners were a mass of brutal and ignorant men is a wild misconception.

onceadverbUS /wʌns/

on one occasion

From this reading An English writer once remarked, somewhat hysterically, "Bret Harte had to deal with countries and communities of an almost unexampled laxity, a laxity passing the laxity of savages, the laxity of civilized men grown savage."

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading Far more accurate is the observation of that eminent critic, Mr. Watts-Dunton: "Bret Harte's characters are amenable to no laws except the improvised laws of the camp, and the final arbiter is either the six-shooter or the rope of Judge Lynch.

partnounUS /pɑːrt/

something determined in relation to something that includes it

From this reading PIONEER LAW AND LAWLESSNESS California certainly contained what Borthwick describes as "the elite of the most desperate and consummate scoundrels from every part of the world"; but they were in a very small minority, and the rather common idea that the miners were a mass of brutal and ignorant men is a wild misconception.

passingnounUS /ˈpæsɪŋ/

(American football) a play that involves one player throwing the ball to a teammate

From this reading An English writer once remarked, somewhat hysterically, "Bret Harte had to deal with countries and communities of an almost unexampled laxity, a laxity passing the laxity of savages, the laxity of civilized men grown savage."

PIONEERnounUS /ˌpaɪəˈnɪr/

someone who helps to open up a new line of research or technology or art

From this reading PIONEER LAW AND LAWLESSNESS California certainly contained what Borthwick describes as "the elite of the most desperate and consummate scoundrels from every part of the world"; but they were in a very small minority, and the rather common idea that the miners were a mass of brutal and ignorant men is a wild misconception.

ratheradverbUS /ˈræðər/

on the contrary

From this reading PIONEER LAW AND LAWLESSNESS California certainly contained what Borthwick describes as "the elite of the most desperate and consummate scoundrels from every part of the world"; but they were in a very small minority, and the rather common idea that the miners were a mass of brutal and ignorant men is a wild misconception.

readyadjectiveUS /ˈredi/

completely prepared or in condition for immediate action or use or progress

From this reading The almost spontaneous manner in which mining laws came into existence, and the ready obedience which the miners yielded to them, show how correct is the view taken by Mr. Watts-Dunton.

remarkedverbUS /rɪˈmɑːrkt/

past form of “remark” — make mention of

From this reading An English writer once remarked, somewhat hysterically, "Bret Harte had to deal with countries and communities of an almost unexampled laxity, a laxity passing the laxity of savages, the laxity of civilized men grown savage."

ropenounUS /roʊp/

a strong line

From this reading Far more accurate is the observation of that eminent critic, Mr. Watts-Dunton: "Bret Harte's characters are amenable to no laws except the improvised laws of the camp, and the final arbiter is either the six-shooter or the rope of Judge Lynch.

savageadjectiveUS /ˈsævədʒ/

(of persons or their actions) able or disposed to inflict pain or suffering

From this reading An English writer once remarked, somewhat hysterically, "Bret Harte had to deal with countries and communities of an almost unexampled laxity, a laxity passing the laxity of savages, the laxity of civilized men grown savage."

savagesnounUS /ˈsævədʒəz/

plural of “savage” — a member of an uncivilized people

From this reading An English writer once remarked, somewhat hysterically, "Bret Harte had to deal with countries and communities of an almost unexampled laxity, a laxity passing the laxity of savages, the laxity of civilized men grown savage."

scoundrelsnounUS /ˈskaʊndrəlz/

plural of “scoundrel” — a wicked or evil person; someone who does evil deliberately

From this reading PIONEER LAW AND LAWLESSNESS California certainly contained what Borthwick describes as "the elite of the most desperate and consummate scoundrels from every part of the world"; but they were in a very small minority, and the rather common idea that the miners were a mass of brutal and ignorant men is a wild misconception.

showverbUS /ʃoʊ/

give an exhibition of to an interested audience

From this reading The almost spontaneous manner in which mining laws came into existence, and the ready obedience which the miners yielded to them, show how correct is the view taken by Mr. Watts-Dunton.

six-shooternoun

a pistol with a revolving cylinder (usually having six chambers for bullets)

From this reading Far more accurate is the observation of that eminent critic, Mr. Watts-Dunton: "Bret Harte's characters are amenable to no laws except the improvised laws of the camp, and the final arbiter is either the six-shooter or the rope of Judge Lynch.

smalladjectiveUS /smɔːl/

limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading PIONEER LAW AND LAWLESSNESS California certainly contained what Borthwick describes as "the elite of the most desperate and consummate scoundrels from every part of the world"; but they were in a very small minority, and the rather common idea that the miners were a mass of brutal and ignorant men is a wild misconception.

somewhatadverbUS /ˈsʌmˈwʌt/

to a small degree or extent

From this reading An English writer once remarked, somewhat hysterically, "Bret Harte had to deal with countries and communities of an almost unexampled laxity, a laxity passing the laxity of savages, the laxity of civilized men grown savage."

spontaneousadjectiveUS /spɑːnˈteɪniəs/

happening or arising without apparent external cause

From this reading The almost spontaneous manner in which mining laws came into existence, and the ready obedience which the miners yielded to them, show how correct is the view taken by Mr. Watts-Dunton.

takenadjectiveUS /ˈteɪkən/

understood in a certain way; made sense of

From this reading The almost spontaneous manner in which mining laws came into existence, and the ready obedience which the miners yielded to them, show how correct is the view taken by Mr. Watts-Dunton.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading PIONEER LAW AND LAWLESSNESS California certainly contained what Borthwick describes as "the elite of the most desperate and consummate scoundrels from every part of the world"; but they were in a very small minority, and the rather common idea that the miners were a mass of brutal and ignorant men is a wild misconception.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading PIONEER LAW AND LAWLESSNESS California certainly contained what Borthwick describes as "the elite of the most desperate and consummate scoundrels from every part of the world"; but they were in a very small minority, and the rather common idea that the miners were a mass of brutal and ignorant men is a wild misconception.

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading The almost spontaneous manner in which mining laws came into existence, and the ready obedience which the miners yielded to them, show how correct is the view taken by Mr. Watts-Dunton.

thereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading And yet underlying this apparent lawlessness there is that deep law-abiding-ness which the late Grant Allen despised as being the Anglo-Saxon characteristic."

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading PIONEER LAW AND LAWLESSNESS California certainly contained what Borthwick describes as "the elite of the most desperate and consummate scoundrels from every part of the world"; but they were in a very small minority, and the rather common idea that the miners were a mass of brutal and ignorant men is a wild misconception.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading And yet underlying this apparent lawlessness there is that deep law-abiding-ness which the late Grant Allen despised as being the Anglo-Saxon characteristic."

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading An English writer once remarked, somewhat hysterically, "Bret Harte had to deal with countries and communities of an almost unexampled laxity, a laxity passing the laxity of savages, the laxity of civilized men grown savage."

underlyingadjectiveUS /ˌʌndərˈlaɪɪŋ/

in the nature of something though not readily apparent

From this reading And yet underlying this apparent lawlessness there is that deep law-abiding-ness which the late Grant Allen despised as being the Anglo-Saxon characteristic."

unexampledadjective

having no previous example or precedent or parallel

From this reading An English writer once remarked, somewhat hysterically, "Bret Harte had to deal with countries and communities of an almost unexampled laxity, a laxity passing the laxity of savages, the laxity of civilized men grown savage."

veryadjectiveUS /ˈveri/

precisely as stated

From this reading PIONEER LAW AND LAWLESSNESS California certainly contained what Borthwick describes as "the elite of the most desperate and consummate scoundrels from every part of the world"; but they were in a very small minority, and the rather common idea that the miners were a mass of brutal and ignorant men is a wild misconception.

viewnounUS /vjuː/

a way of regarding situations or topics etc.

From this reading The almost spontaneous manner in which mining laws came into existence, and the ready obedience which the miners yielded to them, show how correct is the view taken by Mr. Watts-Dunton.

Watts-Dunton

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Far more accurate is the observation of that eminent critic, Mr. Watts-Dunton: "Bret Harte's characters are amenable to no laws except the improvised laws of the camp, and the final arbiter is either the six-shooter or the rope of Judge Lynch.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading PIONEER LAW AND LAWLESSNESS California certainly contained what Borthwick describes as "the elite of the most desperate and consummate scoundrels from every part of the world"; but they were in a very small minority, and the rather common idea that the miners were a mass of brutal and ignorant men is a wild misconception.

whatpronounUS /wʌt/

used to ask for information about something

From this reading PIONEER LAW AND LAWLESSNESS California certainly contained what Borthwick describes as "the elite of the most desperate and consummate scoundrels from every part of the world"; but they were in a very small minority, and the rather common idea that the miners were a mass of brutal and ignorant men is a wild misconception.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading And yet underlying this apparent lawlessness there is that deep law-abiding-ness which the late Grant Allen despised as being the Anglo-Saxon characteristic."

wildadjectiveUS /waɪld/

marked by extreme lack of restraint or control

From this reading PIONEER LAW AND LAWLESSNESS California certainly contained what Borthwick describes as "the elite of the most desperate and consummate scoundrels from every part of the world"; but they were in a very small minority, and the rather common idea that the miners were a mass of brutal and ignorant men is a wild misconception.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading An English writer once remarked, somewhat hysterically, "Bret Harte had to deal with countries and communities of an almost unexampled laxity, a laxity passing the laxity of savages, the laxity of civilized men grown savage."

worldnounUS /wɜːrld/

everything that exists anywhere

From this reading PIONEER LAW AND LAWLESSNESS California certainly contained what Borthwick describes as "the elite of the most desperate and consummate scoundrels from every part of the world"; but they were in a very small minority, and the rather common idea that the miners were a mass of brutal and ignorant men is a wild misconception.

writernounUS /ˈraɪtər/

writes (books or stories or articles or the like) professionally (for pay)

From this reading An English writer once remarked, somewhat hysterically, "Bret Harte had to deal with countries and communities of an almost unexampled laxity, a laxity passing the laxity of savages, the laxity of civilized men grown savage."

yetconjunctionUS /jet/

but in spite of that

From this reading And yet underlying this apparent lawlessness there is that deep law-abiding-ness which the late Grant Allen despised as being the Anglo-Saxon characteristic."

yieldedverbUS /ˈjiːldɪd/

past form of “yield” — be the cause or source of

From this reading The almost spontaneous manner in which mining laws came into existence, and the ready obedience which the miners yielded to them, show how correct is the view taken by Mr. Watts-Dunton.

Chapter 7 of The Life of Bret Harte, with Some Account of the California Pioneers by Henry Childs Merwin holds 243 sentences, grouped into 49 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 7 of The Life of Bret Harte, with Some Account of the California Pioneers contain?

Chapter 7 holds 243 sentences of The Life of Bret Harte, with Some Account of the California Pioneers, unabridged, divided into 49 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 7 of The Life of Bret Harte, with Some Account of the California Pioneers by Henry Childs Merwin exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 243 sentences, grouped into 49 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 7 of The Life of Bret Harte, with Some Account of the California Pioneers?

Work through the 49 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 49 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 7 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 7 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading The Life of Bret Harte, with Some Account of the California Pioneers

Common questions about reading The Life of Bret Harte, with Some Account of the California Pioneers by Henry Childs Merwin on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of The Life of Bret Harte, with Some Account of the California Pioneers?

Yes. All 3847 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #34940 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of The Life of Bret Harte, with Some Account of the California Pioneers is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #34940, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does The Life of Bret Harte, with Some Account of the California Pioneers take to read?

About 320 minutes of reading across 770 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read The Life of Bret Harte, with Some Account of the California Pioneers section by section

How to work through The Life of Bret Harte, with Some Account of the California Pioneers section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 20 chapters of The Life of Bret Harte, with Some Account of the California Pioneers to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in The Life of Bret Harte, with Some Account of the California Pioneers

Words and structures a reader meets early in The Life of Bret Harte, with Some Account of the California Pioneers, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Harte's
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Life of Bret Harte, with Some Account of the California Pioneers; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Ancestry
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Life of Bret Harte, with Some Account of the California Pioneers; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Francis
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Life of Bret Harte, with Some Account of the California Pioneers; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Brett
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Life of Bret Harte, with Some Account of the California Pioneers; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.