Chapter III · From Cranach to Cruikshank

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading The very word _caricatura_, used by Sir Thomas Browne in his Christian morals, and transplanted to the +Spectator+, appeared first as an English word in Johnson’s dictionary in the middle of the last century Caricature--the modern word and the modern art the use of the pencil and the etcher’s point as ironical and satirical weapons--may be said to have taken root in this country under the breath of Hogarth’s genius.

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading The very word _caricatura_, used by Sir Thomas Browne in his Christian morals, and transplanted to the +Spectator+, appeared first as an English word in Johnson’s dictionary in the middle of the last century Caricature--the modern word and the modern art the use of the pencil and the etcher’s point as ironical and satirical weapons--may be said to have taken root in this country under the breath of Hogarth’s genius.

past form of “appear” — give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect

From this reading The very word _caricatura_, used by Sir Thomas Browne in his Christian morals, and transplanted to the +Spectator+, appeared first as an English word in Johnson’s dictionary in the middle of the last century Caricature--the modern word and the modern art the use of the pencil and the etcher’s point as ironical and satirical weapons--may be said to have taken root in this country under the breath of Hogarth’s genius.

an old form of “are”, used with “thou”

From this reading The very word _caricatura_, used by Sir Thomas Browne in his Christian morals, and transplanted to the +Spectator+, appeared first as an English word in Johnson’s dictionary in the middle of the last century Caricature--the modern word and the modern art the use of the pencil and the etcher’s point as ironical and satirical weapons--may be said to have taken root in this country under the breath of Hogarth’s genius.

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading The very word _caricatura_, used by Sir Thomas Browne in his Christian morals, and transplanted to the +Spectator+, appeared first as an English word in Johnson’s dictionary in the middle of the last century Caricature--the modern word and the modern art the use of the pencil and the etcher’s point as ironical and satirical weapons--may be said to have taken root in this country under the breath of Hogarth’s genius.

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading The very word _caricatura_, used by Sir Thomas Browne in his Christian morals, and transplanted to the +Spectator+, appeared first as an English word in Johnson’s dictionary in the middle of the last century Caricature--the modern word and the modern art the use of the pencil and the etcher’s point as ironical and satirical weapons--may be said to have taken root in this country under the breath of Hogarth’s genius.

the past participle of “be”

From this reading It flourished in Germany,--nay may be said to have been born there, during the Renaissance.

on the far side of; further than

From this reading The history of caricature in England travels very little beyond George Cruikshank’s lifetime.

brought into existence

From this reading It flourished in Germany,--nay may be said to have been born there, during the Renaissance.

the process of taking in and expelling air during breathing

From this reading The very word _caricatura_, used by Sir Thomas Browne in his Christian morals, and transplanted to the +Spectator+, appeared first as an English word in Johnson’s dictionary in the middle of the last century Caricature--the modern word and the modern art the use of the pencil and the etcher’s point as ironical and satirical weapons--may be said to have taken root in this country under the breath of Hogarth’s genius.

English illustrator of several of Dickens' novels (1815-1882)

From this reading The very word _caricatura_, used by Sir Thomas Browne in his Christian morals, and transplanted to the +Spectator+, appeared first as an English word in Johnson’s dictionary in the middle of the last century Caricature--the modern word and the modern art the use of the pencil and the etcher’s point as ironical and satirical weapons--may be said to have taken root in this country under the breath of Hogarth’s genius.

showing who or what does the action

From this reading The very word _caricatura_, used by Sir Thomas Browne in his Christian morals, and transplanted to the +Spectator+, appeared first as an English word in Johnson’s dictionary in the middle of the last century Caricature--the modern word and the modern art the use of the pencil and the etcher’s point as ironical and satirical weapons--may be said to have taken root in this country under the breath of Hogarth’s genius.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The very word _caricatura_, used by Sir Thomas Browne in his Christian morals, and transplanted to the +Spectator+, appeared first as an English word in Johnson’s dictionary in the middle of the last century Caricature--the modern word and the modern art the use of the pencil and the etcher’s point as ironical and satirical weapons--may be said to have taken root in this country under the breath of Hogarth’s genius.

represent in or produce a caricature of

From this reading The history of caricature in England travels very little beyond George Cruikshank’s lifetime.

a period of 100 years

From this reading The very word _caricatura_, used by Sir Thomas Browne in his Christian morals, and transplanted to the +Spectator+, appeared first as an English word in Johnson’s dictionary in the middle of the last century Caricature--the modern word and the modern art the use of the pencil and the etcher’s point as ironical and satirical weapons--may be said to have taken root in this country under the breath of Hogarth’s genius.

relating to or characteristic of Christianity

From this reading The very word _caricatura_, used by Sir Thomas Browne in his Christian morals, and transplanted to the +Spectator+, appeared first as an English word in Johnson’s dictionary in the middle of the last century Caricature--the modern word and the modern art the use of the pencil and the etcher’s point as ironical and satirical weapons--may be said to have taken root in this country under the breath of Hogarth’s genius.

a politically organized body of people under a single government

From this reading The very word _caricatura_, used by Sir Thomas Browne in his Christian morals, and transplanted to the +Spectator+, appeared first as an English word in Johnson’s dictionary in the middle of the last century Caricature--the modern word and the modern art the use of the pencil and the etcher’s point as ironical and satirical weapons--may be said to have taken root in this country under the breath of Hogarth’s genius.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Reformation gave it its first great impulse, under the hand of Lucas Cranach.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The history of caricature in England travels very little beyond George Cruikshank’s lifetime.

a reference book containing an alphabetical list of words with information about them

From this reading The very word _caricatura_, used by Sir Thomas Browne in his Christian morals, and transplanted to the +Spectator+, appeared first as an English word in Johnson’s dictionary in the middle of the last century Caricature--the modern word and the modern art the use of the pencil and the etcher’s point as ironical and satirical weapons--may be said to have taken root in this country under the breath of Hogarth’s genius.

all through a period, or at some point within it

From this reading It flourished in Germany,--nay may be said to have been born there, during the Renaissance.

a division of the United Kingdom

From this reading The history of caricature in England travels very little beyond George Cruikshank’s lifetime.

an Indo-European language belonging to the West Germanic branch; the official language of Britain and the United States and most of the commonwealth countries

From this reading The very word _caricatura_, used by Sir Thomas Browne in his Christian morals, and transplanted to the +Spectator+, appeared first as an English word in Johnson’s dictionary in the middle of the last century Caricature--the modern word and the modern art the use of the pencil and the etcher’s point as ironical and satirical weapons--may be said to have taken root in this country under the breath of Hogarth’s genius.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The very word _caricatura_, used by Sir Thomas Browne in his Christian morals, and transplanted to the +Spectator+, appeared first as an English word in Johnson’s dictionary in the middle of the last century Caricature--the modern word and the modern art the use of the pencil and the etcher’s point as ironical and satirical weapons--may be said to have taken root in this country under the breath of Hogarth’s genius.

preceding all others in time or space or degree

From this reading The very word _caricatura_, used by Sir Thomas Browne in his Christian morals, and transplanted to the +Spectator+, appeared first as an English word in Johnson’s dictionary in the middle of the last century Caricature--the modern word and the modern art the use of the pencil and the etcher’s point as ironical and satirical weapons--may be said to have taken root in this country under the breath of Hogarth’s genius.

past form of “flourish” — grow vigorously

From this reading It flourished in Germany,--nay may be said to have been born there, during the Renaissance.

a republic in western Europe; the largest country wholly in Europe

From this reading From Germany it travelled to France, thence to Holland, and from Holland to England.

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading From Germany it travelled to France, thence to Holland, and from Holland to England.

inflected form of “give” — cause to have, in the abstract sense or physical sense

From this reading The Reformation gave it its first great impulse, under the hand of Lucas Cranach.

someone who has exceptional intellectual ability and originality

From this reading The very word _caricatura_, used by Sir Thomas Browne in his Christian morals, and transplanted to the +Spectator+, appeared first as an English word in Johnson’s dictionary in the middle of the last century Caricature--the modern word and the modern art the use of the pencil and the etcher’s point as ironical and satirical weapons--may be said to have taken root in this country under the breath of Hogarth’s genius.

Christian martyr; patron saint of England; hero of the legend of Saint George and the Dragon in which he slew a dragon and saved a princess (?-303)

From this reading The history of caricature in England travels very little beyond George Cruikshank’s lifetime.

a republic in central Europe; split into East Germany and West Germany after World War II and reunited in 1990

From this reading It flourished in Germany,--nay may be said to have been born there, during the Renaissance.

relatively large in size or number or extent; larger than others of its kind

From this reading The Reformation gave it its first great impulse, under the hand of Lucas Cranach.

the (prehensile) extremity of the superior limb

From this reading The Reformation gave it its first great impulse, under the hand of Lucas Cranach.

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading The very word _caricatura_, used by Sir Thomas Browne in his Christian morals, and transplanted to the +Spectator+, appeared first as an English word in Johnson’s dictionary in the middle of the last century Caricature--the modern word and the modern art the use of the pencil and the etcher’s point as ironical and satirical weapons--may be said to have taken root in this country under the breath of Hogarth’s genius.

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading The very word _caricatura_, used by Sir Thomas Browne in his Christian morals, and transplanted to the +Spectator+, appeared first as an English word in Johnson’s dictionary in the middle of the last century Caricature--the modern word and the modern art the use of the pencil and the etcher’s point as ironical and satirical weapons--may be said to have taken root in this country under the breath of Hogarth’s genius.

the aggregate of past events

From this reading The history of caricature in England travels very little beyond George Cruikshank’s lifetime.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The very word _caricatura_, used by Sir Thomas Browne in his Christian morals, and transplanted to the +Spectator+, appeared first as an English word in Johnson’s dictionary in the middle of the last century Caricature--the modern word and the modern art the use of the pencil and the etcher’s point as ironical and satirical weapons--may be said to have taken root in this country under the breath of Hogarth’s genius.

a constitutional monarchy in western Europe on the North Sea; half the country lies below sea level

From this reading From Germany it travelled to France, thence to Holland, and from Holland to England.

an instinctive motive

From this reading The Reformation gave it its first great impulse, under the hand of Lucas Cranach.

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading The history of caricature in England travels very little beyond George Cruikshank’s lifetime.

characterized by often poignant difference or incongruity between what is expected and what actually is

From this reading The very word _caricatura_, used by Sir Thomas Browne in his Christian morals, and transplanted to the +Spectator+, appeared first as an English word in Johnson’s dictionary in the middle of the last century Caricature--the modern word and the modern art the use of the pencil and the etcher’s point as ironical and satirical weapons--may be said to have taken root in this country under the breath of Hogarth’s genius.

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading It flourished in Germany,--nay may be said to have been born there, during the Renaissance.

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading The Reformation gave it its first great impulse, under the hand of Lucas Cranach.

possessive form of “johnson” — English writer and lexicographer (1709-1784)

From this reading The very word _caricatura_, used by Sir Thomas Browne in his Christian morals, and transplanted to the +Spectator+, appeared first as an English word in Johnson’s dictionary in the middle of the last century Caricature--the modern word and the modern art the use of the pencil and the etcher’s point as ironical and satirical weapons--may be said to have taken root in this country under the breath of Hogarth’s genius.

immediately past

From this reading The very word _caricatura_, used by Sir Thomas Browne in his Christian morals, and transplanted to the +Spectator+, appeared first as an English word in Johnson’s dictionary in the middle of the last century Caricature--the modern word and the modern art the use of the pencil and the etcher’s point as ironical and satirical weapons--may be said to have taken root in this country under the breath of Hogarth’s genius.

the period during which something is functional (as between birth and death)

From this reading The history of caricature in England travels very little beyond George Cruikshank’s lifetime.

limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading The history of caricature in England travels very little beyond George Cruikshank’s lifetime.

United States screenwriter and filmmaker (born in 1944)

From this reading The Reformation gave it its first great impulse, under the hand of Lucas Cranach.

used to say something is possible, or to give permission

From this reading The very word _caricatura_, used by Sir Thomas Browne in his Christian morals, and transplanted to the +Spectator+, appeared first as an English word in Johnson’s dictionary in the middle of the last century Caricature--the modern word and the modern art the use of the pencil and the etcher’s point as ironical and satirical weapons--may be said to have taken root in this country under the breath of Hogarth’s genius.

an area that is approximately central within some larger region

From this reading The very word _caricatura_, used by Sir Thomas Browne in his Christian morals, and transplanted to the +Spectator+, appeared first as an English word in Johnson’s dictionary in the middle of the last century Caricature--the modern word and the modern art the use of the pencil and the etcher’s point as ironical and satirical weapons--may be said to have taken root in this country under the breath of Hogarth’s genius.

belonging to the modern era; since the Middle Ages

From this reading The very word _caricatura_, used by Sir Thomas Browne in his Christian morals, and transplanted to the +Spectator+, appeared first as an English word in Johnson’s dictionary in the middle of the last century Caricature--the modern word and the modern art the use of the pencil and the etcher’s point as ironical and satirical weapons--may be said to have taken root in this country under the breath of Hogarth’s genius.

motivation based on ideas of right and wrong

From this reading The very word _caricatura_, used by Sir Thomas Browne in his Christian morals, and transplanted to the +Spectator+, appeared first as an English word in Johnson’s dictionary in the middle of the last century Caricature--the modern word and the modern art the use of the pencil and the etcher’s point as ironical and satirical weapons--may be said to have taken root in this country under the breath of Hogarth’s genius.

an old word for “no”

From this reading It flourished in Germany,--nay may be said to have been born there, during the Renaissance.

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading The history of caricature in England travels very little beyond George Cruikshank’s lifetime.

a thin cylindrical pointed writing implement; a rod of marking substance encased in wood

From this reading The very word _caricatura_, used by Sir Thomas Browne in his Christian morals, and transplanted to the +Spectator+, appeared first as an English word in Johnson’s dictionary in the middle of the last century Caricature--the modern word and the modern art the use of the pencil and the etcher’s point as ironical and satirical weapons--may be said to have taken root in this country under the breath of Hogarth’s genius.

a geometric element that has position but no extension

From this reading The very word _caricatura_, used by Sir Thomas Browne in his Christian morals, and transplanted to the +Spectator+, appeared first as an English word in Johnson’s dictionary in the middle of the last century Caricature--the modern word and the modern art the use of the pencil and the etcher’s point as ironical and satirical weapons--may be said to have taken root in this country under the breath of Hogarth’s genius.

The action or process of reforming an institution, practice, or individual's character.

From this reading The Reformation gave it its first great impulse, under the hand of Lucas Cranach.

the period of European history at the close of the Middle Ages and the rise of the modern world; a cultural rebirth from the 14th through the middle of the 17th centuries

From this reading It flourished in Germany,--nay may be said to have been born there, during the Renaissance.

(botany) the usually underground organ that lacks buds or leaves or nodes; absorbs water and mineral salts; usually it anchors the plant to the ground

From this reading The very word _caricatura_, used by Sir Thomas Browne in his Christian morals, and transplanted to the +Spectator+, appeared first as an English word in Johnson’s dictionary in the middle of the last century Caricature--the modern word and the modern art the use of the pencil and the etcher’s point as ironical and satirical weapons--may be said to have taken root in this country under the breath of Hogarth’s genius.

being the one previously mentioned or spoken of

From this reading The very word _caricatura_, used by Sir Thomas Browne in his Christian morals, and transplanted to the +Spectator+, appeared first as an English word in Johnson’s dictionary in the middle of the last century Caricature--the modern word and the modern art the use of the pencil and the etcher’s point as ironical and satirical weapons--may be said to have taken root in this country under the breath of Hogarth’s genius.

exposing human folly to ridicule

From this reading The very word _caricatura_, used by Sir Thomas Browne in his Christian morals, and transplanted to the +Spectator+, appeared first as an English word in Johnson’s dictionary in the middle of the last century Caricature--the modern word and the modern art the use of the pencil and the etcher’s point as ironical and satirical weapons--may be said to have taken root in this country under the breath of Hogarth’s genius.

term of address for a man

From this reading The very word _caricatura_, used by Sir Thomas Browne in his Christian morals, and transplanted to the +Spectator+, appeared first as an English word in Johnson’s dictionary in the middle of the last century Caricature--the modern word and the modern art the use of the pencil and the etcher’s point as ironical and satirical weapons--may be said to have taken root in this country under the breath of Hogarth’s genius.

a close observer; someone who looks at something (such as an exhibition of some kind)

From this reading The very word _caricatura_, used by Sir Thomas Browne in his Christian morals, and transplanted to the +Spectator+, appeared first as an English word in Johnson’s dictionary in the middle of the last century Caricature--the modern word and the modern art the use of the pencil and the etcher’s point as ironical and satirical weapons--may be said to have taken root in this country under the breath of Hogarth’s genius.

understood in a certain way; made sense of

From this reading The very word _caricatura_, used by Sir Thomas Browne in his Christian morals, and transplanted to the +Spectator+, appeared first as an English word in Johnson’s dictionary in the middle of the last century Caricature--the modern word and the modern art the use of the pencil and the etcher’s point as ironical and satirical weapons--may be said to have taken root in this country under the breath of Hogarth’s genius.

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading The history of caricature in England travels very little beyond George Cruikshank’s lifetime.

from that place or that time

From this reading From Germany it travelled to France, thence to Holland, and from Holland to England.

in or at that place or location

From this reading It flourished in Germany,--nay may be said to have been born there, during the Renaissance.

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading The very word _caricatura_, used by Sir Thomas Browne in his Christian morals, and transplanted to the +Spectator+, appeared first as an English word in Johnson’s dictionary in the middle of the last century Caricature--the modern word and the modern art the use of the pencil and the etcher’s point as ironical and satirical weapons--may be said to have taken root in this country under the breath of Hogarth’s genius.

United States clockmaker who introduced mass production (1785-1859)

From this reading The very word _caricatura_, used by Sir Thomas Browne in his Christian morals, and transplanted to the +Spectator+, appeared first as an English word in Johnson’s dictionary in the middle of the last century Caricature--the modern word and the modern art the use of the pencil and the etcher’s point as ironical and satirical weapons--may be said to have taken root in this country under the breath of Hogarth’s genius.

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading The very word _caricatura_, used by Sir Thomas Browne in his Christian morals, and transplanted to the +Spectator+, appeared first as an English word in Johnson’s dictionary in the middle of the last century Caricature--the modern word and the modern art the use of the pencil and the etcher’s point as ironical and satirical weapons--may be said to have taken root in this country under the breath of Hogarth’s genius.

past form of “transplant” — lift and reset in another soil or situation

From this reading The very word _caricatura_, used by Sir Thomas Browne in his Christian morals, and transplanted to the +Spectator+, appeared first as an English word in Johnson’s dictionary in the middle of the last century Caricature--the modern word and the modern art the use of the pencil and the etcher’s point as ironical and satirical weapons--may be said to have taken root in this country under the breath of Hogarth’s genius.

familiar with many parts of the world

From this reading From Germany it travelled to France, thence to Holland, and from Holland to England.

plural of “travel” — the act of going from one place to another

From this reading The history of caricature in England travels very little beyond George Cruikshank’s lifetime.

below or beneath something; less than

From this reading The very word _caricatura_, used by Sir Thomas Browne in his Christian morals, and transplanted to the +Spectator+, appeared first as an English word in Johnson’s dictionary in the middle of the last century Caricature--the modern word and the modern art the use of the pencil and the etcher’s point as ironical and satirical weapons--may be said to have taken root in this country under the breath of Hogarth’s genius.

the act of using

From this reading The very word _caricatura_, used by Sir Thomas Browne in his Christian morals, and transplanted to the +Spectator+, appeared first as an English word in Johnson’s dictionary in the middle of the last century Caricature--the modern word and the modern art the use of the pencil and the etcher’s point as ironical and satirical weapons--may be said to have taken root in this country under the breath of Hogarth’s genius.

employed in accomplishing something

From this reading The very word _caricatura_, used by Sir Thomas Browne in his Christian morals, and transplanted to the +Spectator+, appeared first as an English word in Johnson’s dictionary in the middle of the last century Caricature--the modern word and the modern art the use of the pencil and the etcher’s point as ironical and satirical weapons--may be said to have taken root in this country under the breath of Hogarth’s genius.

precisely as stated

From this reading The history of caricature in England travels very little beyond George Cruikshank’s lifetime.

plural of “weapon” — any instrument or instrumentality used in fighting or hunting

From this reading The very word _caricatura_, used by Sir Thomas Browne in his Christian morals, and transplanted to the +Spectator+, appeared first as an English word in Johnson’s dictionary in the middle of the last century Caricature--the modern word and the modern art the use of the pencil and the etcher’s point as ironical and satirical weapons--may be said to have taken root in this country under the breath of Hogarth’s genius.

a unit of language that native speakers can identify

From this reading The very word _caricatura_, used by Sir Thomas Browne in his Christian morals, and transplanted to the +Spectator+, appeared first as an English word in Johnson’s dictionary in the middle of the last century Caricature--the modern word and the modern art the use of the pencil and the etcher’s point as ironical and satirical weapons--may be said to have taken root in this country under the breath of Hogarth’s genius.