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The Life of Sir John Falstaff
The Life of Sir John Falstaff

Chapter VIII

Chapter 8 of The Life of Sir John Falstaff is here in full — 436 sentences across 88 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/87 · 5 lines
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* A common expedient resorted to by the consciously guilty in the Trial of Ordeal by Touch; similar to that practised by the ignorant of the present day, who think that by “kissing the thumb” instead of the book in a court of justice they evade the legal and sacred responsibilities of an oath.
It turned out--on the evidence of two cowboys, who had witnessed the event, but apparently not thought worth alluding to it until questioned--that the supposed murdered man, being under the obvious influence of malt liquor, had himself staggered over the precipice at the foot of which he had found his death.
Master Shallow as chief of the sitting justices (what, we should call Chairman of Sessions) was tried by the Royal Commission, and found guilty of murder for putting a man to death by a process long since declared illegal by royal edict.
Master Shallow was himself sentenced to suffer the extreme penalty of the law, but King Edward happening to be in one of his periodical money difficulties, the sentence was commuted to a heavy fine--which, to the honour of magisterial loyalty and good-fellowship, be it stated, the Gloucestershire justices nobly subscribed to meet.
Master Shallow retained his judicial appointment, with a caution to abstain from the trial of criminals by exploded Saxon ordeals for the future, which he carefully observed.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The Life of Sir John Falstaff

Chapter VIII

Chapter 8 of The Life of Sir John Falstaff is here in full — 436 sentences across 88 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/87 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
* A common expedient resorted to by the consciously guilty in the Trial of Ordeal by Touch; similar to that practised by the ignorant of the present day, who think that by “kissing the thumb” instead of the book in a court of justice they evade the legal and sacred responsibilities of an oath.
/ə ˈkɑːmən ɪkˈspiːdiənt rɪˈzɔːrtɪd tuː baɪ ðə ˈkɑːnʃəsli ˈɡɪlti ɪn ðə ˈtraɪəl ʌv ɔːrˈdiːl baɪ tʌtʃ ˈsɪmələr tuː ðæt ˈpræktɪst baɪ ðə ˈɪɡnərənt ʌv ðə ˈprezənt deɪ huː θɪŋk ðæt baɪ ˈkɪsɪŋ ðə θʌm ˌɪnˈsted ʌv ðə bʊk ɪn ə kɔːrt ʌv ˈdʒʌstəs ðeɪ ɪˈveɪd ðə ˈliːɡəl ənd ˈseɪkrəd riˌspɑːnsəˈbɪlətiz ʌv æn oʊθ/
Line 2
It turned out--on the evidence of two cowboys, who had witnessed the event, but apparently not thought worth alluding to it until questioned--that the supposed murdered man, being under the obvious influence of malt liquor, had himself staggered over the precipice at the foot of which he had found his death.
Line 3
Master Shallow as chief of the sitting justices (what, we should call Chairman of Sessions) was tried by the Royal Commission, and found guilty of murder for putting a man to death by a process long since declared illegal by royal edict.
/ˈmæstər ˈʃæloʊ æz tʃiːf ʌv ðə ˈsɪtɪŋ ˈdʒʌstəsəz wʌt wiː ʃʊd kɔːl ˈtʃermən ʌv ˈseʃənz wɑːz traɪd baɪ ðə ˈrɔɪəl kəˈmɪʃən ənd faʊnd ˈɡɪlti ʌv ˈmɜːrdər fɔːr ˈpʌtɪŋ ə mæn tuː deθ baɪ ə ˈprɑːses lɔːŋ sɪns dɪˈklerd ˌɪˈliːɡəl baɪ ˈrɔɪəl ˈiːdɪkt/
Line 4
Master Shallow was himself sentenced to suffer the extreme penalty of the law, but King Edward happening to be in one of his periodical money difficulties, the sentence was commuted to a heavy fine--which, to the honour of magisterial loyalty and good-fellowship, be it stated, the Gloucestershire justices nobly subscribed to meet.
Line 5
Master Shallow retained his judicial appointment, with a caution to abstain from the trial of criminals by exploded Saxon ordeals for the future, which he carefully observed.
/ˈmæstər ˈʃæloʊ rɪˈteɪnd hɪz dʒuːˈdɪʃəl əˈpɔɪntmənt wɪð ə ˈkɑːʃən tuː əbˈsteɪn frʌm ðə ˈtraɪəl ʌv ˈkrɪmənəlz baɪ ɪkˈsploʊdəd ˈsæksən ɔːrˈdiːlz fɔːr ðə ˈfjuːtʃər wɪtʃ hiː ˈkerfəli əbˈzɜːrvd/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

abstain verb US /əbˈsteɪn/

refrain from voting

From this reading “Master Shallow retained his judicial appointment, with a caution to abstain from the trial of criminals by exploded Saxon ordeals for the future, which he carefully observed.”

commuted verb US /kəˈmjuːtɪd/

past form of “commute” — exchange positions without a change in value

From this reading “Master Shallow was himself sentenced to suffer the extreme penalty of the law, but King Edward happening to be in one of his periodical money difficulties, the sentence was commuted to a heavy fine--which, to the honour of magisterial loyalty and good-fellowship, be it stated, the Gloucestershire justices nobly subscribed to meet.”

edict noun US /ˈiːdɪkt/

a formal or authoritative proclamation

From this reading “Master Shallow as chief of the sitting justices (what, we should call Chairman of Sessions) was tried by the Royal Commission, and found guilty of murder for putting a man to death by a process long since declared illegal by royal edict.”

justices noun US /ˈdʒʌstəsəz/

plural of “justice” — the quality of being just or fair

From this reading “Master Shallow as chief of the sitting justices (what, we should call Chairman of Sessions) was tried by the Royal Commission, and found guilty of murder for putting a man to death by a process long since declared illegal by royal edict.”

magisterial adjective US /ˌmædʒɪˈstiːriəl/

of or relating to a magistrate

From this reading “Master Shallow was himself sentenced to suffer the extreme penalty of the law, but King Edward happening to be in one of his periodical money difficulties, the sentence was commuted to a heavy fine--which, to the honour of magisterial loyalty and good-fellowship, be it stated, the Gloucestershire justices nobly subscribed to meet.”

malt verb US /mɔːlt/

treat with malt or malt extract

From this reading “It turned out--on the evidence of two cowboys, who had witnessed the event, but apparently not thought worth alluding to it until questioned--that the supposed murdered man, being under the obvious influence of malt liquor, had himself staggered over the precipice at the foot of which he had found his death.”

ordeals noun US /ɔːrˈdiːlz/

plural of “ordeal” — a severe or trying experience

From this reading “Master Shallow retained his judicial appointment, with a caution to abstain from the trial of criminals by exploded Saxon ordeals for the future, which he carefully observed.”

Sessions noun US /ˈseʃənz/

United States composer who promoted 20th century music (1896-1985)

From this reading “Master Shallow as chief of the sitting justices (what, we should call Chairman of Sessions) was tried by the Royal Commission, and found guilty of murder for putting a man to death by a process long since declared illegal by royal edict.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

abstain from verb + particle

In this reading “Master Shallow retained his judicial appointment, with a caution to abstain from the trial of criminals by exploded Saxon ordeals for the future, which he carefully observed.”

over the precipice preposition + article + noun counted as “over … precipice”

In this reading “It turned out--on the evidence of two cowboys, who had witnessed the event, but apparently not thought worth alluding to it until questioned--that the supposed murdered man, being under the obvious influence of malt liquor, had himself staggered over the precipice at the foot of which he had found his death.”

found guilty verb + adjective

In this reading “Master Shallow as chief of the sitting justices (what, we should call Chairman of Sessions) was tried by the Royal Commission, and found guilty of murder for putting a man to death by a process long since declared illegal by royal edict.”

murdered man adjective + noun

In this reading “It turned out--on the evidence of two cowboys, who had witnessed the event, but apparently not thought worth alluding to it until questioned--that the supposed murdered man, being under the obvious influence of malt liquor, had himself staggered over the precipice at the foot of which he had found his death.”

present day verb + noun

In this reading “* A common expedient resorted to by the consciously guilty in the Trial of Ordeal by Touch; similar to that practised by the ignorant of the present day, who think that by “kissing the thumb” instead of the book in a court of justice they evade the legal and sacred responsibilities of an oath.”

at the foot preposition + article + noun counted as “at … foot”

In this reading “It turned out--on the evidence of two cowboys, who had witnessed the event, but apparently not thought worth alluding to it until questioned--that the supposed murdered man, being under the obvious influence of malt liquor, had himself staggered over the precipice at the foot of which he had found his death.”

All words in this reading · 139

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

AdeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading * A common expedient resorted to by the consciously guilty in the Trial of Ordeal by Touch; similar to that practised by the ignorant of the present day, who think that by “kissing the thumb” instead of the book in a court of justice they evade the legal and sacred responsibilities of an oath.

abstainverbUS /əbˈsteɪn/

refrain from voting

From this reading Master Shallow retained his judicial appointment, with a caution to abstain from the trial of criminals by exploded Saxon ordeals for the future, which he carefully observed.

alludingverbUS /əˈluːdɪŋ/

-ing form of “allude” — make a more or less disguised reference to

From this reading It turned out--on the evidence of two cowboys, who had witnessed the event, but apparently not thought worth alluding to it until questioned--that the supposed murdered man, being under the obvious influence of malt liquor, had himself staggered over the precipice at the foot of which he had found his death.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading * A common expedient resorted to by the consciously guilty in the Trial of Ordeal by Touch; similar to that practised by the ignorant of the present day, who think that by “kissing the thumb” instead of the book in a court of justice they evade the legal and sacred responsibilities of an oath.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading * A common expedient resorted to by the consciously guilty in the Trial of Ordeal by Touch; similar to that practised by the ignorant of the present day, who think that by “kissing the thumb” instead of the book in a court of justice they evade the legal and sacred responsibilities of an oath.

apparentlyadverbUS /əˈperəntli/

from appearances alone

From this reading It turned out--on the evidence of two cowboys, who had witnessed the event, but apparently not thought worth alluding to it until questioned--that the supposed murdered man, being under the obvious influence of malt liquor, had himself staggered over the precipice at the foot of which he had found his death.

appointmentnounUS /əˈpɔɪntmənt/

the act of putting a person into a non-elective position

From this reading Master Shallow retained his judicial appointment, with a caution to abstain from the trial of criminals by exploded Saxon ordeals for the future, which he carefully observed.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading Master Shallow as chief of the sitting justices (what, we should call Chairman of Sessions) was tried by the Royal Commission, and found guilty of murder for putting a man to death by a process long since declared illegal by royal edict.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading It turned out--on the evidence of two cowboys, who had witnessed the event, but apparently not thought worth alluding to it until questioned--that the supposed murdered man, being under the obvious influence of malt liquor, had himself staggered over the precipice at the foot of which he had found his death.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading Master Shallow was himself sentenced to suffer the extreme penalty of the law, but King Edward happening to be in one of his periodical money difficulties, the sentence was commuted to a heavy fine--which, to the honour of magisterial loyalty and good-fellowship, be it stated, the Gloucestershire justices nobly subscribed to meet.

beingauxiliary verbUS /ˈbiːɪŋ/

the -ing form of “be”

From this reading It turned out--on the evidence of two cowboys, who had witnessed the event, but apparently not thought worth alluding to it until questioned--that the supposed murdered man, being under the obvious influence of malt liquor, had himself staggered over the precipice at the foot of which he had found his death.

booknounUS /bʊk/

a written work or composition that has been published (printed on pages bound together)

From this reading * A common expedient resorted to by the consciously guilty in the Trial of Ordeal by Touch; similar to that practised by the ignorant of the present day, who think that by “kissing the thumb” instead of the book in a court of justice they evade the legal and sacred responsibilities of an oath.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading It turned out--on the evidence of two cowboys, who had witnessed the event, but apparently not thought worth alluding to it until questioned--that the supposed murdered man, being under the obvious influence of malt liquor, had himself staggered over the precipice at the foot of which he had found his death.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading * A common expedient resorted to by the consciously guilty in the Trial of Ordeal by Touch; similar to that practised by the ignorant of the present day, who think that by “kissing the thumb” instead of the book in a court of justice they evade the legal and sacred responsibilities of an oath.

callverbUS /kɔːl/

assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to

From this reading Master Shallow as chief of the sitting justices (what, we should call Chairman of Sessions) was tried by the Royal Commission, and found guilty of murder for putting a man to death by a process long since declared illegal by royal edict.

carefullyadverbUS /ˈkerfəli/

taking care or paying attention

From this reading Master Shallow retained his judicial appointment, with a caution to abstain from the trial of criminals by exploded Saxon ordeals for the future, which he carefully observed.

cautionnounUS /ˈkɑːʃən/

the trait of being cautious; being attentive to possible danger

From this reading Master Shallow retained his judicial appointment, with a caution to abstain from the trial of criminals by exploded Saxon ordeals for the future, which he carefully observed.

ChairmannounUS /ˈtʃermən/

the officer who presides at the meetings of an organization

From this reading Master Shallow as chief of the sitting justices (what, we should call Chairman of Sessions) was tried by the Royal Commission, and found guilty of murder for putting a man to death by a process long since declared illegal by royal edict.

chiefnounUS /tʃiːf/

a person who is in charge

From this reading Master Shallow as chief of the sitting justices (what, we should call Chairman of Sessions) was tried by the Royal Commission, and found guilty of murder for putting a man to death by a process long since declared illegal by royal edict.

CommissionnounUS /kəˈmɪʃən/

a special group delegated to consider some matter

From this reading Master Shallow as chief of the sitting justices (what, we should call Chairman of Sessions) was tried by the Royal Commission, and found guilty of murder for putting a man to death by a process long since declared illegal by royal edict.

commonadjectiveUS /ˈkɑːmən/

belonging to or participated in by a community as a whole; public

From this reading * A common expedient resorted to by the consciously guilty in the Trial of Ordeal by Touch; similar to that practised by the ignorant of the present day, who think that by “kissing the thumb” instead of the book in a court of justice they evade the legal and sacred responsibilities of an oath.

commutedverbUS /kəˈmjuːtɪd/

past form of “commute” — exchange positions without a change in value

From this reading Master Shallow was himself sentenced to suffer the extreme penalty of the law, but King Edward happening to be in one of his periodical money difficulties, the sentence was commuted to a heavy fine--which, to the honour of magisterial loyalty and good-fellowship, be it stated, the Gloucestershire justices nobly subscribed to meet.

consciouslyadverbUS /ˈkɑːnʃəsli/

with awareness

From this reading * A common expedient resorted to by the consciously guilty in the Trial of Ordeal by Touch; similar to that practised by the ignorant of the present day, who think that by “kissing the thumb” instead of the book in a court of justice they evade the legal and sacred responsibilities of an oath.

courtnounUS /kɔːrt/

an assembly (including one or more judges) to conduct judicial business

From this reading * A common expedient resorted to by the consciously guilty in the Trial of Ordeal by Touch; similar to that practised by the ignorant of the present day, who think that by “kissing the thumb” instead of the book in a court of justice they evade the legal and sacred responsibilities of an oath.

cowboysnounUS /ˈkaʊbɔɪz/

plural of “cowboy” — a hired hand who tends cattle and performs other duties on horseback

From this reading It turned out--on the evidence of two cowboys, who had witnessed the event, but apparently not thought worth alluding to it until questioned--that the supposed murdered man, being under the obvious influence of malt liquor, had himself staggered over the precipice at the foot of which he had found his death.

criminalsnounUS /ˈkrɪmənəlz/

plural of “criminal” — someone who has committed a crime or has been legally convicted of a crime

From this reading Master Shallow retained his judicial appointment, with a caution to abstain from the trial of criminals by exploded Saxon ordeals for the future, which he carefully observed.

daynounUS /deɪ/

time for Earth to make a complete rotation on its axis

From this reading * A common expedient resorted to by the consciously guilty in the Trial of Ordeal by Touch; similar to that practised by the ignorant of the present day, who think that by “kissing the thumb” instead of the book in a court of justice they evade the legal and sacred responsibilities of an oath.

deathnounUS /deθ/

the event of dying or departure from life

From this reading It turned out--on the evidence of two cowboys, who had witnessed the event, but apparently not thought worth alluding to it until questioned--that the supposed murdered man, being under the obvious influence of malt liquor, had himself staggered over the precipice at the foot of which he had found his death.

declaredadjectiveUS /dɪˈklerd/

made known or openly avowed

From this reading Master Shallow as chief of the sitting justices (what, we should call Chairman of Sessions) was tried by the Royal Commission, and found guilty of murder for putting a man to death by a process long since declared illegal by royal edict.

difficultiesnounUS /ˈdɪfəkəltiz/

plural of “difficulty” — an effort that is inconvenient

From this reading Master Shallow was himself sentenced to suffer the extreme penalty of the law, but King Edward happening to be in one of his periodical money difficulties, the sentence was commuted to a heavy fine--which, to the honour of magisterial loyalty and good-fellowship, be it stated, the Gloucestershire justices nobly subscribed to meet.

edictnounUS /ˈiːdɪkt/

a formal or authoritative proclamation

From this reading Master Shallow as chief of the sitting justices (what, we should call Chairman of Sessions) was tried by the Royal Commission, and found guilty of murder for putting a man to death by a process long since declared illegal by royal edict.

EdwardnounUS /ˈedwərd/

King of England and Ireland in 1936; his marriage to Wallis Warfield Simpson created a constitutional crisis leading to his abdication (1894-1972)

From this reading Master Shallow was himself sentenced to suffer the extreme penalty of the law, but King Edward happening to be in one of his periodical money difficulties, the sentence was commuted to a heavy fine--which, to the honour of magisterial loyalty and good-fellowship, be it stated, the Gloucestershire justices nobly subscribed to meet.

evadeverbUS /ɪˈveɪd/

avoid or try to avoid fulfilling, answering, or performing (duties, questions, or issues)

From this reading * A common expedient resorted to by the consciously guilty in the Trial of Ordeal by Touch; similar to that practised by the ignorant of the present day, who think that by “kissing the thumb” instead of the book in a court of justice they evade the legal and sacred responsibilities of an oath.

eventnounUS /ɪˈvent/

something that happens at a given place and time

From this reading It turned out--on the evidence of two cowboys, who had witnessed the event, but apparently not thought worth alluding to it until questioned--that the supposed murdered man, being under the obvious influence of malt liquor, had himself staggered over the precipice at the foot of which he had found his death.

evidencenounUS /ˈevədəns/

your basis for belief or disbelief; knowledge on which to base belief

From this reading It turned out--on the evidence of two cowboys, who had witnessed the event, but apparently not thought worth alluding to it until questioned--that the supposed murdered man, being under the obvious influence of malt liquor, had himself staggered over the precipice at the foot of which he had found his death.

expedientadjectiveUS /ɪkˈspiːdiənt/

serving to promote your interest

From this reading * A common expedient resorted to by the consciously guilty in the Trial of Ordeal by Touch; similar to that practised by the ignorant of the present day, who think that by “kissing the thumb” instead of the book in a court of justice they evade the legal and sacred responsibilities of an oath.

explodedadjectiveUS /ɪkˈsploʊdəd/

showing the parts of something separated but in positions that show their correct relation to one another

From this reading Master Shallow retained his judicial appointment, with a caution to abstain from the trial of criminals by exploded Saxon ordeals for the future, which he carefully observed.

extremeadjectiveUS /ekˈstriːm/

of the greatest possible degree or extent or intensity

From this reading Master Shallow was himself sentenced to suffer the extreme penalty of the law, but King Edward happening to be in one of his periodical money difficulties, the sentence was commuted to a heavy fine--which, to the honour of magisterial loyalty and good-fellowship, be it stated, the Gloucestershire justices nobly subscribed to meet.

fineadjectiveUS /faɪn/

being satisfactory or in satisfactory condition

From this reading Master Shallow was himself sentenced to suffer the extreme penalty of the law, but King Edward happening to be in one of his periodical money difficulties, the sentence was commuted to a heavy fine--which, to the honour of magisterial loyalty and good-fellowship, be it stated, the Gloucestershire justices nobly subscribed to meet.

footnounUS /fʊt/

the part of the leg of a human being below the ankle joint

From this reading It turned out--on the evidence of two cowboys, who had witnessed the event, but apparently not thought worth alluding to it until questioned--that the supposed murdered man, being under the obvious influence of malt liquor, had himself staggered over the precipice at the foot of which he had found his death.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading Master Shallow as chief of the sitting justices (what, we should call Chairman of Sessions) was tried by the Royal Commission, and found guilty of murder for putting a man to death by a process long since declared illegal by royal edict.

foundverbUS /faʊnd/

set up or found

From this reading It turned out--on the evidence of two cowboys, who had witnessed the event, but apparently not thought worth alluding to it until questioned--that the supposed murdered man, being under the obvious influence of malt liquor, had himself staggered over the precipice at the foot of which he had found his death.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading Master Shallow retained his judicial appointment, with a caution to abstain from the trial of criminals by exploded Saxon ordeals for the future, which he carefully observed.

futureadjectiveUS /ˈfjuːtʃər/

yet to be or coming

From this reading Master Shallow retained his judicial appointment, with a caution to abstain from the trial of criminals by exploded Saxon ordeals for the future, which he carefully observed.

Gloucestershirenoun

a county in southwestern England in the lower Severn valley

From this reading Master Shallow was himself sentenced to suffer the extreme penalty of the law, but King Edward happening to be in one of his periodical money difficulties, the sentence was commuted to a heavy fine--which, to the honour of magisterial loyalty and good-fellowship, be it stated, the Gloucestershire justices nobly subscribed to meet.

good-fellowship

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Master Shallow was himself sentenced to suffer the extreme penalty of the law, but King Edward happening to be in one of his periodical money difficulties, the sentence was commuted to a heavy fine--which, to the honour of magisterial loyalty and good-fellowship, be it stated, the Gloucestershire justices nobly subscribed to meet.

guiltyadjectiveUS /ˈɡɪlti/

responsible for or chargeable with a reprehensible act

From this reading * A common expedient resorted to by the consciously guilty in the Trial of Ordeal by Touch; similar to that practised by the ignorant of the present day, who think that by “kissing the thumb” instead of the book in a court of justice they evade the legal and sacred responsibilities of an oath.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading It turned out--on the evidence of two cowboys, who had witnessed the event, but apparently not thought worth alluding to it until questioned--that the supposed murdered man, being under the obvious influence of malt liquor, had himself staggered over the precipice at the foot of which he had found his death.

happeningnounUS /ˈhæpənɪŋ/

an event that happens

From this reading Master Shallow was himself sentenced to suffer the extreme penalty of the law, but King Edward happening to be in one of his periodical money difficulties, the sentence was commuted to a heavy fine--which, to the honour of magisterial loyalty and good-fellowship, be it stated, the Gloucestershire justices nobly subscribed to meet.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading It turned out--on the evidence of two cowboys, who had witnessed the event, but apparently not thought worth alluding to it until questioned--that the supposed murdered man, being under the obvious influence of malt liquor, had himself staggered over the precipice at the foot of which he had found his death.

heavyadjectiveUS /ˈhevi/

of comparatively great physical weight or density

From this reading Master Shallow was himself sentenced to suffer the extreme penalty of the law, but King Edward happening to be in one of his periodical money difficulties, the sentence was commuted to a heavy fine--which, to the honour of magisterial loyalty and good-fellowship, be it stated, the Gloucestershire justices nobly subscribed to meet.

himselfpronounUS /hɪmˈself/

used when the man or boy doing the action is also its object

From this reading It turned out--on the evidence of two cowboys, who had witnessed the event, but apparently not thought worth alluding to it until questioned--that the supposed murdered man, being under the obvious influence of malt liquor, had himself staggered over the precipice at the foot of which he had found his death.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading It turned out--on the evidence of two cowboys, who had witnessed the event, but apparently not thought worth alluding to it until questioned--that the supposed murdered man, being under the obvious influence of malt liquor, had himself staggered over the precipice at the foot of which he had found his death.

honournounUS /ˈɑːnər/

the state of being honored

From this reading Master Shallow was himself sentenced to suffer the extreme penalty of the law, but King Edward happening to be in one of his periodical money difficulties, the sentence was commuted to a heavy fine--which, to the honour of magisterial loyalty and good-fellowship, be it stated, the Gloucestershire justices nobly subscribed to meet.

ignorantadjectiveUS /ˈɪɡnərənt/

uneducated in general; lacking knowledge or sophistication

From this reading * A common expedient resorted to by the consciously guilty in the Trial of Ordeal by Touch; similar to that practised by the ignorant of the present day, who think that by “kissing the thumb” instead of the book in a court of justice they evade the legal and sacred responsibilities of an oath.

illegaladjectiveUS /ˌɪˈliːɡəl/

prohibited by law or by official or accepted rules

From this reading Master Shallow as chief of the sitting justices (what, we should call Chairman of Sessions) was tried by the Royal Commission, and found guilty of murder for putting a man to death by a process long since declared illegal by royal edict.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading * A common expedient resorted to by the consciously guilty in the Trial of Ordeal by Touch; similar to that practised by the ignorant of the present day, who think that by “kissing the thumb” instead of the book in a court of justice they evade the legal and sacred responsibilities of an oath.

influencenounUS /ˈɪnfluːəns/

a power to affect persons or events especially power based on prestige etc

From this reading It turned out--on the evidence of two cowboys, who had witnessed the event, but apparently not thought worth alluding to it until questioned--that the supposed murdered man, being under the obvious influence of malt liquor, had himself staggered over the precipice at the foot of which he had found his death.

insteadadverbUS /ˌɪnˈsted/

in place of, or as an alternative to

From this reading * A common expedient resorted to by the consciously guilty in the Trial of Ordeal by Touch; similar to that practised by the ignorant of the present day, who think that by “kissing the thumb” instead of the book in a court of justice they evade the legal and sacred responsibilities of an oath.

ItpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading It turned out--on the evidence of two cowboys, who had witnessed the event, but apparently not thought worth alluding to it until questioned--that the supposed murdered man, being under the obvious influence of malt liquor, had himself staggered over the precipice at the foot of which he had found his death.

judicialadjectiveUS /dʒuːˈdɪʃəl/

decreed by or proceeding from a court of justice

From this reading Master Shallow retained his judicial appointment, with a caution to abstain from the trial of criminals by exploded Saxon ordeals for the future, which he carefully observed.

justicenounUS /ˈdʒʌstəs/

the quality of being just or fair

From this reading * A common expedient resorted to by the consciously guilty in the Trial of Ordeal by Touch; similar to that practised by the ignorant of the present day, who think that by “kissing the thumb” instead of the book in a court of justice they evade the legal and sacred responsibilities of an oath.

justicesnounUS /ˈdʒʌstəsəz/

plural of “justice” — the quality of being just or fair

From this reading Master Shallow as chief of the sitting justices (what, we should call Chairman of Sessions) was tried by the Royal Commission, and found guilty of murder for putting a man to death by a process long since declared illegal by royal edict.

KingnounUS /kɪŋ/

a male sovereign; ruler of a kingdom

From this reading Master Shallow was himself sentenced to suffer the extreme penalty of the law, but King Edward happening to be in one of his periodical money difficulties, the sentence was commuted to a heavy fine--which, to the honour of magisterial loyalty and good-fellowship, be it stated, the Gloucestershire justices nobly subscribed to meet.

kissingnounUS /ˈkɪsɪŋ/

affectionate play (or foreplay without contact with the genital organs)

From this reading * A common expedient resorted to by the consciously guilty in the Trial of Ordeal by Touch; similar to that practised by the ignorant of the present day, who think that by “kissing the thumb” instead of the book in a court of justice they evade the legal and sacred responsibilities of an oath.

lawnounUS /lɔː/

the collection of rules imposed by authority

From this reading Master Shallow was himself sentenced to suffer the extreme penalty of the law, but King Edward happening to be in one of his periodical money difficulties, the sentence was commuted to a heavy fine--which, to the honour of magisterial loyalty and good-fellowship, be it stated, the Gloucestershire justices nobly subscribed to meet.

legaladjectiveUS /ˈliːɡəl/

established by or founded upon law or official or accepted rules

From this reading * A common expedient resorted to by the consciously guilty in the Trial of Ordeal by Touch; similar to that practised by the ignorant of the present day, who think that by “kissing the thumb” instead of the book in a court of justice they evade the legal and sacred responsibilities of an oath.

liquornounUS /ˈlɪkər/

an alcoholic beverage that is distilled rather than fermented

From this reading It turned out--on the evidence of two cowboys, who had witnessed the event, but apparently not thought worth alluding to it until questioned--that the supposed murdered man, being under the obvious influence of malt liquor, had himself staggered over the precipice at the foot of which he had found his death.

longadjectiveUS /lɔːŋ/

primarily temporal sense; being or indicating a relatively great or greater than average duration or passage of time or a duration as specified

From this reading Master Shallow as chief of the sitting justices (what, we should call Chairman of Sessions) was tried by the Royal Commission, and found guilty of murder for putting a man to death by a process long since declared illegal by royal edict.

loyaltynounUS /ˈlɔɪəlti/

the quality of being loyal

From this reading Master Shallow was himself sentenced to suffer the extreme penalty of the law, but King Edward happening to be in one of his periodical money difficulties, the sentence was commuted to a heavy fine--which, to the honour of magisterial loyalty and good-fellowship, be it stated, the Gloucestershire justices nobly subscribed to meet.

magisterialadjectiveUS /ˌmædʒɪˈstiːriəl/

of or relating to a magistrate

From this reading Master Shallow was himself sentenced to suffer the extreme penalty of the law, but King Edward happening to be in one of his periodical money difficulties, the sentence was commuted to a heavy fine--which, to the honour of magisterial loyalty and good-fellowship, be it stated, the Gloucestershire justices nobly subscribed to meet.

maltverbUS /mɔːlt/

treat with malt or malt extract

From this reading It turned out--on the evidence of two cowboys, who had witnessed the event, but apparently not thought worth alluding to it until questioned--that the supposed murdered man, being under the obvious influence of malt liquor, had himself staggered over the precipice at the foot of which he had found his death.

mannounUS /mæn/

an adult person who is male (as opposed to a woman)

From this reading It turned out--on the evidence of two cowboys, who had witnessed the event, but apparently not thought worth alluding to it until questioned--that the supposed murdered man, being under the obvious influence of malt liquor, had himself staggered over the precipice at the foot of which he had found his death.

MasternounUS /ˈmæstər/

an artist of consummate skill

From this reading Master Shallow as chief of the sitting justices (what, we should call Chairman of Sessions) was tried by the Royal Commission, and found guilty of murder for putting a man to death by a process long since declared illegal by royal edict.

meetverbUS /miːt/

come together

From this reading Master Shallow was himself sentenced to suffer the extreme penalty of the law, but King Edward happening to be in one of his periodical money difficulties, the sentence was commuted to a heavy fine--which, to the honour of magisterial loyalty and good-fellowship, be it stated, the Gloucestershire justices nobly subscribed to meet.

moneynounUS /ˈmʌni/

the most common medium of exchange; functions as legal tender

From this reading Master Shallow was himself sentenced to suffer the extreme penalty of the law, but King Edward happening to be in one of his periodical money difficulties, the sentence was commuted to a heavy fine--which, to the honour of magisterial loyalty and good-fellowship, be it stated, the Gloucestershire justices nobly subscribed to meet.

murderverbUS /ˈmɜːrdər/

kill intentionally and with premeditation

From this reading Master Shallow as chief of the sitting justices (what, we should call Chairman of Sessions) was tried by the Royal Commission, and found guilty of murder for putting a man to death by a process long since declared illegal by royal edict.

murderedadjectiveUS /ˈmɜːrdərd/

killed unlawfully

From this reading It turned out--on the evidence of two cowboys, who had witnessed the event, but apparently not thought worth alluding to it until questioned--that the supposed murdered man, being under the obvious influence of malt liquor, had himself staggered over the precipice at the foot of which he had found his death.

noblyadverbUS /ˈnɑːbli/

in a noble manner

From this reading Master Shallow was himself sentenced to suffer the extreme penalty of the law, but King Edward happening to be in one of his periodical money difficulties, the sentence was commuted to a heavy fine--which, to the honour of magisterial loyalty and good-fellowship, be it stated, the Gloucestershire justices nobly subscribed to meet.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading It turned out--on the evidence of two cowboys, who had witnessed the event, but apparently not thought worth alluding to it until questioned--that the supposed murdered man, being under the obvious influence of malt liquor, had himself staggered over the precipice at the foot of which he had found his death.

oathnounUS /oʊθ/

profane or obscene expression usually of surprise or anger

From this reading * A common expedient resorted to by the consciously guilty in the Trial of Ordeal by Touch; similar to that practised by the ignorant of the present day, who think that by “kissing the thumb” instead of the book in a court of justice they evade the legal and sacred responsibilities of an oath.

observedadjectiveUS /əbˈzɜːrvd/

discovered or determined by scientific observation

From this reading Master Shallow retained his judicial appointment, with a caution to abstain from the trial of criminals by exploded Saxon ordeals for the future, which he carefully observed.

obviousadjectiveUS /ˈɑːbviəs/

easily perceived by the senses or grasped by the mind

From this reading It turned out--on the evidence of two cowboys, who had witnessed the event, but apparently not thought worth alluding to it until questioned--that the supposed murdered man, being under the obvious influence of malt liquor, had himself staggered over the precipice at the foot of which he had found his death.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading * A common expedient resorted to by the consciously guilty in the Trial of Ordeal by Touch; similar to that practised by the ignorant of the present day, who think that by “kissing the thumb” instead of the book in a court of justice they evade the legal and sacred responsibilities of an oath.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading It turned out--on the evidence of two cowboys, who had witnessed the event, but apparently not thought worth alluding to it until questioned--that the supposed murdered man, being under the obvious influence of malt liquor, had himself staggered over the precipice at the foot of which he had found his death.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading Master Shallow was himself sentenced to suffer the extreme penalty of the law, but King Edward happening to be in one of his periodical money difficulties, the sentence was commuted to a heavy fine--which, to the honour of magisterial loyalty and good-fellowship, be it stated, the Gloucestershire justices nobly subscribed to meet.

OrdealnounUS /ɔːrˈdiːl/

a severe or trying experience

From this reading * A common expedient resorted to by the consciously guilty in the Trial of Ordeal by Touch; similar to that practised by the ignorant of the present day, who think that by “kissing the thumb” instead of the book in a court of justice they evade the legal and sacred responsibilities of an oath.

ordealsnounUS /ɔːrˈdiːlz/

plural of “ordeal” — a severe or trying experience

From this reading Master Shallow retained his judicial appointment, with a caution to abstain from the trial of criminals by exploded Saxon ordeals for the future, which he carefully observed.

outadjectiveUS /aʊt/

not allowed to continue to bat or run

From this reading It turned out--on the evidence of two cowboys, who had witnessed the event, but apparently not thought worth alluding to it until questioned--that the supposed murdered man, being under the obvious influence of malt liquor, had himself staggered over the precipice at the foot of which he had found his death.

overprepositionUS /ˈoʊvər/

above and across; more than

From this reading It turned out--on the evidence of two cowboys, who had witnessed the event, but apparently not thought worth alluding to it until questioned--that the supposed murdered man, being under the obvious influence of malt liquor, had himself staggered over the precipice at the foot of which he had found his death.

penaltynounUS /ˈpenəlti/

the act of punishing

From this reading Master Shallow was himself sentenced to suffer the extreme penalty of the law, but King Edward happening to be in one of his periodical money difficulties, the sentence was commuted to a heavy fine--which, to the honour of magisterial loyalty and good-fellowship, be it stated, the Gloucestershire justices nobly subscribed to meet.

periodicalnounUS /ˌpɪriˈɑːdɪkəl/

a publication that appears at fixed intervals

From this reading Master Shallow was himself sentenced to suffer the extreme penalty of the law, but King Edward happening to be in one of his periodical money difficulties, the sentence was commuted to a heavy fine--which, to the honour of magisterial loyalty and good-fellowship, be it stated, the Gloucestershire justices nobly subscribed to meet.

practisedadjectiveUS /ˈpræktɪst/

skillful after much practice

From this reading * A common expedient resorted to by the consciously guilty in the Trial of Ordeal by Touch; similar to that practised by the ignorant of the present day, who think that by “kissing the thumb” instead of the book in a court of justice they evade the legal and sacred responsibilities of an oath.

precipicenounUS /ˈpresəpəs/

a very steep cliff

From this reading It turned out--on the evidence of two cowboys, who had witnessed the event, but apparently not thought worth alluding to it until questioned--that the supposed murdered man, being under the obvious influence of malt liquor, had himself staggered over the precipice at the foot of which he had found his death.

presentverbUS /ˈprezənt/

give an exhibition of to an interested audience

From this reading * A common expedient resorted to by the consciously guilty in the Trial of Ordeal by Touch; similar to that practised by the ignorant of the present day, who think that by “kissing the thumb” instead of the book in a court of justice they evade the legal and sacred responsibilities of an oath.

processverbUS /ˈprɑːses/

subject to a process or treatment, with the aim of readying for some purpose, improving, or remedying a condition

From this reading Master Shallow as chief of the sitting justices (what, we should call Chairman of Sessions) was tried by the Royal Commission, and found guilty of murder for putting a man to death by a process long since declared illegal by royal edict.

puttingnounUS /ˈpʌtɪŋ/

hitting a golf ball that is on the green using a putter

From this reading Master Shallow as chief of the sitting justices (what, we should call Chairman of Sessions) was tried by the Royal Commission, and found guilty of murder for putting a man to death by a process long since declared illegal by royal edict.

questionedverbUS /ˈkwestʃənd/

past form of “question” — challenge the accuracy, probity, or propriety of

From this reading It turned out--on the evidence of two cowboys, who had witnessed the event, but apparently not thought worth alluding to it until questioned--that the supposed murdered man, being under the obvious influence of malt liquor, had himself staggered over the precipice at the foot of which he had found his death.

resortedverbUS /rɪˈzɔːrtɪd/

past form of “resort” — have recourse to

From this reading * A common expedient resorted to by the consciously guilty in the Trial of Ordeal by Touch; similar to that practised by the ignorant of the present day, who think that by “kissing the thumb” instead of the book in a court of justice they evade the legal and sacred responsibilities of an oath.

responsibilitiesnounUS /riˌspɑːnsəˈbɪlətiz/

plural of “responsibility” — the social force that binds you to the courses of action demanded by that force

From this reading * A common expedient resorted to by the consciously guilty in the Trial of Ordeal by Touch; similar to that practised by the ignorant of the present day, who think that by “kissing the thumb” instead of the book in a court of justice they evade the legal and sacred responsibilities of an oath.

retainedadjectiveUS /rɪˈteɪnd/

continued in your keeping or use or memory

From this reading Master Shallow retained his judicial appointment, with a caution to abstain from the trial of criminals by exploded Saxon ordeals for the future, which he carefully observed.

RoyaladjectiveUS /ˈrɔɪəl/

of or relating to or indicative of or issued or performed by a king or queen or other monarch

From this reading Master Shallow as chief of the sitting justices (what, we should call Chairman of Sessions) was tried by the Royal Commission, and found guilty of murder for putting a man to death by a process long since declared illegal by royal edict.

sacredadjectiveUS /ˈseɪkrəd/

concerned with religion or religious purposes

From this reading * A common expedient resorted to by the consciously guilty in the Trial of Ordeal by Touch; similar to that practised by the ignorant of the present day, who think that by “kissing the thumb” instead of the book in a court of justice they evade the legal and sacred responsibilities of an oath.

SaxonnounUS /ˈsæksən/

a member of a Germanic people who conquered England and merged with the Angles and Jutes to become Anglo-Saxons; dominant in England until the Norman Conquest

From this reading Master Shallow retained his judicial appointment, with a caution to abstain from the trial of criminals by exploded Saxon ordeals for the future, which he carefully observed.

sentencenounUS /ˈsentəns/

a string of words satisfying the grammatical rules of a language

From this reading Master Shallow was himself sentenced to suffer the extreme penalty of the law, but King Edward happening to be in one of his periodical money difficulties, the sentence was commuted to a heavy fine--which, to the honour of magisterial loyalty and good-fellowship, be it stated, the Gloucestershire justices nobly subscribed to meet.

sentencedverbUS /ˈsentənst/

past form of “sentence” — pronounce a sentence on (somebody) in a court of law

From this reading Master Shallow was himself sentenced to suffer the extreme penalty of the law, but King Edward happening to be in one of his periodical money difficulties, the sentence was commuted to a heavy fine--which, to the honour of magisterial loyalty and good-fellowship, be it stated, the Gloucestershire justices nobly subscribed to meet.

SessionsnounUS /ˈseʃənz/

United States composer who promoted 20th century music (1896-1985)

From this reading Master Shallow as chief of the sitting justices (what, we should call Chairman of Sessions) was tried by the Royal Commission, and found guilty of murder for putting a man to death by a process long since declared illegal by royal edict.

ShallowadjectiveUS /ˈʃæloʊ/

lacking physical depth; having little spatial extension downward or inward from an outer surface or backward or outward from a center

From this reading Master Shallow as chief of the sitting justices (what, we should call Chairman of Sessions) was tried by the Royal Commission, and found guilty of murder for putting a man to death by a process long since declared illegal by royal edict.

shouldmodal verbUS /ʃʊd/

used to say what is right, expected, or advisable

From this reading Master Shallow as chief of the sitting justices (what, we should call Chairman of Sessions) was tried by the Royal Commission, and found guilty of murder for putting a man to death by a process long since declared illegal by royal edict.

similaradjectiveUS /ˈsɪmələr/

marked by correspondence or resemblance

From this reading * A common expedient resorted to by the consciously guilty in the Trial of Ordeal by Touch; similar to that practised by the ignorant of the present day, who think that by “kissing the thumb” instead of the book in a court of justice they evade the legal and sacred responsibilities of an oath.

sinceprepositionUS /sɪns/

from a time in the past until now

From this reading Master Shallow as chief of the sitting justices (what, we should call Chairman of Sessions) was tried by the Royal Commission, and found guilty of murder for putting a man to death by a process long since declared illegal by royal edict.

sittingnounUS /ˈsɪtɪŋ/

(photography) the act of assuming a certain position (as for a photograph or portrait)

From this reading Master Shallow as chief of the sitting justices (what, we should call Chairman of Sessions) was tried by the Royal Commission, and found guilty of murder for putting a man to death by a process long since declared illegal by royal edict.

staggeredverbUS /ˈstæɡərd/

past form of “stagger” — walk as if unable to control one's movements

From this reading It turned out--on the evidence of two cowboys, who had witnessed the event, but apparently not thought worth alluding to it until questioned--that the supposed murdered man, being under the obvious influence of malt liquor, had himself staggered over the precipice at the foot of which he had found his death.

statedadjectiveUS /ˈsteɪtɪd/

declared as fact; explicitly stated

From this reading Master Shallow was himself sentenced to suffer the extreme penalty of the law, but King Edward happening to be in one of his periodical money difficulties, the sentence was commuted to a heavy fine--which, to the honour of magisterial loyalty and good-fellowship, be it stated, the Gloucestershire justices nobly subscribed to meet.

subscribedadjectiveUS /səbˈskraɪbd/

(of a contract or will or other document) having a signature written at the end

From this reading Master Shallow was himself sentenced to suffer the extreme penalty of the law, but King Edward happening to be in one of his periodical money difficulties, the sentence was commuted to a heavy fine--which, to the honour of magisterial loyalty and good-fellowship, be it stated, the Gloucestershire justices nobly subscribed to meet.

sufferverbUS /ˈsʌfər/

undergo or be subjected to

From this reading Master Shallow was himself sentenced to suffer the extreme penalty of the law, but King Edward happening to be in one of his periodical money difficulties, the sentence was commuted to a heavy fine--which, to the honour of magisterial loyalty and good-fellowship, be it stated, the Gloucestershire justices nobly subscribed to meet.

supposedadjectiveUS /səˈpoʊzd/

required or under orders

From this reading It turned out--on the evidence of two cowboys, who had witnessed the event, but apparently not thought worth alluding to it until questioned--that the supposed murdered man, being under the obvious influence of malt liquor, had himself staggered over the precipice at the foot of which he had found his death.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading * A common expedient resorted to by the consciously guilty in the Trial of Ordeal by Touch; similar to that practised by the ignorant of the present day, who think that by “kissing the thumb” instead of the book in a court of justice they evade the legal and sacred responsibilities of an oath.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading * A common expedient resorted to by the consciously guilty in the Trial of Ordeal by Touch; similar to that practised by the ignorant of the present day, who think that by “kissing the thumb” instead of the book in a court of justice they evade the legal and sacred responsibilities of an oath.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading * A common expedient resorted to by the consciously guilty in the Trial of Ordeal by Touch; similar to that practised by the ignorant of the present day, who think that by “kissing the thumb” instead of the book in a court of justice they evade the legal and sacred responsibilities of an oath.

thinkverbUS /θɪŋk/

judge or regard; look upon; judge

From this reading * A common expedient resorted to by the consciously guilty in the Trial of Ordeal by Touch; similar to that practised by the ignorant of the present day, who think that by “kissing the thumb” instead of the book in a court of justice they evade the legal and sacred responsibilities of an oath.

thoughtnounUS /θɔːt/

the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about

From this reading It turned out--on the evidence of two cowboys, who had witnessed the event, but apparently not thought worth alluding to it until questioned--that the supposed murdered man, being under the obvious influence of malt liquor, had himself staggered over the precipice at the foot of which he had found his death.

thumbnounUS /θʌm/

the thick short innermost digit of the forelimb

From this reading * A common expedient resorted to by the consciously guilty in the Trial of Ordeal by Touch; similar to that practised by the ignorant of the present day, who think that by “kissing the thumb” instead of the book in a court of justice they evade the legal and sacred responsibilities of an oath.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading * A common expedient resorted to by the consciously guilty in the Trial of Ordeal by Touch; similar to that practised by the ignorant of the present day, who think that by “kissing the thumb” instead of the book in a court of justice they evade the legal and sacred responsibilities of an oath.

TouchverbUS /tʌtʃ/

make physical contact with, come in contact with

From this reading * A common expedient resorted to by the consciously guilty in the Trial of Ordeal by Touch; similar to that practised by the ignorant of the present day, who think that by “kissing the thumb” instead of the book in a court of justice they evade the legal and sacred responsibilities of an oath.

TrialnounUS /ˈtraɪəl/

the act of testing something

From this reading * A common expedient resorted to by the consciously guilty in the Trial of Ordeal by Touch; similar to that practised by the ignorant of the present day, who think that by “kissing the thumb” instead of the book in a court of justice they evade the legal and sacred responsibilities of an oath.

triedadjectiveUS /traɪd/

tested and proved useful or correct

From this reading Master Shallow as chief of the sitting justices (what, we should call Chairman of Sessions) was tried by the Royal Commission, and found guilty of murder for putting a man to death by a process long since declared illegal by royal edict.

turnedadjectiveUS /tɜːrnd/

moved around an axis or center

From this reading It turned out--on the evidence of two cowboys, who had witnessed the event, but apparently not thought worth alluding to it until questioned--that the supposed murdered man, being under the obvious influence of malt liquor, had himself staggered over the precipice at the foot of which he had found his death.

twonounUS /tuː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one or a numeral representing this number

From this reading It turned out--on the evidence of two cowboys, who had witnessed the event, but apparently not thought worth alluding to it until questioned--that the supposed murdered man, being under the obvious influence of malt liquor, had himself staggered over the precipice at the foot of which he had found his death.

underprepositionUS /ˈʌndər/

below or beneath something; less than

From this reading It turned out--on the evidence of two cowboys, who had witnessed the event, but apparently not thought worth alluding to it until questioned--that the supposed murdered man, being under the obvious influence of malt liquor, had himself staggered over the precipice at the foot of which he had found his death.

untilprepositionUS /ənˈtɪl/

up to a particular time

From this reading It turned out--on the evidence of two cowboys, who had witnessed the event, but apparently not thought worth alluding to it until questioned--that the supposed murdered man, being under the obvious influence of malt liquor, had himself staggered over the precipice at the foot of which he had found his death.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Master Shallow as chief of the sitting justices (what, we should call Chairman of Sessions) was tried by the Royal Commission, and found guilty of murder for putting a man to death by a process long since declared illegal by royal edict.

wepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading Master Shallow as chief of the sitting justices (what, we should call Chairman of Sessions) was tried by the Royal Commission, and found guilty of murder for putting a man to death by a process long since declared illegal by royal edict.

whatpronounUS /wʌt/

used to ask for information about something

From this reading Master Shallow as chief of the sitting justices (what, we should call Chairman of Sessions) was tried by the Royal Commission, and found guilty of murder for putting a man to death by a process long since declared illegal by royal edict.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading It turned out--on the evidence of two cowboys, who had witnessed the event, but apparently not thought worth alluding to it until questioned--that the supposed murdered man, being under the obvious influence of malt liquor, had himself staggered over the precipice at the foot of which he had found his death.

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading * A common expedient resorted to by the consciously guilty in the Trial of Ordeal by Touch; similar to that practised by the ignorant of the present day, who think that by “kissing the thumb” instead of the book in a court of justice they evade the legal and sacred responsibilities of an oath.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading Master Shallow retained his judicial appointment, with a caution to abstain from the trial of criminals by exploded Saxon ordeals for the future, which he carefully observed.

witnessedverbUS /ˈwɪtnəst/

past form of “witness” — be a witness to

From this reading It turned out--on the evidence of two cowboys, who had witnessed the event, but apparently not thought worth alluding to it until questioned--that the supposed murdered man, being under the obvious influence of malt liquor, had himself staggered over the precipice at the foot of which he had found his death.

worthnounUS /wɜːrθ/

an indefinite quantity of something having a specified value

From this reading It turned out--on the evidence of two cowboys, who had witnessed the event, but apparently not thought worth alluding to it until questioned--that the supposed murdered man, being under the obvious influence of malt liquor, had himself staggered over the precipice at the foot of which he had found his death.

Chapter 8 of The Life of Sir John Falstaff by Robert B. (Robert Barnabas) Brough holds 436 sentences, grouped into 88 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 8 of The Life of Sir John Falstaff contain?

Chapter 8 holds 436 sentences of The Life of Sir John Falstaff, unabridged, divided into 88 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 8 of The Life of Sir John Falstaff by Robert B. (Robert Barnabas) Brough exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 436 sentences, grouped into 88 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 8 of The Life of Sir John Falstaff?

Work through the 88 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 88 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 8 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 8 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading The Life of Sir John Falstaff

Common questions about reading The Life of Sir John Falstaff by Robert B. (Robert Barnabas) Brough on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of The Life of Sir John Falstaff?

Yes. All 4031 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #44900 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of The Life of Sir John Falstaff is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #44900, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does The Life of Sir John Falstaff take to read?

About 335 minutes of reading across 807 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read The Life of Sir John Falstaff section by section

How to work through The Life of Sir John Falstaff section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 10 chapters of The Life of Sir John Falstaff to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in The Life of Sir John Falstaff

Words and structures a reader meets early in The Life of Sir John Falstaff, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Robert
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Life of Sir John Falstaff; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Brough
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Life of Sir John Falstaff; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Biography
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Life of Sir John Falstaff; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Knight
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Life of Sir John Falstaff; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.