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The little Barefoot
The little Barefoot

Chapter XX

Chapter 20 of The little Barefoot is here in full — 87 sentences across 18 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/17 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
FAMILY WAYS.
It is not morality that governs society, but a hardened form of the same, called custom.
As society now exists, an infringement of morality is more easily pardoned than a departure from custom.
Happy the time and the people, when custom and morality will be one and the same!
All differences, great and small, in the mass, and in private life, have their source in the contradiction of these two--and the hardened form of custom soon stamps anew the inward flow of morality with its own impress and form.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The little Barefoot

Chapter XX

Chapter 20 of The little Barefoot is here in full — 87 sentences across 18 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/17 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
FAMILY WAYS.
/ˈfæməli weɪz/
Line 2
It is not morality that governs society, but a hardened form of the same, called custom.
/ɪt ɪz nɑːt mərˈæləti ðæt ˈɡʌvərnz səˈsaɪəti bʌt ə ˈhɑːrdənd fɔːrm ʌv ðə seɪm kɔːld ˈkʌstəm/
Line 3
As society now exists, an infringement of morality is more easily pardoned than a departure from custom.
/æz səˈsaɪəti naʊ ɪɡˈzɪsts æn ˌɪnˈfrɪndʒmənt ʌv mərˈæləti ɪz mɔːr ˈiːzəli ˈpɑːrdənd ðæn ə dɪˈpɑːrtʃər frʌm ˈkʌstəm/
Line 4
Happy the time and the people, when custom and morality will be one and the same!
/ˈhæpi ðə taɪm ənd ðə ˈpiːpəl wen ˈkʌstəm ənd mərˈæləti wɪl biː wʌn ənd ðə seɪm/
Line 5
All differences, great and small, in the mass, and in private life, have their source in the contradiction of these two--and the hardened form of custom soon stamps anew the inward flow of morality with its own impress and form.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

contradiction noun US /ˌkɑːntrəˈdɪkʃən/

opposition between two conflicting forces or ideas

From this reading “All differences, great and small, in the mass, and in private life, have their source in the contradiction of these two--and the hardened form of custom soon stamps anew the inward flow of morality with its own impress and form.”

differences noun US /ˈdɪfərənsɪz/

plural of “difference” — the quality of being unlike or dissimilar

From this reading “All differences, great and small, in the mass, and in private life, have their source in the contradiction of these two--and the hardened form of custom soon stamps anew the inward flow of morality with its own impress and form.”

exists verb US /ɪɡˈzɪsts/

third-person singular of “exist” — have an existence, be extant

From this reading “As society now exists, an infringement of morality is more easily pardoned than a departure from custom.”

governs verb US /ˈɡʌvərnz/

third-person singular of “govern” — bring into conformity with rules or principles or usage; impose regulations

From this reading “It is not morality that governs society, but a hardened form of the same, called custom.”

infringement noun US /ˌɪnˈfrɪndʒmənt/

an act that disregards an agreement or a right

From this reading “As society now exists, an infringement of morality is more easily pardoned than a departure from custom.”

morality noun US /mərˈæləti/

concern with the distinction between good and evil or right and wrong; right or good conduct

From this reading “It is not morality that governs society, but a hardened form of the same, called custom.”

pardoned verb US /ˈpɑːrdənd/

past form of “pardon” — accept an excuse for

From this reading “As society now exists, an infringement of morality is more easily pardoned than a departure from custom.”

stamps noun US /stæmps/

plural of “stamp” — the distinctive form in which a thing is made

From this reading “All differences, great and small, in the mass, and in private life, have their source in the contradiction of these two--and the hardened form of custom soon stamps anew the inward flow of morality with its own impress and form.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

private life adjective + noun

In this reading “All differences, great and small, in the mass, and in private life, have their source in the contradiction of these two--and the hardened form of custom soon stamps anew the inward flow of morality with its own impress and form.”

All words in this reading · 60

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading It is not morality that governs society, but a hardened form of the same, called custom.

AlladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading All differences, great and small, in the mass, and in private life, have their source in the contradiction of these two--and the hardened form of custom soon stamps anew the inward flow of morality with its own impress and form.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading As society now exists, an infringement of morality is more easily pardoned than a departure from custom.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Happy the time and the people, when custom and morality will be one and the same!

anewadverbUS /əˈnuː/

again but in a new or different way

From this reading All differences, great and small, in the mass, and in private life, have their source in the contradiction of these two--and the hardened form of custom soon stamps anew the inward flow of morality with its own impress and form.

AsconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading As society now exists, an infringement of morality is more easily pardoned than a departure from custom.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading Happy the time and the people, when custom and morality will be one and the same!

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading It is not morality that governs society, but a hardened form of the same, called custom.

calledverbUS /kɔːld/

past form of “call” — assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to

From this reading It is not morality that governs society, but a hardened form of the same, called custom.

contradictionnounUS /ˌkɑːntrəˈdɪkʃən/

opposition between two conflicting forces or ideas

From this reading All differences, great and small, in the mass, and in private life, have their source in the contradiction of these two--and the hardened form of custom soon stamps anew the inward flow of morality with its own impress and form.

customnounUS /ˈkʌstəm/

accepted or habitual practice

From this reading It is not morality that governs society, but a hardened form of the same, called custom.

departurenounUS /dɪˈpɑːrtʃər/

the act of departing

From this reading As society now exists, an infringement of morality is more easily pardoned than a departure from custom.

differencesnounUS /ˈdɪfərənsɪz/

plural of “difference” — the quality of being unlike or dissimilar

From this reading All differences, great and small, in the mass, and in private life, have their source in the contradiction of these two--and the hardened form of custom soon stamps anew the inward flow of morality with its own impress and form.

easilyadverbUS /ˈiːzəli/

with ease (“easy” is sometimes used informally for “easily”)

From this reading As society now exists, an infringement of morality is more easily pardoned than a departure from custom.

existsverbUS /ɪɡˈzɪsts/

third-person singular of “exist” — have an existence, be extant

From this reading As society now exists, an infringement of morality is more easily pardoned than a departure from custom.

FAMILYnounUS /ˈfæməli/

a social unit living together

From this reading FAMILY WAYS.

flownounUS /floʊ/

the motion characteristic of fluids (liquids or gases)

From this reading All differences, great and small, in the mass, and in private life, have their source in the contradiction of these two--and the hardened form of custom soon stamps anew the inward flow of morality with its own impress and form.

formnounUS /fɔːrm/

the phonological or orthographic sound or appearance of a word that can be used to describe or identify something

From this reading It is not morality that governs society, but a hardened form of the same, called custom.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading As society now exists, an infringement of morality is more easily pardoned than a departure from custom.

governsverbUS /ˈɡʌvərnz/

third-person singular of “govern” — bring into conformity with rules or principles or usage; impose regulations

From this reading It is not morality that governs society, but a hardened form of the same, called custom.

greatadjectiveUS /ɡreɪt/

relatively large in size or number or extent; larger than others of its kind

From this reading All differences, great and small, in the mass, and in private life, have their source in the contradiction of these two--and the hardened form of custom soon stamps anew the inward flow of morality with its own impress and form.

HappyadjectiveUS /ˈhæpi/

enjoying or showing or marked by joy or pleasure

From this reading Happy the time and the people, when custom and morality will be one and the same!

hardenedadjectiveUS /ˈhɑːrdənd/

used of persons; emotionally hardened

From this reading It is not morality that governs society, but a hardened form of the same, called custom.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading All differences, great and small, in the mass, and in private life, have their source in the contradiction of these two--and the hardened form of custom soon stamps anew the inward flow of morality with its own impress and form.

impressverbUS /ˌɪmˈpres/

have an emotional or cognitive impact upon

From this reading All differences, great and small, in the mass, and in private life, have their source in the contradiction of these two--and the hardened form of custom soon stamps anew the inward flow of morality with its own impress and form.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading All differences, great and small, in the mass, and in private life, have their source in the contradiction of these two--and the hardened form of custom soon stamps anew the inward flow of morality with its own impress and form.

infringementnounUS /ˌɪnˈfrɪndʒmənt/

an act that disregards an agreement or a right

From this reading As society now exists, an infringement of morality is more easily pardoned than a departure from custom.

inwardadjectiveUS /ˈɪnwərd/

relating to or existing in the mind or thoughts

From this reading All differences, great and small, in the mass, and in private life, have their source in the contradiction of these two--and the hardened form of custom soon stamps anew the inward flow of morality with its own impress and form.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading It is not morality that governs society, but a hardened form of the same, called custom.

ItpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading It is not morality that governs society, but a hardened form of the same, called custom.

itsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading All differences, great and small, in the mass, and in private life, have their source in the contradiction of these two--and the hardened form of custom soon stamps anew the inward flow of morality with its own impress and form.

lifenounUS /laɪf/

a characteristic state or mode of living

From this reading All differences, great and small, in the mass, and in private life, have their source in the contradiction of these two--and the hardened form of custom soon stamps anew the inward flow of morality with its own impress and form.

massnounUS /mæs/

the property of a body that causes it to have weight in a gravitational field

From this reading All differences, great and small, in the mass, and in private life, have their source in the contradiction of these two--and the hardened form of custom soon stamps anew the inward flow of morality with its own impress and form.

moralitynounUS /mərˈæləti/

concern with the distinction between good and evil or right and wrong; right or good conduct

From this reading It is not morality that governs society, but a hardened form of the same, called custom.

moreadjectiveUS /mɔːr/

(comparative of “much” used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree

From this reading As society now exists, an infringement of morality is more easily pardoned than a departure from custom.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading It is not morality that governs society, but a hardened form of the same, called custom.

nowadverbUS /naʊ/

in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events

From this reading As society now exists, an infringement of morality is more easily pardoned than a departure from custom.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading It is not morality that governs society, but a hardened form of the same, called custom.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading Happy the time and the people, when custom and morality will be one and the same!

ownverbUS /oʊn/

have ownership or possession of

From this reading All differences, great and small, in the mass, and in private life, have their source in the contradiction of these two--and the hardened form of custom soon stamps anew the inward flow of morality with its own impress and form.

pardonedverbUS /ˈpɑːrdənd/

past form of “pardon” — accept an excuse for

From this reading As society now exists, an infringement of morality is more easily pardoned than a departure from custom.

peoplenounUS /ˈpiːpəl/

(plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively

From this reading Happy the time and the people, when custom and morality will be one and the same!

privateadjectiveUS /ˈpraɪvət/

confined to particular persons or groups or providing privacy

From this reading All differences, great and small, in the mass, and in private life, have their source in the contradiction of these two--and the hardened form of custom soon stamps anew the inward flow of morality with its own impress and form.

sameadjectiveUS /seɪm/

Identical; not different.

From this reading It is not morality that governs society, but a hardened form of the same, called custom.

smalladjectiveUS /smɔːl/

limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading All differences, great and small, in the mass, and in private life, have their source in the contradiction of these two--and the hardened form of custom soon stamps anew the inward flow of morality with its own impress and form.

societynounUS /səˈsaɪəti/

an extended social group having a distinctive cultural and economic organization

From this reading It is not morality that governs society, but a hardened form of the same, called custom.

soonadverbUS /suːn/

in the near future

From this reading All differences, great and small, in the mass, and in private life, have their source in the contradiction of these two--and the hardened form of custom soon stamps anew the inward flow of morality with its own impress and form.

sourcenounUS /sɔːrs/

the place where something begins, where it springs into being

From this reading All differences, great and small, in the mass, and in private life, have their source in the contradiction of these two--and the hardened form of custom soon stamps anew the inward flow of morality with its own impress and form.

stampsnounUS /stæmps/

plural of “stamp” — the distinctive form in which a thing is made

From this reading All differences, great and small, in the mass, and in private life, have their source in the contradiction of these two--and the hardened form of custom soon stamps anew the inward flow of morality with its own impress and form.

thanconjunctionUS /ðæn/

used to introduce the second part of a comparison

From this reading As society now exists, an infringement of morality is more easily pardoned than a departure from custom.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading It is not morality that governs society, but a hardened form of the same, called custom.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading It is not morality that governs society, but a hardened form of the same, called custom.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading All differences, great and small, in the mass, and in private life, have their source in the contradiction of these two--and the hardened form of custom soon stamps anew the inward flow of morality with its own impress and form.

thesedeterminerUS /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading All differences, great and small, in the mass, and in private life, have their source in the contradiction of these two--and the hardened form of custom soon stamps anew the inward flow of morality with its own impress and form.

timenounUS /taɪm/

an instance or single occasion for some event

From this reading Happy the time and the people, when custom and morality will be one and the same!

twonounUS /tuː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one or a numeral representing this number

From this reading All differences, great and small, in the mass, and in private life, have their source in the contradiction of these two--and the hardened form of custom soon stamps anew the inward flow of morality with its own impress and form.

WAYSnounUS /weɪz/

structure consisting of a sloping way down to the water from the place where ships are built or repaired

From this reading FAMILY WAYS.

whenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading Happy the time and the people, when custom and morality will be one and the same!

willmodal verbUS /wɪl/

used to talk about the future, or about willingness

From this reading Happy the time and the people, when custom and morality will be one and the same!

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading All differences, great and small, in the mass, and in private life, have their source in the contradiction of these two--and the hardened form of custom soon stamps anew the inward flow of morality with its own impress and form.

Chapter 20 of The little Barefoot by Berthold Auerbach holds 87 sentences, grouped into 18 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 20 of The little Barefoot contain?

Chapter 20 holds 87 sentences of The little Barefoot, unabridged, divided into 18 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 20 of The little Barefoot by Berthold Auerbach exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 87 sentences, grouped into 18 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 20 of The little Barefoot?

Work through the 18 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 18 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 20 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 20 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading The little Barefoot

Common questions about reading The little Barefoot by Berthold Auerbach on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of The little Barefoot?

Yes. All 0 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #? are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of The little Barefoot is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #?, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does The little Barefoot take to read?

About 5 minutes of reading across 0 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

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  3. Listen and tap

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Vocabulary met early in The little Barefoot

Words and structures a reader meets early in The little Barefoot, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Chapter 1
One of the 0 chapters of The little Barefoot, divided into 5-sentence reading sections.
Chapter 2
One of the 0 chapters of The little Barefoot, divided into 5-sentence reading sections.
Chapter 3
One of the 0 chapters of The little Barefoot, divided into 5-sentence reading sections.