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The Making of an American
The Making of an American

Chapter IV · Chapter 4

Chapter 4 of The Making of an American is here in full — 278 sentences across 56 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/55 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
WORKING AND WANDERING Winter came quickly up by the northern lakes, but it had no terror for me.
For once I had shelter and enough to eat.
It found me felling trees on Swede Hill, where a considerable settlement of Scandinavians was growing up.
I had tried my hand at making cradles in a furniture-shop, but at two dollars and forty cents per dozen there was not much profit in it.
So I took to the woods and learned to swing an axe in the American fashion that had charmed me so at Brady's Bend.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The Making of an American

Chapter IV · Chapter 4

Chapter 4 of The Making of an American is here in full — 278 sentences across 56 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/55 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
WORKING AND WANDERING Winter came quickly up by the northern lakes, but it had no terror for me.
/ˈwɜːrkɪŋ ənd ˈwɑːndərɪŋ ˈwɪntər keɪm ˈkwɪkli ʌp baɪ ðə ˈnɔːrðərn leɪks bʌt ɪt hæd noʊ ˈterər fɔːr miː/
Line 2
For once I had shelter and enough to eat.
/fɔːr wʌns aɪ hæd ˈʃeltər ənd ɪˈnʌf tuː iːt/
Line 3
It found me felling trees on Swede Hill, where a considerable settlement of Scandinavians was growing up.
/ɪt faʊnd miː ˈfelɪŋ triːz ɑːn swiːd hɪl wer ə kənˈsɪdərəbəl ˈsetəlmənt ʌv ˌskændɪˈneɪviənz wɑːz ˈɡroʊɪŋ ʌp/
Line 4
I had tried my hand at making cradles in a furniture-shop, but at two dollars and forty cents per dozen there was not much profit in it.
Line 5
So I took to the woods and learned to swing an axe in the American fashion that had charmed me so at Brady's Bend.
/soʊ aɪ tʊk tuː ðə wʊdz ənd lɜːrnd tuː swɪŋ æn æks ɪn ðə əˈmerəkən ˈfæʃən ðæt hæd tʃɑːrmd miː soʊ æt ˈbreɪdiz bend/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

Brady's noun US /ˈbreɪdiz/

possessive form of “brady” — United States pioneer photographer famous for his portraits; was the official Union photographer for the American Civil War (1823-1896)

From this reading “So I took to the woods and learned to swing an axe in the American fashion that had charmed me so at Brady's Bend.”

charmed adjective US /tʃɑːrmd/

strongly attracted

From this reading “So I took to the woods and learned to swing an axe in the American fashion that had charmed me so at Brady's Bend.”

cradles noun US /ˈkreɪdəlz/

plural of “cradle” — a baby bed with sides and rockers

From this reading “I had tried my hand at making cradles in a furniture-shop, but at two dollars and forty cents per dozen there was not much profit in it.”

felling verb US /ˈfelɪŋ/

-ing form of “fell” — cause to fall by or as if by delivering a blow

From this reading “It found me felling trees on Swede Hill, where a considerable settlement of Scandinavians was growing up.”

lakes noun US /leɪks/

plural of “lake” — a body of (usually fresh) water surrounded by land

From this reading “WORKING AND WANDERING Winter came quickly up by the northern lakes, but it had no terror for me.”

Scandinavians noun US /ˌskændɪˈneɪviənz/

plural of “scandinavian” — an inhabitant of Scandinavia

From this reading “It found me felling trees on Swede Hill, where a considerable settlement of Scandinavians was growing up.”

Swede noun US /swiːd/

a native or inhabitant of Sweden

From this reading “It found me felling trees on Swede Hill, where a considerable settlement of Scandinavians was growing up.”

swing verb US /swɪŋ/

move in a curve or arc, usually with the intent of hitting

From this reading “So I took to the woods and learned to swing an axe in the American fashion that had charmed me so at Brady's Bend.”

All words in this reading · 69

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading It found me felling trees on Swede Hill, where a considerable settlement of Scandinavians was growing up.

AmericannounUS /əˈmerəkən/

a native or inhabitant of the United States

From this reading So I took to the woods and learned to swing an axe in the American fashion that had charmed me so at Brady's Bend.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading So I took to the woods and learned to swing an axe in the American fashion that had charmed me so at Brady's Bend.

ANDconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading WORKING AND WANDERING Winter came quickly up by the northern lakes, but it had no terror for me.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading I had tried my hand at making cradles in a furniture-shop, but at two dollars and forty cents per dozen there was not much profit in it.

axenounUS /æks/

an edge tool with a heavy bladed head mounted across a handle

From this reading So I took to the woods and learned to swing an axe in the American fashion that had charmed me so at Brady's Bend.

BendverbUS /bend/

form a curve

From this reading So I took to the woods and learned to swing an axe in the American fashion that had charmed me so at Brady's Bend.

Brady'snounUS /ˈbreɪdiz/

possessive form of “brady” — United States pioneer photographer famous for his portraits; was the official Union photographer for the American Civil War (1823-1896)

From this reading So I took to the woods and learned to swing an axe in the American fashion that had charmed me so at Brady's Bend.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading WORKING AND WANDERING Winter came quickly up by the northern lakes, but it had no terror for me.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading WORKING AND WANDERING Winter came quickly up by the northern lakes, but it had no terror for me.

cameverbUS /keɪm/

inflected form of “come” — move toward, travel toward something or somebody or approach something or somebody

From this reading WORKING AND WANDERING Winter came quickly up by the northern lakes, but it had no terror for me.

centsnounUS /sents/

plural of “cent” — a fractional monetary unit of several countries

From this reading I had tried my hand at making cradles in a furniture-shop, but at two dollars and forty cents per dozen there was not much profit in it.

charmedadjectiveUS /tʃɑːrmd/

strongly attracted

From this reading So I took to the woods and learned to swing an axe in the American fashion that had charmed me so at Brady's Bend.

considerableadjectiveUS /kənˈsɪdərəbəl/

large or relatively large in number or amount or extent or degree

From this reading It found me felling trees on Swede Hill, where a considerable settlement of Scandinavians was growing up.

cradlesnounUS /ˈkreɪdəlz/

plural of “cradle” — a baby bed with sides and rockers

From this reading I had tried my hand at making cradles in a furniture-shop, but at two dollars and forty cents per dozen there was not much profit in it.

dollarsnounUS /ˈdɑːlərz/

plural of “dollar” — the basic monetary unit in many countries; equal to 100 cents

From this reading I had tried my hand at making cradles in a furniture-shop, but at two dollars and forty cents per dozen there was not much profit in it.

dozennounUS /ˈdʌzən/

the cardinal number that is the sum of eleven and one

From this reading I had tried my hand at making cradles in a furniture-shop, but at two dollars and forty cents per dozen there was not much profit in it.

eatverbUS /iːt/

take in solid food

From this reading For once I had shelter and enough to eat.

enoughnounUS /ɪˈnʌf/

an adequate quantity; a quantity that is large enough to achieve a purpose

From this reading For once I had shelter and enough to eat.

fashionnounUS /ˈfæʃən/

how something is done or how it happens

From this reading So I took to the woods and learned to swing an axe in the American fashion that had charmed me so at Brady's Bend.

fellingverbUS /ˈfelɪŋ/

-ing form of “fell” — cause to fall by or as if by delivering a blow

From this reading It found me felling trees on Swede Hill, where a considerable settlement of Scandinavians was growing up.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading WORKING AND WANDERING Winter came quickly up by the northern lakes, but it had no terror for me.

fortyadjectiveUS /ˈfɔːrti/

being ten more than thirty

From this reading I had tried my hand at making cradles in a furniture-shop, but at two dollars and forty cents per dozen there was not much profit in it.

foundverbUS /faʊnd/

set up or found

From this reading It found me felling trees on Swede Hill, where a considerable settlement of Scandinavians was growing up.

furniture-shop

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading I had tried my hand at making cradles in a furniture-shop, but at two dollars and forty cents per dozen there was not much profit in it.

growingnounUS /ˈɡroʊɪŋ/

(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level

From this reading It found me felling trees on Swede Hill, where a considerable settlement of Scandinavians was growing up.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading WORKING AND WANDERING Winter came quickly up by the northern lakes, but it had no terror for me.

handnounUS /hænd/

the (prehensile) extremity of the superior limb

From this reading I had tried my hand at making cradles in a furniture-shop, but at two dollars and forty cents per dozen there was not much profit in it.

HillnounUS /hɪl/

a local and well-defined elevation of the land

From this reading It found me felling trees on Swede Hill, where a considerable settlement of Scandinavians was growing up.

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading For once I had shelter and enough to eat.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading I had tried my hand at making cradles in a furniture-shop, but at two dollars and forty cents per dozen there was not much profit in it.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading WORKING AND WANDERING Winter came quickly up by the northern lakes, but it had no terror for me.

lakesnounUS /leɪks/

plural of “lake” — a body of (usually fresh) water surrounded by land

From this reading WORKING AND WANDERING Winter came quickly up by the northern lakes, but it had no terror for me.

learnedadjectiveUS /lɜːrnd/

having or showing profound knowledge

From this reading So I took to the woods and learned to swing an axe in the American fashion that had charmed me so at Brady's Bend.

makingnounUS /ˈmeɪkɪŋ/

the act that results in something coming to be

From this reading I had tried my hand at making cradles in a furniture-shop, but at two dollars and forty cents per dozen there was not much profit in it.

mepronounUS /miː/

the person speaking, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading WORKING AND WANDERING Winter came quickly up by the northern lakes, but it had no terror for me.

muchadverbUS /mʌtʃ/

to a great degree or extent

From this reading I had tried my hand at making cradles in a furniture-shop, but at two dollars and forty cents per dozen there was not much profit in it.

mydeterminerUS /maɪ/

belonging to the person speaking

From this reading I had tried my hand at making cradles in a furniture-shop, but at two dollars and forty cents per dozen there was not much profit in it.

nodeterminerUS /noʊ/

not any; not one

From this reading WORKING AND WANDERING Winter came quickly up by the northern lakes, but it had no terror for me.

northernadjectiveUS /ˈnɔːrðərn/

in or characteristic of a region of the United States north of (approximately) the Mason-Dixon line

From this reading WORKING AND WANDERING Winter came quickly up by the northern lakes, but it had no terror for me.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading I had tried my hand at making cradles in a furniture-shop, but at two dollars and forty cents per dozen there was not much profit in it.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading It found me felling trees on Swede Hill, where a considerable settlement of Scandinavians was growing up.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading It found me felling trees on Swede Hill, where a considerable settlement of Scandinavians was growing up.

onceadverbUS /wʌns/

on one occasion

From this reading For once I had shelter and enough to eat.

perprepositionUS /pɜːr/

for each

From this reading I had tried my hand at making cradles in a furniture-shop, but at two dollars and forty cents per dozen there was not much profit in it.

profitnounUS /ˈprɑːfət/

the excess of revenues over outlays in a given period of time (including depreciation and other non-cash expenses)

From this reading I had tried my hand at making cradles in a furniture-shop, but at two dollars and forty cents per dozen there was not much profit in it.

quicklyadverbUS /ˈkwɪkli/

with speed

From this reading WORKING AND WANDERING Winter came quickly up by the northern lakes, but it had no terror for me.

ScandinaviansnounUS /ˌskændɪˈneɪviənz/

plural of “scandinavian” — an inhabitant of Scandinavia

From this reading It found me felling trees on Swede Hill, where a considerable settlement of Scandinavians was growing up.

settlementnounUS /ˈsetəlmənt/

a body of people who settle far from home but maintain ties with their homeland; inhabitants remain nationals of their home state but are not literally under the home state's system of government

From this reading It found me felling trees on Swede Hill, where a considerable settlement of Scandinavians was growing up.

shelternounUS /ˈʃeltər/

a structure that provides privacy and protection from danger

From this reading For once I had shelter and enough to eat.

SoconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading So I took to the woods and learned to swing an axe in the American fashion that had charmed me so at Brady's Bend.

SwedenounUS /swiːd/

a native or inhabitant of Sweden

From this reading It found me felling trees on Swede Hill, where a considerable settlement of Scandinavians was growing up.

swingverbUS /swɪŋ/

move in a curve or arc, usually with the intent of hitting

From this reading So I took to the woods and learned to swing an axe in the American fashion that had charmed me so at Brady's Bend.

terrornounUS /ˈterər/

an overwhelming feeling of fear and anxiety

From this reading WORKING AND WANDERING Winter came quickly up by the northern lakes, but it had no terror for me.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading So I took to the woods and learned to swing an axe in the American fashion that had charmed me so at Brady's Bend.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading WORKING AND WANDERING Winter came quickly up by the northern lakes, but it had no terror for me.

thereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading I had tried my hand at making cradles in a furniture-shop, but at two dollars and forty cents per dozen there was not much profit in it.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading For once I had shelter and enough to eat.

tookverbUS /tʊk/

inflected form of “take” — carry out

From this reading So I took to the woods and learned to swing an axe in the American fashion that had charmed me so at Brady's Bend.

treesnounUS /triːz/

plural of “tree” — a tall perennial woody plant having a main trunk and branches forming a distinct elevated crown; includes both gymnosperms and angiosperms

From this reading It found me felling trees on Swede Hill, where a considerable settlement of Scandinavians was growing up.

triedadjectiveUS /traɪd/

tested and proved useful or correct

From this reading I had tried my hand at making cradles in a furniture-shop, but at two dollars and forty cents per dozen there was not much profit in it.

twonounUS /tuː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one or a numeral representing this number

From this reading I had tried my hand at making cradles in a furniture-shop, but at two dollars and forty cents per dozen there was not much profit in it.

upadjectiveUS /ʌp/

being or moving higher in position or greater in some value; being above a former position or level

From this reading WORKING AND WANDERING Winter came quickly up by the northern lakes, but it had no terror for me.

WANDERINGadjectiveUS /ˈwɑːndərɪŋ/

migratory

From this reading WORKING AND WANDERING Winter came quickly up by the northern lakes, but it had no terror for me.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading It found me felling trees on Swede Hill, where a considerable settlement of Scandinavians was growing up.

whereconjunctionUS /wer/

in or at the place that

From this reading It found me felling trees on Swede Hill, where a considerable settlement of Scandinavians was growing up.

WinternounUS /ˈwɪntər/

the coldest season of the year; in the northern hemisphere it extends from the winter solstice to the vernal equinox

From this reading WORKING AND WANDERING Winter came quickly up by the northern lakes, but it had no terror for me.

woodsnounUS /wʊdz/

the trees and other plants in a large densely wooded area

From this reading So I took to the woods and learned to swing an axe in the American fashion that had charmed me so at Brady's Bend.

WORKINGadjectiveUS /ˈwɜːrkɪŋ/

actively engaged in paid work

From this reading WORKING AND WANDERING Winter came quickly up by the northern lakes, but it had no terror for me.

Chapter 4 of The Making of an American by Jacob A. (Jacob August) Riis holds 278 sentences, grouped into 56 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 4 of The Making of an American contain?

Chapter 4 holds 278 sentences of The Making of an American, unabridged, divided into 56 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 4 of The Making of an American by Jacob A. (Jacob August) Riis exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 278 sentences, grouped into 56 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 4 of The Making of an American?

Work through the 56 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 56 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 4 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 4 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading The Making of an American

Common questions about reading The Making of an American by Jacob A. (Jacob August) Riis on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of The Making of an American?

Yes. All 5309 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #6125 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of The Making of an American is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #6125, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does The Making of an American take to read?

About 442 minutes of reading across 1062 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read The Making of an American section by section

How to work through The Making of an American section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 16 chapters of The Making of an American to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in The Making of an American

Words and structures a reader meets early in The Making of an American, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Outskirts
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Making of an American; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Ancient
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Making of an American; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Danish
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Making of an American; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
North
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Making of an American; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.