Chapter VI

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Places where there were no carts and no proper roads, and where the ascents and descents were too abrupt for anything but a biped or a mule; where every acre of the cultivated mountain or moorland had to be turned over with the spade, and every particle of manure laid on the land had to be carried thither in baskets strapped on human shoulders, or in panniers borne by ass or mule.

marked by sudden changes in subject and sharp transitions

From this reading Places where there were no carts and no proper roads, and where the ascents and descents were too abrupt for anything but a biped or a mule; where every acre of the cultivated mountain or moorland had to be turned over with the spade, and every particle of manure laid on the land had to be carried thither in baskets strapped on human shoulders, or in panniers borne by ass or mule.

a unit of area (4840 square yards) used in English-speaking countries

From this reading Places where there were no carts and no proper roads, and where the ascents and descents were too abrupt for anything but a biped or a mule; where every acre of the cultivated mountain or moorland had to be turned over with the spade, and every particle of manure laid on the land had to be carried thither in baskets strapped on human shoulders, or in panniers borne by ass or mule.

relating to or used in or promoting agriculture or farming

From this reading It is difficult in these days of chemistry, steam, and mechanical contrivances for reducing labour--if not for dispensing with it altogether--to realise the difficulties attending the farmer in wild mountainous districts, far removed from the centres of civilisation, and unacquainted with the agricultural implements and appliances even then in use in more favoured districts.

to a complete degree or to the full or entire extent (“whole” is often used informally for “wholly”)

From this reading It is difficult in these days of chemistry, steam, and mechanical contrivances for reducing labour--if not for dispensing with it altogether--to realise the difficulties attending the farmer in wild mountainous districts, far removed from the centres of civilisation, and unacquainted with the agricultural implements and appliances even then in use in more favoured districts.

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading It is difficult in these days of chemistry, steam, and mechanical contrivances for reducing labour--if not for dispensing with it altogether--to realise the difficulties attending the farmer in wild mountainous districts, far removed from the centres of civilisation, and unacquainted with the agricultural implements and appliances even then in use in more favoured districts.

any thing at all

From this reading Places where there were no carts and no proper roads, and where the ascents and descents were too abrupt for anything but a biped or a mule; where every acre of the cultivated mountain or moorland had to be turned over with the spade, and every particle of manure laid on the land had to be carried thither in baskets strapped on human shoulders, or in panniers borne by ass or mule.

plural of “appliance” — a device or control that is very useful for a particular job

From this reading It is difficult in these days of chemistry, steam, and mechanical contrivances for reducing labour--if not for dispensing with it altogether--to realise the difficulties attending the farmer in wild mountainous districts, far removed from the centres of civilisation, and unacquainted with the agricultural implements and appliances even then in use in more favoured districts.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Places where there were no carts and no proper roads, and where the ascents and descents were too abrupt for anything but a biped or a mule; where every acre of the cultivated mountain or moorland had to be turned over with the spade, and every particle of manure laid on the land had to be carried thither in baskets strapped on human shoulders, or in panniers borne by ass or mule.

the fleshy part of the human body that you sit on

From this reading Places where there were no carts and no proper roads, and where the ascents and descents were too abrupt for anything but a biped or a mule; where every acre of the cultivated mountain or moorland had to be turned over with the spade, and every particle of manure laid on the land had to be carried thither in baskets strapped on human shoulders, or in panniers borne by ass or mule.

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading The loss of a whole week's labour at the beginning of October was a serious detriment.

the process whereby a person concentrates on some features of the environment to the (relative) exclusion of others

From this reading It is difficult in these days of chemistry, steam, and mechanical contrivances for reducing labour--if not for dispensing with it altogether--to realise the difficulties attending the farmer in wild mountainous districts, far removed from the centres of civilisation, and unacquainted with the agricultural implements and appliances even then in use in more favoured districts.

plural of “basket” — a container that is usually woven and has handles

From this reading Places where there were no carts and no proper roads, and where the ascents and descents were too abrupt for anything but a biped or a mule; where every acre of the cultivated mountain or moorland had to be turned over with the spade, and every particle of manure laid on the land had to be carried thither in baskets strapped on human shoulders, or in panniers borne by ass or mule.

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading Places where there were no carts and no proper roads, and where the ascents and descents were too abrupt for anything but a biped or a mule; where every acre of the cultivated mountain or moorland had to be turned over with the spade, and every particle of manure laid on the land had to be carried thither in baskets strapped on human shoulders, or in panniers borne by ass or mule.

the event consisting of the start of something

From this reading The loss of a whole week's labour at the beginning of October was a serious detriment.

the -ing form of “be”

From this reading Yet, such were the difficulties Mrs. Edwards and other Welsh farmers had to contend with even up to the present century, the moorland farmers of Cumberland and the North-West Riding of Yorkshire being somewhat similarly situated.

an animal with two feet

From this reading Places where there were no carts and no proper roads, and where the ascents and descents were too abrupt for anything but a biped or a mule; where every acre of the cultivated mountain or moorland had to be turned over with the spade, and every particle of manure laid on the land had to be carried thither in baskets strapped on human shoulders, or in panniers borne by ass or mule.

inflected form of “bear” — have

From this reading Places where there were no carts and no proper roads, and where the ascents and descents were too abrupt for anything but a biped or a mule; where every acre of the cultivated mountain or moorland had to be turned over with the spade, and every particle of manure laid on the land had to be carried thither in baskets strapped on human shoulders, or in panniers borne by ass or mule.

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading Places where there were no carts and no proper roads, and where the ascents and descents were too abrupt for anything but a biped or a mule; where every acre of the cultivated mountain or moorland had to be turned over with the spade, and every particle of manure laid on the land had to be carried thither in baskets strapped on human shoulders, or in panniers borne by ass or mule.

showing who or what does the action

From this reading Places where there were no carts and no proper roads, and where the ascents and descents were too abrupt for anything but a biped or a mule; where every acre of the cultivated mountain or moorland had to be turned over with the spade, and every particle of manure laid on the land had to be carried thither in baskets strapped on human shoulders, or in panniers borne by ass or mule.

inflected form of “carry” — move while supporting, either in a vehicle or in one's hands or on one's body

From this reading Places where there were no carts and no proper roads, and where the ascents and descents were too abrupt for anything but a biped or a mule; where every acre of the cultivated mountain or moorland had to be turned over with the spade, and every particle of manure laid on the land had to be carried thither in baskets strapped on human shoulders, or in panniers borne by ass or mule.

plural of “cart” — a heavy open wagon usually having two wheels and drawn by an animal

From this reading Places where there were no carts and no proper roads, and where the ascents and descents were too abrupt for anything but a biped or a mule; where every acre of the cultivated mountain or moorland had to be turned over with the spade, and every particle of manure laid on the land had to be carried thither in baskets strapped on human shoulders, or in panniers borne by ass or mule.

plural of “centre” — a low-lying region in central France

From this reading It is difficult in these days of chemistry, steam, and mechanical contrivances for reducing labour--if not for dispensing with it altogether--to realise the difficulties attending the farmer in wild mountainous districts, far removed from the centres of civilisation, and unacquainted with the agricultural implements and appliances even then in use in more favoured districts.

a period of 100 years

From this reading Yet, such were the difficulties Mrs. Edwards and other Welsh farmers had to contend with even up to the present century, the moorland farmers of Cumberland and the North-West Riding of Yorkshire being somewhat similarly situated.

the science of matter; the branch of the natural sciences dealing with the composition of substances and their properties and reactions

From this reading It is difficult in these days of chemistry, steam, and mechanical contrivances for reducing labour--if not for dispensing with it altogether--to realise the difficulties attending the farmer in wild mountainous districts, far removed from the centres of civilisation, and unacquainted with the agricultural implements and appliances even then in use in more favoured districts.

the social process whereby societies achieve an advanced stage of development and organization

From this reading It is difficult in these days of chemistry, steam, and mechanical contrivances for reducing labour--if not for dispensing with it altogether--to realise the difficulties attending the farmer in wild mountainous districts, far removed from the centres of civilisation, and unacquainted with the agricultural implements and appliances even then in use in more favoured districts.

maintain or assert

From this reading Yet, such were the difficulties Mrs. Edwards and other Welsh farmers had to contend with even up to the present century, the moorland farmers of Cumberland and the North-West Riding of Yorkshire being somewhat similarly situated.

plural of “contrivance” — a device or control that is very useful for a particular job

From this reading It is difficult in these days of chemistry, steam, and mechanical contrivances for reducing labour--if not for dispensing with it altogether--to realise the difficulties attending the farmer in wild mountainous districts, far removed from the centres of civilisation, and unacquainted with the agricultural implements and appliances even then in use in more favoured districts.

(of land or fields) prepared for raising crops by plowing or fertilizing

From this reading Places where there were no carts and no proper roads, and where the ascents and descents were too abrupt for anything but a biped or a mule; where every acre of the cultivated mountain or moorland had to be turned over with the spade, and every particle of manure laid on the land had to be carried thither in baskets strapped on human shoulders, or in panniers borne by ass or mule.

English general; son of George II; fought unsuccessfully in the battle of Fontenoy (1721-1765)

From this reading Yet, such were the difficulties Mrs. Edwards and other Welsh farmers had to contend with even up to the present century, the moorland farmers of Cumberland and the North-West Riding of Yorkshire being somewhat similarly situated.

the time during which someone's life continues

From this reading It is difficult in these days of chemistry, steam, and mechanical contrivances for reducing labour--if not for dispensing with it altogether--to realise the difficulties attending the farmer in wild mountainous districts, far removed from the centres of civilisation, and unacquainted with the agricultural implements and appliances even then in use in more favoured districts.

plural of “descent” — a movement downward

From this reading Places where there were no carts and no proper roads, and where the ascents and descents were too abrupt for anything but a biped or a mule; where every acre of the cultivated mountain or moorland had to be turned over with the spade, and every particle of manure laid on the land had to be carried thither in baskets strapped on human shoulders, or in panniers borne by ass or mule.

a damage or loss

From this reading The loss of a whole week's labour at the beginning of October was a serious detriment.

not easy; requiring great physical or mental effort to accomplish or comprehend or endure

From this reading It is difficult in these days of chemistry, steam, and mechanical contrivances for reducing labour--if not for dispensing with it altogether--to realise the difficulties attending the farmer in wild mountainous districts, far removed from the centres of civilisation, and unacquainted with the agricultural implements and appliances even then in use in more favoured districts.

plural of “difficulty” — an effort that is inconvenient

From this reading It is difficult in these days of chemistry, steam, and mechanical contrivances for reducing labour--if not for dispensing with it altogether--to realise the difficulties attending the farmer in wild mountainous districts, far removed from the centres of civilisation, and unacquainted with the agricultural implements and appliances even then in use in more favoured districts.

-ing form of “dispense” — administer or bestow, as in small portions

From this reading It is difficult in these days of chemistry, steam, and mechanical contrivances for reducing labour--if not for dispensing with it altogether--to realise the difficulties attending the farmer in wild mountainous districts, far removed from the centres of civilisation, and unacquainted with the agricultural implements and appliances even then in use in more favoured districts.

plural of “district” — a region marked off for administrative or other purposes

From this reading It is difficult in these days of chemistry, steam, and mechanical contrivances for reducing labour--if not for dispensing with it altogether--to realise the difficulties attending the farmer in wild mountainous districts, far removed from the centres of civilisation, and unacquainted with the agricultural implements and appliances even then in use in more favoured districts.

American theologian whose sermons and writings stimulated a period of renewed interest in religion in America (1703-1758)

From this reading Yet, such were the difficulties Mrs. Edwards and other Welsh farmers had to contend with even up to the present century, the moorland farmers of Cumberland and the North-West Riding of Yorkshire being somewhat similarly situated.

divisible by two

From this reading It is difficult in these days of chemistry, steam, and mechanical contrivances for reducing labour--if not for dispensing with it altogether--to realise the difficulties attending the farmer in wild mountainous districts, far removed from the centres of civilisation, and unacquainted with the agricultural implements and appliances even then in use in more favoured districts.

all the members of a group, with none left out

From this reading Places where there were no carts and no proper roads, and where the ascents and descents were too abrupt for anything but a biped or a mule; where every acre of the cultivated mountain or moorland had to be turned over with the spade, and every particle of manure laid on the land had to be carried thither in baskets strapped on human shoulders, or in panniers borne by ass or mule.

to a considerable degree; very much

From this reading It is difficult in these days of chemistry, steam, and mechanical contrivances for reducing labour--if not for dispensing with it altogether--to realise the difficulties attending the farmer in wild mountainous districts, far removed from the centres of civilisation, and unacquainted with the agricultural implements and appliances even then in use in more favoured districts.

a person who operates a farm

From this reading It is difficult in these days of chemistry, steam, and mechanical contrivances for reducing labour--if not for dispensing with it altogether--to realise the difficulties attending the farmer in wild mountainous districts, far removed from the centres of civilisation, and unacquainted with the agricultural implements and appliances even then in use in more favoured districts.

plural of “farmer” — a person who operates a farm

From this reading Yet, such were the difficulties Mrs. Edwards and other Welsh farmers had to contend with even up to the present century, the moorland farmers of Cumberland and the North-West Riding of Yorkshire being somewhat similarly situated.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading It is difficult in these days of chemistry, steam, and mechanical contrivances for reducing labour--if not for dispensing with it altogether--to realise the difficulties attending the farmer in wild mountainous districts, far removed from the centres of civilisation, and unacquainted with the agricultural implements and appliances even then in use in more favoured districts.

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading It is difficult in these days of chemistry, steam, and mechanical contrivances for reducing labour--if not for dispensing with it altogether--to realise the difficulties attending the farmer in wild mountainous districts, far removed from the centres of civilisation, and unacquainted with the agricultural implements and appliances even then in use in more favoured districts.

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading It is difficult in these days of chemistry, steam, and mechanical contrivances for reducing labour--if not for dispensing with it altogether--to realise the difficulties attending the farmer in wild mountainous districts, far removed from the centres of civilisation, and unacquainted with the agricultural implements and appliances even then in use in more favoured districts.

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading Places where there were no carts and no proper roads, and where the ascents and descents were too abrupt for anything but a biped or a mule; where every acre of the cultivated mountain or moorland had to be turned over with the spade, and every particle of manure laid on the land had to be carried thither in baskets strapped on human shoulders, or in panniers borne by ass or mule.

characteristic of humanity

From this reading Places where there were no carts and no proper roads, and where the ascents and descents were too abrupt for anything but a biped or a mule; where every acre of the cultivated mountain or moorland had to be turned over with the spade, and every particle of manure laid on the land had to be carried thither in baskets strapped on human shoulders, or in panniers borne by ass or mule.

on condition that; in the event that

From this reading It is difficult in these days of chemistry, steam, and mechanical contrivances for reducing labour--if not for dispensing with it altogether--to realise the difficulties attending the farmer in wild mountainous districts, far removed from the centres of civilisation, and unacquainted with the agricultural implements and appliances even then in use in more favoured districts.

plural of “implement” — instrumentation (a piece of equipment or tool) used to effect an end

From this reading It is difficult in these days of chemistry, steam, and mechanical contrivances for reducing labour--if not for dispensing with it altogether--to realise the difficulties attending the farmer in wild mountainous districts, far removed from the centres of civilisation, and unacquainted with the agricultural implements and appliances even then in use in more favoured districts.

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading It is difficult in these days of chemistry, steam, and mechanical contrivances for reducing labour--if not for dispensing with it altogether--to realise the difficulties attending the farmer in wild mountainous districts, far removed from the centres of civilisation, and unacquainted with the agricultural implements and appliances even then in use in more favoured districts.

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading It is difficult in these days of chemistry, steam, and mechanical contrivances for reducing labour--if not for dispensing with it altogether--to realise the difficulties attending the farmer in wild mountainous districts, far removed from the centres of civilisation, and unacquainted with the agricultural implements and appliances even then in use in more favoured districts.

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading It is difficult in these days of chemistry, steam, and mechanical contrivances for reducing labour--if not for dispensing with it altogether--to realise the difficulties attending the farmer in wild mountainous districts, far removed from the centres of civilisation, and unacquainted with the agricultural implements and appliances even then in use in more favoured districts.

a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages

From this reading It is difficult in these days of chemistry, steam, and mechanical contrivances for reducing labour--if not for dispensing with it altogether--to realise the difficulties attending the farmer in wild mountainous districts, far removed from the centres of civilisation, and unacquainted with the agricultural implements and appliances even then in use in more favoured districts.

set down according to a plan

From this reading Places where there were no carts and no proper roads, and where the ascents and descents were too abrupt for anything but a biped or a mule; where every acre of the cultivated mountain or moorland had to be turned over with the spade, and every particle of manure laid on the land had to be carried thither in baskets strapped on human shoulders, or in panniers borne by ass or mule.

the land on which real estate is located

From this reading Places where there were no carts and no proper roads, and where the ascents and descents were too abrupt for anything but a biped or a mule; where every acre of the cultivated mountain or moorland had to be turned over with the spade, and every particle of manure laid on the land had to be carried thither in baskets strapped on human shoulders, or in panniers borne by ass or mule.

something that is lost

From this reading The loss of a whole week's labour at the beginning of October was a serious detriment.

no longer in your possession or control; unable to be found or recovered

From this reading LOST.

any animal or plant material used to fertilize land especially animal excreta usually with litter material

From this reading Places where there were no carts and no proper roads, and where the ascents and descents were too abrupt for anything but a biped or a mule; where every acre of the cultivated mountain or moorland had to be turned over with the spade, and every particle of manure laid on the land had to be carried thither in baskets strapped on human shoulders, or in panniers borne by ass or mule.

using (or as if using) mechanisms or tools or devices

From this reading It is difficult in these days of chemistry, steam, and mechanical contrivances for reducing labour--if not for dispensing with it altogether--to realise the difficulties attending the farmer in wild mountainous districts, far removed from the centres of civilisation, and unacquainted with the agricultural implements and appliances even then in use in more favoured districts.

open land usually with peaty soil covered with heather and bracken and moss

From this reading Places where there were no carts and no proper roads, and where the ascents and descents were too abrupt for anything but a biped or a mule; where every acre of the cultivated mountain or moorland had to be turned over with the spade, and every particle of manure laid on the land had to be carried thither in baskets strapped on human shoulders, or in panniers borne by ass or mule.

(comparative of “much” used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree

From this reading It is difficult in these days of chemistry, steam, and mechanical contrivances for reducing labour--if not for dispensing with it altogether--to realise the difficulties attending the farmer in wild mountainous districts, far removed from the centres of civilisation, and unacquainted with the agricultural implements and appliances even then in use in more favoured districts.

a land mass that projects well above its surroundings; higher than a hill

From this reading Places where there were no carts and no proper roads, and where the ascents and descents were too abrupt for anything but a biped or a mule; where every acre of the cultivated mountain or moorland had to be turned over with the spade, and every particle of manure laid on the land had to be carried thither in baskets strapped on human shoulders, or in panniers borne by ass or mule.

having hills and crags

From this reading It is difficult in these days of chemistry, steam, and mechanical contrivances for reducing labour--if not for dispensing with it altogether--to realise the difficulties attending the farmer in wild mountainous districts, far removed from the centres of civilisation, and unacquainted with the agricultural implements and appliances even then in use in more favoured districts.

a form of address for a married woman

From this reading Yet, such were the difficulties Mrs. Edwards and other Welsh farmers had to contend with even up to the present century, the moorland farmers of Cumberland and the North-West Riding of Yorkshire being somewhat similarly situated.

hybrid offspring of a male donkey and a female horse; usually sterile

From this reading Places where there were no carts and no proper roads, and where the ascents and descents were too abrupt for anything but a biped or a mule; where every acre of the cultivated mountain or moorland had to be turned over with the spade, and every particle of manure laid on the land had to be carried thither in baskets strapped on human shoulders, or in panniers borne by ass or mule.

not any; not one

From this reading Places where there were no carts and no proper roads, and where the ascents and descents were too abrupt for anything but a biped or a mule; where every acre of the cultivated mountain or moorland had to be turned over with the spade, and every particle of manure laid on the land had to be carried thither in baskets strapped on human shoulders, or in panniers borne by ass or mule.

to, toward, or in the northwest

From this reading Yet, such were the difficulties Mrs. Edwards and other Welsh farmers had to contend with even up to the present century, the moorland farmers of Cumberland and the North-West Riding of Yorkshire being somewhat similarly situated.

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading It is difficult in these days of chemistry, steam, and mechanical contrivances for reducing labour--if not for dispensing with it altogether--to realise the difficulties attending the farmer in wild mountainous districts, far removed from the centres of civilisation, and unacquainted with the agricultural implements and appliances even then in use in more favoured districts.

the month following September and preceding November

From this reading The loss of a whole week's labour at the beginning of October was a serious detriment.

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading It is difficult in these days of chemistry, steam, and mechanical contrivances for reducing labour--if not for dispensing with it altogether--to realise the difficulties attending the farmer in wild mountainous districts, far removed from the centres of civilisation, and unacquainted with the agricultural implements and appliances even then in use in more favoured districts.

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading Places where there were no carts and no proper roads, and where the ascents and descents were too abrupt for anything but a biped or a mule; where every acre of the cultivated mountain or moorland had to be turned over with the spade, and every particle of manure laid on the land had to be carried thither in baskets strapped on human shoulders, or in panniers borne by ass or mule.

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading Places where there were no carts and no proper roads, and where the ascents and descents were too abrupt for anything but a biped or a mule; where every acre of the cultivated mountain or moorland had to be turned over with the spade, and every particle of manure laid on the land had to be carried thither in baskets strapped on human shoulders, or in panniers borne by ass or mule.

not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied

From this reading Yet, such were the difficulties Mrs. Edwards and other Welsh farmers had to contend with even up to the present century, the moorland farmers of Cumberland and the North-West Riding of Yorkshire being somewhat similarly situated.

above and across; more than

From this reading Places where there were no carts and no proper roads, and where the ascents and descents were too abrupt for anything but a biped or a mule; where every acre of the cultivated mountain or moorland had to be turned over with the spade, and every particle of manure laid on the land had to be carried thither in baskets strapped on human shoulders, or in panniers borne by ass or mule.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Places where there were no carts and no proper roads, and where the ascents and descents were too abrupt for anything but a biped or a mule; where every acre of the cultivated mountain or moorland had to be turned over with the spade, and every particle of manure laid on the land had to be carried thither in baskets strapped on human shoulders, or in panniers borne by ass or mule.

(nontechnical usage) a tiny piece of anything

From this reading Places where there were no carts and no proper roads, and where the ascents and descents were too abrupt for anything but a biped or a mule; where every acre of the cultivated mountain or moorland had to be turned over with the spade, and every particle of manure laid on the land had to be carried thither in baskets strapped on human shoulders, or in panniers borne by ass or mule.

plural of “place” — a point located with respect to surface features of some region

From this reading Places where there were no carts and no proper roads, and where the ascents and descents were too abrupt for anything but a biped or a mule; where every acre of the cultivated mountain or moorland had to be turned over with the spade, and every particle of manure laid on the land had to be carried thither in baskets strapped on human shoulders, or in panniers borne by ass or mule.

give an exhibition of to an interested audience

From this reading Yet, such were the difficulties Mrs. Edwards and other Welsh farmers had to contend with even up to the present century, the moorland farmers of Cumberland and the North-West Riding of Yorkshire being somewhat similarly situated.

marked by suitability or rightness or appropriateness

From this reading Places where there were no carts and no proper roads, and where the ascents and descents were too abrupt for anything but a biped or a mule; where every acre of the cultivated mountain or moorland had to be turned over with the spade, and every particle of manure laid on the land had to be carried thither in baskets strapped on human shoulders, or in panniers borne by ass or mule.

earn on some commercial or business transaction; earn as salary or wages

From this reading It is difficult in these days of chemistry, steam, and mechanical contrivances for reducing labour--if not for dispensing with it altogether--to realise the difficulties attending the farmer in wild mountainous districts, far removed from the centres of civilisation, and unacquainted with the agricultural implements and appliances even then in use in more favoured districts.

any process in which electrons are added to an atom or ion (as by removing oxygen or adding hydrogen); always occurs accompanied by oxidation of the reducing agent

From this reading It is difficult in these days of chemistry, steam, and mechanical contrivances for reducing labour--if not for dispensing with it altogether--to realise the difficulties attending the farmer in wild mountainous districts, far removed from the centres of civilisation, and unacquainted with the agricultural implements and appliances even then in use in more favoured districts.

separated in relationship by a given degree of descent

From this reading It is difficult in these days of chemistry, steam, and mechanical contrivances for reducing labour--if not for dispensing with it altogether--to realise the difficulties attending the farmer in wild mountainous districts, far removed from the centres of civilisation, and unacquainted with the agricultural implements and appliances even then in use in more favoured districts.

the sport of sitting on the back of a horse while controlling its movements

From this reading Yet, such were the difficulties Mrs. Edwards and other Welsh farmers had to contend with even up to the present century, the moorland farmers of Cumberland and the North-West Riding of Yorkshire being somewhat similarly situated.

a partly sheltered anchorage

From this reading Places where there were no carts and no proper roads, and where the ascents and descents were too abrupt for anything but a biped or a mule; where every acre of the cultivated mountain or moorland had to be turned over with the spade, and every particle of manure laid on the land had to be carried thither in baskets strapped on human shoulders, or in panniers borne by ass or mule.

concerned with work or important matters rather than play or trivialities

From this reading The loss of a whole week's labour at the beginning of October was a serious detriment.

plural of “shoulder” — the part of the body between the neck and the upper arm

From this reading Places where there were no carts and no proper roads, and where the ascents and descents were too abrupt for anything but a biped or a mule; where every acre of the cultivated mountain or moorland had to be turned over with the spade, and every particle of manure laid on the land had to be carried thither in baskets strapped on human shoulders, or in panniers borne by ass or mule.

in like or similar manner

From this reading Yet, such were the difficulties Mrs. Edwards and other Welsh farmers had to contend with even up to the present century, the moorland farmers of Cumberland and the North-West Riding of Yorkshire being somewhat similarly situated.

situated in a particular spot or position

From this reading Yet, such were the difficulties Mrs. Edwards and other Welsh farmers had to contend with even up to the present century, the moorland farmers of Cumberland and the North-West Riding of Yorkshire being somewhat similarly situated.

to a small degree or extent

From this reading Yet, such were the difficulties Mrs. Edwards and other Welsh farmers had to contend with even up to the present century, the moorland farmers of Cumberland and the North-West Riding of Yorkshire being somewhat similarly situated.

a playing card in the major suit that has one or more black figures on it

From this reading Places where there were no carts and no proper roads, and where the ascents and descents were too abrupt for anything but a biped or a mule; where every acre of the cultivated mountain or moorland had to be turned over with the spade, and every particle of manure laid on the land had to be carried thither in baskets strapped on human shoulders, or in panniers borne by ass or mule.

travel by means of steam power

From this reading It is difficult in these days of chemistry, steam, and mechanical contrivances for reducing labour--if not for dispensing with it altogether--to realise the difficulties attending the farmer in wild mountainous districts, far removed from the centres of civilisation, and unacquainted with the agricultural implements and appliances even then in use in more favoured districts.

inflected form of “strap” — tie with a strap

From this reading Places where there were no carts and no proper roads, and where the ascents and descents were too abrupt for anything but a biped or a mule; where every acre of the cultivated mountain or moorland had to be turned over with the spade, and every particle of manure laid on the land had to be carried thither in baskets strapped on human shoulders, or in panniers borne by ass or mule.

of the kind already mentioned

From this reading Yet, such were the difficulties Mrs. Edwards and other Welsh farmers had to contend with even up to the present century, the moorland farmers of Cumberland and the North-West Riding of Yorkshire being somewhat similarly situated.

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading It is difficult in these days of chemistry, steam, and mechanical contrivances for reducing labour--if not for dispensing with it altogether--to realise the difficulties attending the farmer in wild mountainous districts, far removed from the centres of civilisation, and unacquainted with the agricultural implements and appliances even then in use in more favoured districts.

subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors)

From this reading It is difficult in these days of chemistry, steam, and mechanical contrivances for reducing labour--if not for dispensing with it altogether--to realise the difficulties attending the farmer in wild mountainous districts, far removed from the centres of civilisation, and unacquainted with the agricultural implements and appliances even then in use in more favoured districts.

in or at that place or location

From this reading Places where there were no carts and no proper roads, and where the ascents and descents were too abrupt for anything but a biped or a mule; where every acre of the cultivated mountain or moorland had to be turned over with the spade, and every particle of manure laid on the land had to be carried thither in baskets strapped on human shoulders, or in panniers borne by ass or mule.

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading It is difficult in these days of chemistry, steam, and mechanical contrivances for reducing labour--if not for dispensing with it altogether--to realise the difficulties attending the farmer in wild mountainous districts, far removed from the centres of civilisation, and unacquainted with the agricultural implements and appliances even then in use in more favoured districts.

an old word meaning “to that place”

From this reading Places where there were no carts and no proper roads, and where the ascents and descents were too abrupt for anything but a biped or a mule; where every acre of the cultivated mountain or moorland had to be turned over with the spade, and every particle of manure laid on the land had to be carried thither in baskets strapped on human shoulders, or in panniers borne by ass or mule.

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading It is difficult in these days of chemistry, steam, and mechanical contrivances for reducing labour--if not for dispensing with it altogether--to realise the difficulties attending the farmer in wild mountainous districts, far removed from the centres of civilisation, and unacquainted with the agricultural implements and appliances even then in use in more favoured districts.

to a degree exceeding normal or proper limits

From this reading Places where there were no carts and no proper roads, and where the ascents and descents were too abrupt for anything but a biped or a mule; where every acre of the cultivated mountain or moorland had to be turned over with the spade, and every particle of manure laid on the land had to be carried thither in baskets strapped on human shoulders, or in panniers borne by ass or mule.

moved around an axis or center

From this reading Places where there were no carts and no proper roads, and where the ascents and descents were too abrupt for anything but a biped or a mule; where every acre of the cultivated mountain or moorland had to be turned over with the spade, and every particle of manure laid on the land had to be carried thither in baskets strapped on human shoulders, or in panniers borne by ass or mule.

not knowledgeable about something specified

From this reading It is difficult in these days of chemistry, steam, and mechanical contrivances for reducing labour--if not for dispensing with it altogether--to realise the difficulties attending the farmer in wild mountainous districts, far removed from the centres of civilisation, and unacquainted with the agricultural implements and appliances even then in use in more favoured districts.

being or moving higher in position or greater in some value; being above a former position or level

From this reading Yet, such were the difficulties Mrs. Edwards and other Welsh farmers had to contend with even up to the present century, the moorland farmers of Cumberland and the North-West Riding of Yorkshire being somewhat similarly situated.

the act of using

From this reading It is difficult in these days of chemistry, steam, and mechanical contrivances for reducing labour--if not for dispensing with it altogether--to realise the difficulties attending the farmer in wild mountainous districts, far removed from the centres of civilisation, and unacquainted with the agricultural implements and appliances even then in use in more favoured districts.

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The loss of a whole week's labour at the beginning of October was a serious detriment.

possessive form of “week” — any period of seven consecutive days

From this reading The loss of a whole week's labour at the beginning of October was a serious detriment.

a native or resident of Wales

From this reading Yet, such were the difficulties Mrs. Edwards and other Welsh farmers had to contend with even up to the present century, the moorland farmers of Cumberland and the North-West Riding of Yorkshire being somewhat similarly situated.

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading Places where there were no carts and no proper roads, and where the ascents and descents were too abrupt for anything but a biped or a mule; where every acre of the cultivated mountain or moorland had to be turned over with the spade, and every particle of manure laid on the land had to be carried thither in baskets strapped on human shoulders, or in panniers borne by ass or mule.

in or at the place that

From this reading Places where there were no carts and no proper roads, and where the ascents and descents were too abrupt for anything but a biped or a mule; where every acre of the cultivated mountain or moorland had to be turned over with the spade, and every particle of manure laid on the land had to be carried thither in baskets strapped on human shoulders, or in panniers borne by ass or mule.

including all components without exception; being one unit or constituting the full amount or extent or duration; complete

From this reading The loss of a whole week's labour at the beginning of October was a serious detriment.

marked by extreme lack of restraint or control

From this reading It is difficult in these days of chemistry, steam, and mechanical contrivances for reducing labour--if not for dispensing with it altogether--to realise the difficulties attending the farmer in wild mountainous districts, far removed from the centres of civilisation, and unacquainted with the agricultural implements and appliances even then in use in more favoured districts.

in the company of; together with

From this reading It is difficult in these days of chemistry, steam, and mechanical contrivances for reducing labour--if not for dispensing with it altogether--to realise the difficulties attending the farmer in wild mountainous districts, far removed from the centres of civilisation, and unacquainted with the agricultural implements and appliances even then in use in more favoured districts.

but in spite of that

From this reading Yet, such were the difficulties Mrs. Edwards and other Welsh farmers had to contend with even up to the present century, the moorland farmers of Cumberland and the North-West Riding of Yorkshire being somewhat similarly situated.

a former large county in northern England; in 1974 it was divided into three smaller counties

From this reading Yet, such were the difficulties Mrs. Edwards and other Welsh farmers had to contend with even up to the present century, the moorland farmers of Cumberland and the North-West Riding of Yorkshire being somewhat similarly situated.