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The Man Who Laughs
The Man Who Laughs

Chapter XXXVI · Chapter 36

Chapter 36 of The Man Who Laughs is here in full — 348 sentences across 70 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for The Man Who Laughs
Context Illustration Reading 1/69 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
IMPARTIALITY.
The creation of an equality with the king, called Peerage, was, in barbarous epochs, a useful fiction.
This rudimentary political expedient produced in France and England different results.
In France, the peer was a mock king; in England, a real prince--less grand than in France, but more genuine: we might say less, but worse.
Peerage was born in France; the date is uncertain--under Charlemagne, says the legend; under Robert le Sage, says history, and history is not more to be relied on than legend.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The Man Who Laughs

Chapter XXXVI · Chapter 36

Chapter 36 of The Man Who Laughs is here in full — 348 sentences across 70 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/69 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
IMPARTIALITY.
/ˌɪmpɑːrʃiˈælɪti/
Line 2
The creation of an equality with the king, called Peerage, was, in barbarous epochs, a useful fiction.
/ðə kriˈeɪʃən ʌv æn ɪˈkwɑːləti wɪð ðə kɪŋ kɔːld ˈpɪrədʒ wɑːz ɪn ˈbɑːrbərəs ˈepəks ə ˈjuːsfəl ˈfɪkʃən/
Line 3
This rudimentary political expedient produced in France and England different results.
/ðɪs ˌruːdəˈmentəri pəˈlɪtəkəl ɪkˈspiːdiənt prəˈduːst ɪn fræns ənd ˈɪŋɡlənd ˈdɪfərənt rɪˈzʌlts/
Line 4
In France, the peer was a mock king; in England, a real prince--less grand than in France, but more genuine: we might say less, but worse.
Line 5
Peerage was born in France; the date is uncertain--under Charlemagne, says the legend; under Robert le Sage, says history, and history is not more to be relied on than legend.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

Charlemagne noun US /ˈʃɑːrləmeɪn/

king of the Franks and Holy Roman Emperor; conqueror of the Lombards and Saxons (742-814)

From this reading “Peerage was born in France; the date is uncertain--under Charlemagne, says the legend; under Robert le Sage, says history, and history is not more to be relied on than legend.”

epochs noun US /ˈepəks/

plural of “epoch” — a period marked by distinctive character or reckoned from a fixed point or event

From this reading “The creation of an equality with the king, called Peerage, was, in barbarous epochs, a useful fiction.”

equality noun US /ɪˈkwɑːləti/

the quality of being the same in quantity or measure or value or status

From this reading “The creation of an equality with the king, called Peerage, was, in barbarous epochs, a useful fiction.”

expedient adjective US /ɪkˈspiːdiənt/

serving to promote your interest

From this reading “This rudimentary political expedient produced in France and England different results.”

impartiality noun US /ˌɪmpɑːrʃiˈælɪti/

an inclination to weigh both views or opinions equally

From this reading “IMPARTIALITY.”

Peerage noun US /ˈpɪrədʒ/

the peers of a kingdom considered as a group

From this reading “The creation of an equality with the king, called Peerage, was, in barbarous epochs, a useful fiction.”

relied verb US /rɪˈlaɪd/

inflected form of “rely” — have faith or confidence in

From this reading “Peerage was born in France; the date is uncertain--under Charlemagne, says the legend; under Robert le Sage, says history, and history is not more to be relied on than legend.”

rudimentary adjective US /ˌruːdəˈmentəri/

being or involving basic facts or principles

From this reading “This rudimentary political expedient produced in France and England different results.”

All words in this reading · 58

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading The creation of an equality with the king, called Peerage, was, in barbarous epochs, a useful fiction.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading The creation of an equality with the king, called Peerage, was, in barbarous epochs, a useful fiction.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading This rudimentary political expedient produced in France and England different results.

barbarousadjectiveUS /ˈbɑːrbərəs/

(of persons or their actions) able or disposed to inflict pain or suffering

From this reading The creation of an equality with the king, called Peerage, was, in barbarous epochs, a useful fiction.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading Peerage was born in France; the date is uncertain--under Charlemagne, says the legend; under Robert le Sage, says history, and history is not more to be relied on than legend.

bornadjectiveUS /bɔːrn/

brought into existence

From this reading Peerage was born in France; the date is uncertain--under Charlemagne, says the legend; under Robert le Sage, says history, and history is not more to be relied on than legend.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading In France, the peer was a mock king; in England, a real prince--less grand than in France, but more genuine: we might say less, but worse.

calledverbUS /kɔːld/

past form of “call” — assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to

From this reading The creation of an equality with the king, called Peerage, was, in barbarous epochs, a useful fiction.

CharlemagnenounUS /ˈʃɑːrləmeɪn/

king of the Franks and Holy Roman Emperor; conqueror of the Lombards and Saxons (742-814)

From this reading Peerage was born in France; the date is uncertain--under Charlemagne, says the legend; under Robert le Sage, says history, and history is not more to be relied on than legend.

creationnounUS /kriˈeɪʃən/

the human act of creating

From this reading The creation of an equality with the king, called Peerage, was, in barbarous epochs, a useful fiction.

datenounUS /deɪt/

the specified day of the month

From this reading Peerage was born in France; the date is uncertain--under Charlemagne, says the legend; under Robert le Sage, says history, and history is not more to be relied on than legend.

differentadjectiveUS /ˈdɪfərənt/

unlike in nature or quality or form or degree

From this reading This rudimentary political expedient produced in France and England different results.

EnglandnounUS /ˈɪŋɡlənd/

a division of the United Kingdom

From this reading This rudimentary political expedient produced in France and England different results.

epochsnounUS /ˈepəks/

plural of “epoch” — a period marked by distinctive character or reckoned from a fixed point or event

From this reading The creation of an equality with the king, called Peerage, was, in barbarous epochs, a useful fiction.

equalitynounUS /ɪˈkwɑːləti/

the quality of being the same in quantity or measure or value or status

From this reading The creation of an equality with the king, called Peerage, was, in barbarous epochs, a useful fiction.

expedientadjectiveUS /ɪkˈspiːdiənt/

serving to promote your interest

From this reading This rudimentary political expedient produced in France and England different results.

fictionnounUS /ˈfɪkʃən/

a literary work based on the imagination and not necessarily on fact

From this reading The creation of an equality with the king, called Peerage, was, in barbarous epochs, a useful fiction.

FrancenounUS /fræns/

a republic in western Europe; the largest country wholly in Europe

From this reading This rudimentary political expedient produced in France and England different results.

genuineadjectiveUS /ˈdʒenjəwən/

not fake or counterfeit

From this reading In France, the peer was a mock king; in England, a real prince--less grand than in France, but more genuine: we might say less, but worse.

grandadjectiveUS /ɡrænd/

of behavior that is impressive and ambitious in scale or scope

From this reading In France, the peer was a mock king; in England, a real prince--less grand than in France, but more genuine: we might say less, but worse.

historynounUS /ˈhɪstəri/

the aggregate of past events

From this reading Peerage was born in France; the date is uncertain--under Charlemagne, says the legend; under Robert le Sage, says history, and history is not more to be relied on than legend.

IMPARTIALITYnounUS /ˌɪmpɑːrʃiˈælɪti/

an inclination to weigh both views or opinions equally

From this reading IMPARTIALITY.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading The creation of an equality with the king, called Peerage, was, in barbarous epochs, a useful fiction.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Peerage was born in France; the date is uncertain--under Charlemagne, says the legend; under Robert le Sage, says history, and history is not more to be relied on than legend.

kingnounUS /kɪŋ/

a male sovereign; ruler of a kingdom

From this reading The creation of an equality with the king, called Peerage, was, in barbarous epochs, a useful fiction.

lenounUS /lə/

a chronic inflammatory collagen disease affecting connective tissue (skin or joints)

From this reading Peerage was born in France; the date is uncertain--under Charlemagne, says the legend; under Robert le Sage, says history, and history is not more to be relied on than legend.

legendnounUS /ˈledʒənd/

a story about mythical or supernatural beings or events

From this reading Peerage was born in France; the date is uncertain--under Charlemagne, says the legend; under Robert le Sage, says history, and history is not more to be relied on than legend.

lessadverbUS /les/

used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs

From this reading In France, the peer was a mock king; in England, a real prince--less grand than in France, but more genuine: we might say less, but worse.

mightmodal verbUS /maɪt/

used to say something is possible but not certain

From this reading In France, the peer was a mock king; in England, a real prince--less grand than in France, but more genuine: we might say less, but worse.

mockverbUS /mɑːk/

treat with contempt

From this reading In France, the peer was a mock king; in England, a real prince--less grand than in France, but more genuine: we might say less, but worse.

moreadjectiveUS /mɔːr/

(comparative of “much” used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree

From this reading In France, the peer was a mock king; in England, a real prince--less grand than in France, but more genuine: we might say less, but worse.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading Peerage was born in France; the date is uncertain--under Charlemagne, says the legend; under Robert le Sage, says history, and history is not more to be relied on than legend.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading The creation of an equality with the king, called Peerage, was, in barbarous epochs, a useful fiction.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading Peerage was born in France; the date is uncertain--under Charlemagne, says the legend; under Robert le Sage, says history, and history is not more to be relied on than legend.

peernounUS /pɪr/

a person who is of equal standing with another in a group

From this reading In France, the peer was a mock king; in England, a real prince--less grand than in France, but more genuine: we might say less, but worse.

PeeragenounUS /ˈpɪrədʒ/

the peers of a kingdom considered as a group

From this reading The creation of an equality with the king, called Peerage, was, in barbarous epochs, a useful fiction.

politicaladjectiveUS /pəˈlɪtəkəl/

involving or characteristic of politics or parties or politicians

From this reading This rudimentary political expedient produced in France and England different results.

princenounUS /prɪns/

a male member of a royal family other than the sovereign (especially the son of a sovereign)

From this reading In France, the peer was a mock king; in England, a real prince--less grand than in France, but more genuine: we might say less, but worse.

producedverbUS /prəˈduːst/

past form of “produce” — bring forth or yield

From this reading This rudimentary political expedient produced in France and England different results.

realadjectiveUS /riːl/

being or occurring in fact or actuality; having verified existence; not illusory

From this reading In France, the peer was a mock king; in England, a real prince--less grand than in France, but more genuine: we might say less, but worse.

reliedverbUS /rɪˈlaɪd/

inflected form of “rely” — have faith or confidence in

From this reading Peerage was born in France; the date is uncertain--under Charlemagne, says the legend; under Robert le Sage, says history, and history is not more to be relied on than legend.

resultsnounUS /rɪˈzʌlts/

plural of “result” — a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon

From this reading This rudimentary political expedient produced in France and England different results.

RobertnounUS /ˈrɑːbərt/

United States parliamentary authority and author (in 1876) of Robert's Rules of Order (1837-1923)

From this reading Peerage was born in France; the date is uncertain--under Charlemagne, says the legend; under Robert le Sage, says history, and history is not more to be relied on than legend.

rudimentaryadjectiveUS /ˌruːdəˈmentəri/

being or involving basic facts or principles

From this reading This rudimentary political expedient produced in France and England different results.

SagenounUS /seɪdʒ/

a mentor in spiritual and philosophical topics who is renowned for profound wisdom

From this reading Peerage was born in France; the date is uncertain--under Charlemagne, says the legend; under Robert le Sage, says history, and history is not more to be relied on than legend.

sayverbUS /seɪ/

express in words

From this reading In France, the peer was a mock king; in England, a real prince--less grand than in France, but more genuine: we might say less, but worse.

saysnounUS /sez/

plural of “say” — the chance to speak

From this reading Peerage was born in France; the date is uncertain--under Charlemagne, says the legend; under Robert le Sage, says history, and history is not more to be relied on than legend.

thanconjunctionUS /ðæn/

used to introduce the second part of a comparison

From this reading In France, the peer was a mock king; in England, a real prince--less grand than in France, but more genuine: we might say less, but worse.

ThedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading The creation of an equality with the king, called Peerage, was, in barbarous epochs, a useful fiction.

ThisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading This rudimentary political expedient produced in France and England different results.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Peerage was born in France; the date is uncertain--under Charlemagne, says the legend; under Robert le Sage, says history, and history is not more to be relied on than legend.

uncertainadjectiveUS /ənˈsɜːrtən/

lacking or indicating lack of confidence or assurance

From this reading Peerage was born in France; the date is uncertain--under Charlemagne, says the legend; under Robert le Sage, says history, and history is not more to be relied on than legend.

underprepositionUS /ˈʌndər/

below or beneath something; less than

From this reading Peerage was born in France; the date is uncertain--under Charlemagne, says the legend; under Robert le Sage, says history, and history is not more to be relied on than legend.

usefuladjectiveUS /ˈjuːsfəl/

being of use or service

From this reading The creation of an equality with the king, called Peerage, was, in barbarous epochs, a useful fiction.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The creation of an equality with the king, called Peerage, was, in barbarous epochs, a useful fiction.

wepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading In France, the peer was a mock king; in England, a real prince--less grand than in France, but more genuine: we might say less, but worse.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading The creation of an equality with the king, called Peerage, was, in barbarous epochs, a useful fiction.

worseadjectiveUS /wɜːrs/

(comparative of “bad”) inferior to another in quality or condition or desirability

From this reading In France, the peer was a mock king; in England, a real prince--less grand than in France, but more genuine: we might say less, but worse.

Chapter 36 of The Man Who Laughs by Victor Hugo holds 348 sentences, grouped into 70 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 36 of The Man Who Laughs contain?

Chapter 36 holds 348 sentences of The Man Who Laughs, unabridged, divided into 70 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 36 of The Man Who Laughs by Victor Hugo exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 348 sentences, grouped into 70 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 36 of The Man Who Laughs?

Work through the 70 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 70 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 36 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 36 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading The Man Who Laughs

Common questions about reading The Man Who Laughs by Victor Hugo on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of The Man Who Laughs?

Yes. All 14399 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #12587 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of The Man Who Laughs is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #12587, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does The Man Who Laughs take to read?

About 600 minutes of reading across 2880 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read The Man Who Laughs section by section

How to work through The Man Who Laughs section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 40 chapters of The Man Who Laughs to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in The Man Who Laughs

Words and structures a reader meets early in The Man Who Laughs, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

First
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Man Who Laughs; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Night
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Man Who Laughs; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Black
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Man Who Laughs; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Portland
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Man Who Laughs; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.